The document summarizes an in-vitro study evaluating the antilithiatic (anti-kidney stone forming) and antioxidant activity of leaves of Elytraria acaulis. It includes details on the objective to evaluate the leaves' ability to inhibit calcium oxalate crystallization and growth using various assays. The methodology describes preparation of an aqueous extract of the leaves and testing the extract in assays for calcium oxalate nucleation and aggregation, calcium oxalate and brushite crystal growth, and various in-vitro antioxidant activity assays including DPPH radical scavenging and reducing power. The results section presents some standardized parameters of the crude drug and extract including morphological characteristics, physicochemical properties, and extractive
The aim of this study was to measure the effects of the aqueous extract of leaves of Adansonia digitata (AAD) in vitro on calcium oxalate (CaOx) nucleation and aggregation [by spectrophotometric time course measurements of optical density at 620 nm (OD620)]. For measuring calcium oxalate crystallization inhibitor activity agar gel model, and in vivo on experimentally induced CaOx urolithiasis in male Wistar rats. CaOx urolithiasis in rats was induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of sodium oxalate (NaOx) (7 mg/100 g/day for 7 days). AAD was administered orally (200 mg/kg/day for 7 days). Urine volume, pH, body weight, kidney weight (wet and dry), serum and urine level of creatinine, urea, magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+) were evaluated on day 7. In addition, histopathological changes in kidney and oxalate in urine and kidney were evaluated. The results revealed that AAD inhibited the rate of crystal nucleation (SN) and aggregation (SA) and showed inhibitory activity on CaOx crystallization. The histopathological examination of kidneys revealed that AAD significantly reduced the incidence of CaOx crystal deposition. In addition, AAD significantly increased urinary excretion of Mg2+ along with a decrease of oxalate excretion. In conclusion, the aqueous extract contains potent antiurolithiatic substances which warrant further evaluation.
Drug induced liver injury (DILI) and HepatotoxicityDr. Ankit Gaur
In this presentation I have tried to explain the defination, Mechanism of drug induced liver injury (DILI) and hepatotoxicity with the help of few examples.
Definition, Patterns/types and mechanisms of drug induced liver disorders, assessment of drug induced liver disorders and its treatment (pharmacotherapeutics-3)
The aim of this study was to measure the effects of the aqueous extract of leaves of Adansonia digitata (AAD) in vitro on calcium oxalate (CaOx) nucleation and aggregation [by spectrophotometric time course measurements of optical density at 620 nm (OD620)]. For measuring calcium oxalate crystallization inhibitor activity agar gel model, and in vivo on experimentally induced CaOx urolithiasis in male Wistar rats. CaOx urolithiasis in rats was induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of sodium oxalate (NaOx) (7 mg/100 g/day for 7 days). AAD was administered orally (200 mg/kg/day for 7 days). Urine volume, pH, body weight, kidney weight (wet and dry), serum and urine level of creatinine, urea, magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+) were evaluated on day 7. In addition, histopathological changes in kidney and oxalate in urine and kidney were evaluated. The results revealed that AAD inhibited the rate of crystal nucleation (SN) and aggregation (SA) and showed inhibitory activity on CaOx crystallization. The histopathological examination of kidneys revealed that AAD significantly reduced the incidence of CaOx crystal deposition. In addition, AAD significantly increased urinary excretion of Mg2+ along with a decrease of oxalate excretion. In conclusion, the aqueous extract contains potent antiurolithiatic substances which warrant further evaluation.
Drug induced liver injury (DILI) and HepatotoxicityDr. Ankit Gaur
In this presentation I have tried to explain the defination, Mechanism of drug induced liver injury (DILI) and hepatotoxicity with the help of few examples.
Definition, Patterns/types and mechanisms of drug induced liver disorders, assessment of drug induced liver disorders and its treatment (pharmacotherapeutics-3)
Ayurvedic Formulation: Asava, Arishta, Avaleha, Ghrita, Taila, Gutika
Concept of Detoxification: Panchkarma
Final Year B.Pharm (Sem-VIII) Pharmacognosy-III (Mumbai University Syllabus
In this slide contains Introductionnof Indian pharmacopeia, ayurvedic, unani pharmacopeia and monographs of herbal drugs.
Presented by: P.SUDHEER KUMAR (Department of pharmaceutical analysis ).RIPER, anantapur
CANCER: A group of disease involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other part of the body.
CHEMOTHERAPY: the term chemotherapy is describe as the use of chemicals or drugs to treat cancer.
