Biomaterials for tissue engineering slideshareBukar Abdullahi
An overview of Tissue Engineering with some basics in Biomaterials and Synthetic Polymers. Further references should be considered as I presented this a specific target audience.
Biomaterials for tissue engineering slideshareBukar Abdullahi
An overview of Tissue Engineering with some basics in Biomaterials and Synthetic Polymers. Further references should be considered as I presented this a specific target audience.
ARTIFICIAL ORGANS.
We discussed a Brief History and Introduction of Artificial Organs.
We also discussed the Various Manufacturing Process and Application of Artificial Organs and finally we discussed the Pros and Cons of Artificial Organs.
The term artificial skin is used to describe any material used to replace (permanently or temporarily) or to mimic the dermal and epidermal layers of the skin.
The primary current application of artificial skin is for the treatment of skin loss or damage on burn patients.
Alternatively however, artificial skin is now being used in some places to treat patients with skin diseases, such as diabetic foot ulcers, and severe .
Biomaterials were defined as “any substance, other than a drug, or a combination of substances, synthetic or natural in origin, which can be used for any period of time, as a whole or as a part of a system, which treats, augments or replaces any tissue, organ or function of the body”
Introduction
Artificial skin
Invention
Structure of human skin
Importance of skin
Key development
Biomaterials
Methods to produce artificial skin
Application
Problems
Future development
Conclusions
references
Tissue engineering is the use of a combination of cells, engineering and materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to improve or replace biological functions.
The term has also been applied to efforts to perform specific biochemical functions using cells within an artificially-created support system (e.g. an artificial pancreas, or a bio artificial liver).
A commonly applied definition of tissue engineering, as stated by Langer and Vacanti is “An interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of engineering and life sciences toward the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve [Biological tissue] function or a whole organ”
Scale up means increasing the quantity or volume of cell culture. For animal cells, the scale up strategies are dependent upon cell types or i.e. whether the cells requires matrix for attachment and growth ( adherent cell culture) or grows freely in suspended form in aqueous media. The scaling up principle for adherent cells are just to increase surface area for attachment while for suspension culture is to increase culture volume. This presentation enlightens the reader about different methods of scaling up of cells culture. Readers are also provided with sample questions for better understanding
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
NEED OF SYNCHRONIZATION
TYPES OF SYNCHRONIZATION
(I)PHYSICAL CELL SEPARATION
(II)BLOCKADE
PHYSICAL Vs BLOCKADE SYNCHRONIZATION
CONCLUSION
REFFERENCE
A presentation on Tissue Engineering made by Deepak Rajput. It was presented as a seminar requirement at the University of Tennessee Space Institute in Spring 2009.
ARTIFICIAL ORGANS.
We discussed a Brief History and Introduction of Artificial Organs.
We also discussed the Various Manufacturing Process and Application of Artificial Organs and finally we discussed the Pros and Cons of Artificial Organs.
The term artificial skin is used to describe any material used to replace (permanently or temporarily) or to mimic the dermal and epidermal layers of the skin.
The primary current application of artificial skin is for the treatment of skin loss or damage on burn patients.
Alternatively however, artificial skin is now being used in some places to treat patients with skin diseases, such as diabetic foot ulcers, and severe .
Biomaterials were defined as “any substance, other than a drug, or a combination of substances, synthetic or natural in origin, which can be used for any period of time, as a whole or as a part of a system, which treats, augments or replaces any tissue, organ or function of the body”
Introduction
Artificial skin
Invention
Structure of human skin
Importance of skin
Key development
Biomaterials
Methods to produce artificial skin
Application
Problems
Future development
Conclusions
references
Tissue engineering is the use of a combination of cells, engineering and materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to improve or replace biological functions.
The term has also been applied to efforts to perform specific biochemical functions using cells within an artificially-created support system (e.g. an artificial pancreas, or a bio artificial liver).
