The document discusses the concept of tissue engineering with a focus on artificial skin, developed to replace damaged skin, particularly for burn victims. It outlines the history, methods of production, materials used, and the advantages of artificial skin, while also addressing challenges like scarring and reduced vascularization. Future developments in growing skin from stem cells and enhancing production processes are also highlighted.

1. TISSUE ENGINEERING :
ARTIFICIAL SKIN
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By
KAUSHAL KUMAR SAHU
Assistant Professor (Ad Hoc)
Department of Biotechnology
Govt. Digvijay Autonomous P. G. College
Raj-Nandgaon ( C. G. )

2. SYNOPSIS
Introduction
Artificial skin
Invention
Structure of human skin
Importance of skin
Key development
Biomaterials
Methods to produce artificial skin
Application
Problems
Future development
Conclusions
references
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3. INTRODUCTION
• Tissue engineering is the use of a combination of cells, engineering
and materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physio-chemical
factors to improve or replace biological functions.
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4. ARTIFICIAL SKIN
• Artificial skin is a synthetic (laboratory produced) substitute for human
skin.
• A severe burn leaves the body dangerously vulnerable to infection
and dehydration (drying out). Keeping burn patients in sterile (germ
free) rooms can protect against infections, and covering burned areas
with grafts.
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5. • The first synthetic skin was invented by John F. Burke, chief of trauma
services at Massachusetts General hospital, and Ioannis V. Yannas,
(MIT) in Cambridge.
• Using collagen fibers and a long sugar molecules, they formed a
porous (full of small holes) material resembling skin.
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6. STRUCTURE OF HUMAN SKIN
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7. IMPORTANCE OF SKIN
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8. KEY DEVELOPMENTS
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9. WHAT IS IT ?
• About thirty years ago, surgeons determined that badly burned skin
should be removed as quickly as possible, followed by immediate and
permanent replacement of the lost skin.
• Doctors are able to take a postage stamp-sized piece of skin from the
patient and grow the skin under special tissue culture conditions.
• From this small piece of skin, technicians can grow enough skin to
cover nearly the entire body in just 3 weeks.
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10. WHY IT IS NEEDED?
• When skin is damaged or lost due to injury or burns, bacteria and
other microorganisms have easy access to warm, nutrient-rich body
fluid.
• To treat a burn skin, surgeons first remove the burned skin and then
quickly cover the underlying tissue, usually with a combination of
laboratory-grown skin cells and artificial skin.
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11. BIOMATERIALS
• ECM is used as biomimetic update materials and is obtained from
natural materials and also those manufactured synthetically, e.g
natural materials include fibronectin, collagen, chitosan, hyaluronan,
polypeptides, hydroxyapatites, glycosaminoglycan, and alginates.
• Biomaterials have the excellent advantage of having low toxicity and a
low chronic inflammatory response
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12. • Natural materials- a number of natural materials have excellent properties
that have led to their use in skin tissue engineering because of similar
cellular properties to human skin tissues, including those pertaining to
adhesion and infilteration . Biomaterials such as collagen are
characterized by low mechanical strength, good biocompatibility, and low
antigenicity.
• Synthetic materials- polymers have several advantages for the
production of tissue engineering scaffolds, including (1) known
composition (2) can be tailored to minimize immunological responses and
provide a range of nerve prostheses by combining different copolymers in
various proportions e.g synthetic materials include polylactide co-glycolide,
polylactide and polyglycolide hydrogel.
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13. • Biodegradable materials are preferred as tissue engineering scaffolds
since they degrade while the new tissue forms. Another requirement is
that the carrier material and the degradation
• Products should be biocompatible so that no adverse body reactions
occur when the material degrade
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14. MANUFACTURE PROCESS OF ARTIFICIAL
SKIN
• (1) Mesh scaffolding method
• (a)fibroblasts are thawed and expanded; the fibroblasts are
transferred from the vials into roller bottles. The bottles are rotated on
their side for 3-4 weeks. The rolling action allows the circulation of
oxygen which is essential for the growth process.
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15. • (b) cells are transferred to culture system: the cells are removed
from roller bottles, combined with a nutrient rich media; flowed through
tubes into thin cassette like bioreactors housing the biodegradable
mesh scaffolding, they adhere to the mesh and begin to grow.
• (c) growth cycle completed: when cell growth mesh is completed,
the tissue is rinsed with more nutrient rich media and stored.
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16. (2) COLLAGEN METHOD
• (a)cells are transferred to culture system: a small amount of cold
collagen and nutrient media appro.12% of the combined solution is
added to fibroblasts. The mixture is dispensed into the molds and
allowed to come to room temperature. As the collagen warms, it gels,
trapping the fibroblast and generating the growth of new skin.
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17. • (b)keratinocytes added: two weeks after collagen is added to the
fibroblasts, the extracted keratinocytes are thawed and seeded onto
the new dermal skin cells. They are allowed to grow for several days
and then exposed to air, including the keratinocytes to form epidermal
layers.
• (c)growth cycle completed : the new skin is stored in sterile
containers until it is required.
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18. METHODS TO PRODUCE ARTIFICIAL SKIN
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19. APPLICATION
• Artificial skin is used to restores the depth and elasticity of the skin
through restoration of the dermis with no significant morbidity.
• Alternatives to animal testing and regulations
• Pharmacological applications
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20. CASE STUDY
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21. PROBLEMS
• 1) Reduced vascularization
• 2) Scarring
• 3) Absence of differentiated structures
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22. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
 Growing skin from stem cells in human hair
 Producing a fully functional, lab produced artificial skin graft
 Creating an automated production line process for manufacture
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23. REFERENCES
• Culture of animal cells- sixth edition
R.IAN FRESHNEY
ANIMAL TISSUE CULTURE
• INTERNET
SOURCE:https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/anatomy-and-
physiology/anatomy-and-physiology/artificial-skin.
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