CYTOTOXIC DRUG: lysis both normal and cancer cells
Herbal medicine is the use of plants or plant extracts for medicinal purposes (especially plants that are not part of the normal diet).
Phytonutrient or nutraceutical or functional food
Natural substances that aid the body to maintaining health and combating disease such as anthocyanidins, isoflavones and carotenoids.
Natural product : is biosynthetic substances produced by living cells.
Crude Drug: It’s a medically useful drug of plant or animal origin without any further processing or modification.
Ayurvedic Formulation: Asava, Arishta, Avaleha, Ghrita, Taila, Gutika
Concept of Detoxification: Panchkarma
Final Year B.Pharm (Sem-VIII) Pharmacognosy-III (Mumbai University Syllabus
In this slide contains Introductionnof Indian pharmacopeia, ayurvedic, unani pharmacopeia and monographs of herbal drugs.
Presented by: P.SUDHEER KUMAR (Department of pharmaceutical analysis ).RIPER, anantapur
CANCER: A group of disease involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other part of the body.
CHEMOTHERAPY: the term chemotherapy is describe as the use of chemicals or drugs to treat cancer.
CYTOTOXIC DRUG: lysis both normal and cancer cells
Herbal medicine is the use of plants or plant extracts for medicinal purposes (especially plants that are not part of the normal diet).
Phytonutrient or nutraceutical or functional food
Natural substances that aid the body to maintaining health and combating disease such as anthocyanidins, isoflavones and carotenoids.
Natural product : is biosynthetic substances produced by living cells.
Crude Drug: It’s a medically useful drug of plant or animal origin without any further processing or modification.
An overview of some promising medicinal plants with in vitro anti-urolithiati...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF HEDYCHIUM CORONARIUM J. KOENI...Jing Zang
Kidney stones formation or Urolithiasis is a complex process that results from series of several physicochemical events including super – saturation, nucleation, growth, aggregation and retention within the kidneys. Among the treatments include extracorporeal shock wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) and drug treatment. Even this ESWL treatment may cause acute renal injury, decrease in renal function and increase in stone recurrence. Data from in-vitro trails reveal that phytotherapeutic agents could be useful as either could be useful as either alternative or an adjunct therapy in the management of Urolithiasis. In the indigenous system of medicine, roots of Hedychium coronarium J. Koening are reported to be useful in the treatment of urinary stones. Hence, in the present study, the roots of Hedychium coronarium J. Koening have been selected for antiurolithiatic activity on experimental kidney stones. (In-vitro activity) Hedychium coronarium J. Koening is one of the ingredients of reputed herbal formulation Cystone for the treatment of kidney stones. In this study Alcoholic extract & Aqueous extract of roots part of the plant were evaluated for their potential to dissolved experimentally prepared kidney stones calcium oxalates, by an In-vitro model. Alcoholic extracts obtained from roots part demonstrated highest dissolution of Calcium oxalate (Kidney Stones) when compared to test extracts at 10 mg concentration. Reference standard formulation Cystone was found to be equally effective (39.12%) when compared to alcoholic extract of roots part.
Management of kidney stones and JIN product informationA-VPD
Kidney stones can be fatal and may cause blood infection and damage to your kidney. In this presentation we will introduce different kinds of kidney stone management to treat and protect your kidney. Including natural remedy to keep kidney stones from forming and prevent reoccurence.
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DOI:10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.20
ABSTRACT- The present investigation was carried out to the effect of dimethoate on histopathological changes in
kidney of freshwater fish, Garra mullya. Fishes was exposed to sub lethal concentration of dimethoate (0.0238ppm of
96hrs.) for 7, 14, 21 days. Fishes exposed to dimethoate were characterized by loosening of haemopoietic tissue,
uriniferous tubules have lost their original appearance, vacuolated cytoplasm, degeneration in the epithelial cells of renal
tubule, narrowing of the tubular lumen and damaged glomeruli. The lesions in the vital organ might have resulted in
physiological and metabolical dysregulations. In chronic treatment of dimethoate exposure may pose serious threat to fish
health and affect their population. Key-words- Dimethoate, Histopathology, Kidney, Garra mullya
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Lead Acetate Induced histopathological Changes in Kidney Tissue of RatIOSRJAVS
One of the pollutants that can effect on the life of living animates is lead in different ways; it has toxic problem for human and animals and is gathered in the tissues and guide to harmful effects in their. The current study was carry out to investigate the histological effects caused by lead in the rat. The study was performed on 30 rat, they were divided into 3 groups. The first group was control group that received distilled water. The second groups were orally administered lead acetate 9 mg/l of body weight for 10 days. The third groups were orally administered solution of lead. The rats were anesthetized, the kidney were removed for histological studies. Histological changes which observed in the kidney were fatty degeneration, destruction tubules, and congestion within connective tissue, hemorrhage and infiltration of inflammatory cells. In this study, harmful toxic effects observed in kidney of rats.