A commonly applied definition of tissue engineering, as stated by Langer and Vacanti is “An interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of engineering and life sciences toward the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve [Biological tissue] function or a whole organ”
Scale up means increasing the quantity or volume of cell culture. For animal cells, the scale up strategies are dependent upon cell types or i.e. whether the cells requires matrix for attachment and growth ( adherent cell culture) or grows freely in suspended form in aqueous media. The scaling up principle for adherent cells are just to increase surface area for attachment while for suspension culture is to increase culture volume. This presentation enlightens the reader about different methods of scaling up of cells culture. Readers are also provided with sample questions for better understanding
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
NEED OF SYNCHRONIZATION
TYPES OF SYNCHRONIZATION
(I)PHYSICAL CELL SEPARATION
(II)BLOCKADE
PHYSICAL Vs BLOCKADE SYNCHRONIZATION
CONCLUSION
REFFERENCE
A presentation on Tissue Engineering made by Deepak Rajput. It was presented as a seminar requirement at the University of Tennessee Space Institute in Spring 2009.
Introduction
Definition
History
Principle
Cell sources
What cells can be used?
Scaffolds
Biomaterials
Bioreactor
How tissue engineering is done?
How does tissue engineering differ from cloning?
Tissue engineering of specific structures
Application of tissue engineering
Limitations
Conclusion
References
TISSUE DEVELOPMENT WITH TISSUE ENGINEERING APPROACHFelix Obi
Tissue Engineering is the development and practice of combining scaffolds, cells, and suitable biochemical factors (regulatory factors or Signals) into functional tissues. The goal of tissue engineering is to assemble functional constructs that restore, maintain, or improve damaged tissues or whole organs.
Cells are the building blocks of tissue, and tissues are the basic unit of function in the body. Generally, groups of cells make and secrete their own support structures, called extracellular matrix. This matrix, or scaffold, does more than just support the cells; it also acts as a relay station for various signaling molecules. Thus, cells receive messages from many sources that become available from the local environment. Each signal can start a chain of responses that determine what happens to the cell. By understanding how individual cells respond to signals, interact with their environment, and organize into tissues and organisms, Tissue Engineers are now able to manipulate these processes to amend damaged tissues or even create new ones.
what is tissue engineering
Sources of tissue grafting
Strategies for tissue engineering
Stem cells
Several strategies are now available for developing new organs and tissues
What is the scaffold?
Ideal properties of scaffold
Scaffolding procedures
BIOMATERIALS AND SCAFFOLDS
CAD-CAM technique for scaffolding design
CELL CULTURE METHODS
TISSUE-ENGINEERED DENTAL TISSUES
The definition of tissue engineering, according to International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), is “to use of a combination of cells, engineering and materials, and suitable biochemical and physiochemical factors to improve or replace biological functions
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. INTRODUCTION :
Tissue engineering is the use of a combination of cells,
engineering and materials methods, and suitable
biochemical and physicochemical factors to improve or
replace biological functions.
The term has also been applied to efforts to perform
specific biochemical functions using cells within an
artificially-created support system (e.g. an
artificial pancreas, or a bio artificial liver).
A commonly applied definition of tissue engineering, as stated
by Langer and Vacanti is “An interdisciplinary field that
applies the principles of engineering and life sciences
toward the development of biological substitutes that
restore, maintain, or improve [Biological tissue] function or
a whole organ”
3. Bioartificial windpipe
Bioartificial liver device
· Artificial pancreas
Cartilage
Doris Taylor ‘s heart in a jar
Tissue engineered airway
Tissue engineered vessels
Artificial skin
Artificial bone marrow
Artificial bone
Oral mucosa tissue engineering
· Foreskin
EXAMPLES :
5. PROCESS OF TISSUE
ENGINEERING
(1)Start building material (e.g., extracellular matrix,
biodegradable polymer).
(2) Shape it as needed.
(3) Seed it with living cells .
(4) Bathe it with growth factors.
(5) Cells multiply & fill up the scaffold & grow into
three-dimensional tissue.
(6) Implanted in the body.
(7) Cells recreate their intended tissue functions.
(8) Blood vessels attach themselves to the new tissue.
(9) The scaffold dissolves.
(10) The newly grown tissue eventually blends in with
its surroundings.
6. Extraction
From fluid tissues such as blood, cells are extracted by
bulk methods, usuallycentrifugation or apheresis.
From solid tissues, extraction is more difficult. Usually the
tissue is minced, and then digested with the enzymes trypsin
or collagenase to remove the extracellular matrix (ECM)
that holds the cells. After that, the cells are free floating, and
extracted using centrifugation or apheresis.
.
7. CELLS AS BUILDING BLOCKS
Tissue engineering utilizes living cells as engineering
materials. