Kidney stone and their types. Submitted to Dept.of Biotechnology, Govt.K.R.G. College. Presented by- Sonika Chouhan. M.Sc. (Biotechnology).

1. Kidney Stone
Submitted By
Sonika Chouhan
M.Sc. (Biotechnology)

2. Contents:
Introduction
Literature review
Disease profile
Urolithiasis (Kidney stone)

3. Introduction
• India is known to be rich repository of medicinal plants. Ayurveda is
widely practiced in India.
• In recent years, the use of plants in traditional medicine has increased
the interest in ethno-botanical studies throughout the world.
• In fact, World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 70% of
populations from many countries are using traditional or folk medicine
to cure various ailments [Jiofack et al., 2010].
• Traditional herbal medicines are an important part of the healthcare
system in India [Singh et al., 2010].
• Urolithiasis (nephrolithiasis) or kidney stone is formation of urinary
calculi at any level of urinary tract.
• This study demonstrated that aqueous extract of Elytraria acaulis of
possess a high antioxidant activity and an ability to inhibit the CaOx
crystallization in vitro by using different models,
• Calcium oxalate nucleation and aggregation, Calcium oxalate growth
assay, brushite crystal growth assay in single diffusion gel method.

4. Urolithiasis
• Urolithiasis is known as kidney stone or nephrolithiasis.
• It is the third most common disease.
• A kidney stone is a hard, crystalline mineral formed with in the kidney or urinary
tract.
• It is the formation of urinary calculi at any level of urinary tract.
• It also refers to the formation and solid concentration or crystal aggregation
formed in kidney and retention of solid non metallic dietary minerals (stones) in
the urinary tract.
• It is form when there is decrease in urine volume or an excess of stone forming
substances in urine.
• Dehydration is the major risk of kidney stone.
• It is estimated that 12% of world population experiences renal stone disease with
a recurrence rate of 70-80% in male and 47-60% in female [Mohan, 2010;
Sundararajan et al., 2006].
• Urinary calculi are the third most common affliction of the urinary tract which is
exceeded by the urinary tract infections and prostate diseases [Hamid et al.,
2007].

5. Conti…
• CaOx stones are responsible for the formation of stones in the kidney
[Verkoelen et al., 1995].
• The crystallisation of the CaOx begins with increased urinary
supersaturation, with the subsequent formation of the solid crystalline
particles within the urinary tract.
• This is followed by nucleation, by which stone-forming salts in
supersaturated urinary solution coalesce into clusters, and increase in size by
the addition of new constituents [Basavaraj et al., 2007].
• These crystals grow and aggregate with other crystals in solution, and are
ultimately retained and accumulated in the kidney [Kok et al., 1990].
• Therefore, if this progression of crystallization can be prevented, lithiasis
could also be prevented.
• Recently, Oxidative stress has been identified as another contributing factor
for stone initiation and progression [Huang et al., 2003].

7. Supersaturation Crystallisation Crystalluria
Crystal retention and
stone formation
Promoter
Inhibitor
Figure 1: Pathogenesis of urine stone pathogenesis
Promoters
Calcium
Sodium
Oxalate
Urate
Cystein
Low urine pH
Tamm-Horsfall protein
Low urine flow
Inhibitors
Inorganic
Citrate
Magnesium
Pyrophosphate
Organic
Tamm-Horsfall protein
Urinary Prothrombin fragment 1
Protease inhibitor: inter α inhibitor
Glycosaminoglycans
Osteopontin (Uropontin)
Renal lithostathine
High urine flow

8. Figure 2: Risk of kidney stone

10. Management of Urolithiasis
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Opioids
Medical expulsive therapy (MET)

11. Technique for treatment
Open Surgery
Laparoscopic surgery
Ureteroscopy

12. Antioxidant
• An antioxidant is a molecule capable of inhibiting the oxidation of
other molecules.
• Oxidation is a chemical reaction that transfer electron or hydrogen
from a substance to an oxidising agent.
• Oxidation reaction can produce free radicals. In turn these radical
can start chain reactions.
Figure 4: Antioxidant

13. Benefits of antioxidants
• Destroy the free radicals that damage cells.
• Promote the growth of healthy cells.
• Promote cells against premature, abnormal ageing.
• Provide excellent support for the body’s immune system, making it
an effective disease prevention.

14. Oxidative
Stress
Brain
Alzheimer,
Parkinson, Stroke
Skin & Hair
Melanin
abnormalities, grey
hair
Kidney
Urolithiasis, Diabetic
nephropathy
Eyes
Mascular & Retinal
degeneration,
Cataracts
Blood
Thalessemia,
Hypertension
Joints
Rheumatoid arthritis,
Osteoarthritis
Heart
Hypertension ,
Heart failure
Liver & Pancreas
Diabetes, Islet of
Pancreas
Lungs
Asthma, Allergies
Figure 5: Deleterious effect of Oxidative stress on human health

15. Reference
Previous Research Papers (Urolithiasis)
Indian Medicinal Book