Hyperoxaluria Induces Oxidative DNA Damage and Results in Renal Tubular Epithelial Cell Apoptosis: A Clue to the Pathogenesis of Urolithiasis by Hasan Aydin in Experimental Techniques in Urology & Nephrology
Corn Silk as Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in 0.1M HCl MediumIOSRJAC
The effectiveness of corn silk water extract (CSWE) as corrosion inhibitor of mild steel in 0.5M HCl solution at 303K,313K and 323K was investigated in this work. Various concentrations of CSWE (5%v/v, 10%v/v, and 15% and 20% v/v) were prepared from dried corn silk. The study was carried out using weight loss and AAS analysis. The results of the AAS analysis collaborated weight loss measurements on the efficiency of CSWE as corrosion inhibitor. Inhibition efficiency of 77.7% and 72.0% was obtained respectively using both methods. Inhibition efficiency increased with increase in concentration of CSWE (5%v/v<10%v /><15%>< 20% v/v) while corrosion rate decreased as concentration increased. Increase in temperature reduced inhibition efficiency and CSWE was shown to be most effective at 303K than at 313K and 323K. Kinetic study of the process proposed a first order reaction type. From thermodynamic parameters, inhibition was attributed to the existence of a protective film on metal surface by interaction between inhibitor molecules and metal ions in solution..Reaction rate constant values calculated were 0.0234, 0.0818 and 0.104 for the blank solution and 0.0049, 0.0328, 0.0416 for the highest inhibitor concentration of 20% v/v respectively at the different temperatures studied.Data obtained were subjected to Langmuir, Temkin and Frendlich isotherms. Langmuir model was found to be most fitted of the three models. The utility of a waste material as corrosion inhibitor is once more reported.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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3. Introduction
• India is known to be rich repository of medicinal plants. Ayurveda is
widely practiced in India.
• In recent years, the use of plants in traditional medicine has increased
the interest in ethno-botanical studies throughout the world.
• In fact, World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 70% of
populations from many countries are using traditional or folk medicine
to cure various ailments [Jiofack et al., 2010].
• Traditional herbal medicines are an important part of the healthcare
system in India [Singh et al., 2010].
• Urolithiasis (nephrolithiasis) or kidney stone is formation of urinary
calculi at any level of urinary tract.
• This study demonstrated that aqueous extract of Elytraria acaulis of
possess a high antioxidant activity and an ability to inhibit the CaOx
crystallization in vitro by using different models,
• Calcium oxalate nucleation and aggregation, Calcium oxalate growth
assay, brushite crystal growth assay in single diffusion gel method.
4. Urolithiasis
• Urolithiasis is known as kidney stone or nephrolithiasis.
• It is the third most common disease.
• A kidney stone is a hard, crystalline mineral formed with in the kidney or urinary
tract.
• It is the formation of urinary calculi at any level of urinary tract.
• It also refers to the formation and solid concentration or crystal aggregation
formed in kidney and retention of solid non metallic dietary minerals (stones) in
the urinary tract.
• It is form when there is decrease in urine volume or an excess of stone forming
substances in urine.
• Dehydration is the major risk of kidney stone.
• It is estimated that 12% of world population experiences renal stone disease with
a recurrence rate of 70-80% in male and 47-60% in female [Mohan, 2010;
Sundararajan et al., 2006].
• Urinary calculi are the third most common affliction of the urinary tract which is
exceeded by the urinary tract infections and prostate diseases [Hamid et al.,
2007].
5. Conti…
• CaOx stones are responsible for the formation of stones in the kidney
[Verkoelen et al., 1995].
• The crystallisation of the CaOx begins with increased urinary
supersaturation, with the subsequent formation of the solid crystalline
particles within the urinary tract.
• This is followed by nucleation, by which stone-forming salts in
supersaturated urinary solution coalesce into clusters, and increase in size by
the addition of new constituents [Basavaraj et al., 2007].
