This document discusses translation in eukaryotes and bacteria. It explains that eukaryotic mRNA is typically monocistronic while bacterial mRNA can contain multiple ORFs translated concurrently. The key differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic translation are described, including initiation factors, ribosome structure, and initiation mechanisms like the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in bacteria versus the 5' cap in eukaryotes. The document also covers post-translational modifications in eukaryotes like glycosylation, acylation, and phosphorylation, as well as intracellular protein transport through the ER, Golgi, and between nuclei.