Tissue engineering involves generating tissues and organs by seeding cells onto biodegradable scaffolds and stimulating them to proliferate and generate extracellular matrix in vitro. Some key events include Harrison demonstrating active cell growth in culture in 1910, which enabled tissue engineering. Dolly the sheep was the first mammal cloned in 1996 using somatic cell nuclear transfer. Tissue engineering uses cells, scaffolds, and signaling molecules to regenerate tissues and has applications like artificial skin and organs. It offers benefits like curing diseases but also faces challenges like ensuring sterility and preventing toxicity.

1. TISSUE ENGINEERING
Histology Technique (SMS 2143)
Peramathevan (012012051361)
Lydwilkyn Andar (012012051647)
Stephen Hii Seng (012012110023)
Ting Siok Mei (012012110021)
Mohamad Faez (012012051513)

2.  Generation of Prometheus
 “Healing of Justinian” St. Cosmas
and St. Damien.
 Theophrastus von Hohenheim,
most commonly known as Paracelsus tried to
create human life by chemical*.
 16th century, Ambroise Pare` described in his work
“Dix livres de la chirurgie” (ten pound of surgery).
 18th century John Hunter investigated homologous
transplantation of teeth in humans

3.  1818, Mary Shelley a writer of
prominent newer example in literature
and film is the story of Frankenstein,
describing the vitalization of a creature,
reassembled from different body parts.
 Middle 19th century, Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach
use of skin grafts described in “Nonnulla de
Regeneratione et Transplantatione”. Pioneer in
Transplantation medicine.
 Heinrich Christian Bünger first successful
autologous skin transplantation in the clinical use of
skin grafts.
 Jaques Reverdin use of small graft islets and Karl
Thiersch split the thickness grafts. Pioneer in skin
transplant.

4.  Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902), he
described that cell proliferation can
affected Cellularpathologie on tissue
regeneration.
 C.A. Ljunggren and J. Jolly were the first
researchers that succesfull to cultivate cells outside
the body. R.G. Harrison, demonstrating active
growth of cells in culture.
 Alexis Carrel (1873–1944) founder of modern organ
transplantation due to his work elaborating the
methods of vascular anastomosis.
 1967, the first heart transplantation successfully
done by Christiaan Barnard.

5.  Early 1970s W.T. Green undertook a number of
experiments to generate cartilage using a
chondrocyte culture technique.
 In 1996, The further major step in cloning research
was the cloning of two lambs (Megan and Morag)
from embryonic cells. “Dolly the Sheep”.
 In 1987 then the term “tissue engineering” was be
used in medicine field.
 “Dolly the Sheep”

7. Harrison. R.G -1910
Demonstrated active growth of cell in
culture Since that breakthrough in vitro
cell culture becomes the underlying
basement for classical tissue
engineering.
E –Ullmann ,1902
First researchers to conduct kidney
transplantation in animal use the
application of tissue engineering
.J.P Merrill - First researchers to attempt
kidney transplantation in identical twins

8. 1970s- W.T Green -Synthesis
cartilage using chondrocyte culture
techniques in combination with bone
scaffold .
Barke and Yannas
Generating skin by the culture of dermal
fibroblasts or keratinocytes on protein
scaffolds
Robert Briggs and Thomas king ,1952 –
First researcher demonstrate how to
clone frogs by replacing nuclei of eggs
with cell form tadpole and adult
intestinal epithelium

9. • Dolly the sheep was successfully cloned in Britain in 1996 by
the scientist “Ian Wilmut” and was put down in February 2003
after developing a lung infection and arthritis.
• Dolly was a genetic copy of the Finn Dorset ewe.
• Her birth, more than 10 years ago showed that nuclei from
specialized adult cells can be reprogrammed into all the cells
of an organism.
• The technique that led to Dolly is called
• somatic cell nuclear transfer and has
• remained essentially unchanged over
• the last decade.

14.  Tissue engineering has significant market
potential and financial investment continue
apace.
 The technical advances in the various
components of the industry will contribute to
market growth.
 For the biological component of tissue
engineering, rapid advances are being made in
identifying new cell types for use in tissue
regeneration.

15.  Tissue engineering will emerging as a
vibrant industry with a huge potential
market.
 An increasing amount of R&D is directed
toward addressing the properties of these
scaffolds with the goal of creating materials
that have the desired functional profiles for
various applications.

18. - TE is using specific biochemical function to
transplant of the cell become an organ.
- Can be solving tissue damage problem
- Example :
1. Artificial skin
Nature Biotechnology
, 2000

19. 2. Heart

20.  Three basic elements:
1) Scaffolds
- Provided by the extra-cellular matrix and serve
to hold and guide cells in 3D space until they are
produce their own physiological matrix
environment
2) Cell
- basic unit of tissue or organ and it is very
important when doing cell source selection
3) Biomolecules
- signalling molecules which will be represented an
interesting tools in tissue engineering to modulate
several part of the cell biology.
Sala et.al., 2012. Journal Biochip Tissue Chip.

21. Sala et. al., 2012. journal Biochip
Tissue Chip

22. Advantages Disadvantages
 Help cure the disease
 Ability to cure life-
threatening diseases
 Life expectancy
expanded
 Produce a healthier
lifestyle and quality
 Performance of the
final product
 Potential toxicity of
cryopreservatives
 Achievement of
sterility of the final
product
 Microbiological
contamination
L.Clarke, 2008
D.William, 2004