• These crystals grow and aggregate with other crystals in solution, and are
ultimately retained and accumulated in the kidney [Kok et al., 1990].
• Therefore, if this progression of crystallization can be prevented, lithiasis
could also be prevented.
• Recently, Oxidative stress has been identified as another contributing factor
for stone initiation and progression [Huang et al., 2003].
6.
7. Supersaturation Crystallisation Crystalluria
Crystal retention and
stone formation
Promoter
Inhibitor
Figure 1: Pathogenesis of urine stone pathogenesis
Promoters
Calcium
Sodium
Oxalate
Urate
Cystein
Low urine pH
Tamm-Horsfall protein
Low urine flow
Inhibitors
Inorganic
Citrate
Magnesium
Pyrophosphate
Organic
Tamm-Horsfall protein
Urinary Prothrombin fragment 1
Protease inhibitor: inter α inhibitor
Glycosaminoglycans
Osteopontin (Uropontin)
Renal lithostathine
High urine flow
12. Antioxidant
• An antioxidant is a molecule capable of inhibiting the oxidation of
other molecules.
• Oxidation is a chemical reaction that transfer electron or hydrogen
from a substance to an oxidising agent.
• Oxidation reaction can produce free radicals. In turn these radical
can start chain reactions.
Figure 4: Antioxidant
13. Benefits of antioxidants
• Destroy the free radicals that damage cells.
• Promote the growth of healthy cells.
• Promote cells against premature, abnormal ageing.
• Provide excellent support for the body’s immune system, making it
an effective disease prevention.
15. Objective & plan of work
Objective
To evaluate antilithatic and antioxidant activity of leaves.
Plan of Work
The study was carried out in following manner.
1.Collection and identification of the leaves.
2.Processing of the leaves.
3.Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical studies
Microscopy of leaf
Standardization of the leaves.
Preparation of extracts of the powered leaves.
Qualitative chemical analysis of the crude extracts.
Quantitative estimation of phytoconstituents.
4. In-vitro assessment of antilithatic effect
Nucleation and aggregation assay (CaOx crystallization)
Growth assay (Brushite crystals growth in single diffusion gel method)
5. In-vitro assessment of antioxidant activity
DPPH scavenging activity
Hydroxyl radical scavenging
Reducing potential
6. Statistical analysis
17. Ten gram leaves (coarse powder)
Weight and kept in thimble
Extracted with 250 mL of
petroleum ether
Soxhlet apparatus (50°C)
Defatting of plant material
Figure 7: Soxhlet
apparatus
18. Extraction by cold maceration
Defatted marc was collected from the thimble
Soaked (100 ml purified water)
48 h (temperature range of 20–26 °C)
1% chloroform added (avoid microbial
growth)
Filtered (Whatman Filter Paper No.1)
After 48 h
Filtered extract dried (rotary
evaporator)
Figure 8: Extraction
by cold maceration
19.
20. 1. Determination of Ash value
(To detect purity of drug)
Total ash value
(To remove all carbon)
Acid insoluble ash
(Gives idea about
earthy matter)
Water soluble ash
(Indicates the pre. of
salts, amt. in-org.
matter)
2. Loss on drying
(loss in wt. due to the
pre. of moisture or volatile
matter)
3. Detemination of
Extractive value
(Pre. of active
constituents)
Alcohal (methanol)
soluble
Water
(Distilled) soluble
4. Determination of
pH value
Figure 9: Ash value Figure 10: Extractive value
21. Total Phenolic
[Singleton and Rossi, 1999]
1mL extract
1 mL folin ciocalteu
reagent (Dil.1:20)
4 mL NaCo3 (75g/L)
10 mL distilled water
Mixture kept in dark
at room temp. (2h)
Centrifuge 2000 rpm
(5 min)
Absorbance (760nm)
Total Flavanoid
[Marinova et al., 2005]
1mL extract
Standard sol.
Quercetine (4mL in
10mL vol.flask)
0.3mL, 5% NaNo2
0.3mL, 10% AlCl3
2mL, 1M NaoH
Absobance (510nm)
22. Total Saponin
[Obadoni and Ochuko, 2002]
Ten gram powder(crude)
50mL 20% Aq. ethanol
Heat (water-bath) 4h at
55°C
Filter and re-extracted
100mL 20% ethanol
Combined extract reduced
to 20mL (water-bath) 90°C
Transfer in 250mL
Seperating funnel
Add 10mL ether layer &
shake
Ether(upper layer) discarded
Purification process repeat
(3 times)
Add 30mL n-butanol
Combined extract washed with
5mL, 5% Aq. Nacl (lower layer)
Remain heat (water-bath)
70°C
Sample dried in Oven at
50°C
24. (A) Calcium oxalate nucleation and aggregation :
I. In vitro Crystallization of Calcium Oxalate [Hess et al., 2000]
Nucleation : Increase in
absorbance
Aggregation : Decrease in
absorbance
25mL Naox
Hot plate (magnetic stirrer)
37°C, 800 rpm
1mL extract
25mL Cacl2
Absorbance (620nm)
Reading 5 min (every 15 sec)
Reading 10 min
(every 1 min)
25. (B) Calcium oxalate growth assay
[Chaudhary et al., 2010; Aggarwal et al., 2010]
30mL buffer (Nacl+Tris HCl)
20mL NaoH
20mL Cacl2
1mL extract
600µl COM
Absorbance
(214nm)
1 min
26. II. Brushite Crystals Growth Assay in Single
Diffusion Gel Method
[Joshi et al., 2005(b)]
5mL sodium meta silicate
2.7mL Ortho phosphoric acid
Gelation
10mL Cacl2
Crystal growth appeared in gel
Increase in length of crystals
Treatment (5th day)
Extract (Test sample)
8th day
Observed (Microscope at 10X)
28. I. DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil) free radical scavenging
activity [Brand-Williams et al.,1995]
Solution : DPPH in ethanol3.5mL solution
0.5mL extract (different conc.)
Test sample : In water
Mix & shake
Kept at room temp. (30 min)
Absorbance (517nm)
Standard : Butylated
hydroxyl- toulene (BHT)
Lower absorbance indicated higher
free radical scavenging activity
29. II. Scavenging of hydrogen peroxide
[Ruch et al., 1989]
Phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4)
Hydrogen peroxide solution
(1.5 ml, 40 mM)
Absorbance (230nm)
In 10 min
A solution of hydrogen peroxide (40 mM)
AqEA Extract prepared in distilled water
(1.5ml) in different concentrations
Standard : Ascorbic acid
30. III. Reducing power assay
[Oyaizu, 1986]
1.5mL phosphate buffer
0.5mL extract (different conc.)
1.5mL potassium ferricynide
Incubated 20 min (55 °C)
1.5mL Trichloro acetic acid
Centrifuge 3000rpm (10 min)
1.5mL layer diluted with water
Add Fecl3 (300µl)
Absorbance (700nm)
Increased absorbance indicated
increase reducing power
32. Standardization of Crude Drug and Extract
Table 1: Morphology
Morphological
characters
Observation
Color Dark Green
Odour Odourless
Taste Bitter
Size Varying in size
Microscopic Evaluation
33. Table 2: Physiochemical evaluation
Sr. No. Standardization parameters Value %w/w
01 Ash analysis
Ash content (Total ash)
Acid in-soluble ash
Water soluble ash
15.48±0.033
4.417±0.136
6.425±0.216
02 Extractive value (Maceration process)
Alcohol soluble 17.79±0.844
Water soluble 20.62±0.791
03 Moisture content (Loss on drying) 4.267±0.145
04 pH
1% aqueous solution 6.685±0.037
[Values are expressed as mean±SEM; n=3]
Percentage (%) Yield
The aqueous extract of dark brown color and dry amorphous consistency was
obtained with percent yield of 30.21 % w/w.
34. Phytoconstituents Phytochemical Test Inference
Carbohydrates Molish’s test Absent
Proteins Biuret test Present
Xanthoprotein test
Amino acids Ninhydrine test Present
Alkaloids Hager’s Test
PresentWagner’s Test
Mayor’s Test
Glycosides Keller-killiani test Absent
Saponins Foam Test Present
Sterols (Phytosterols) Salkowski test Absent
Tannins and Phenolic
compounds
Ferric chloride test
AbsentLead acetate test
Gelatin solution
Acetic acid test
Flavonoids Shinoda Test
PresentLead acetate test
Table 3: Phytochemical screening
35. Phytoconstituents Value
Total Flavonoids Content
(Quercetin equivalents (mg)/g
of extract)
39.68±3.361
Total Phenolics Content
(Tannic acid equivalents (mg)/g
of extract)
16.60±1.977
Total Saponins (g/100 g
powdered drug)
3.2
Table 4: Phytoconstituents (Quantitative estimation)
[Values are expressed as mean±SEM; n=3]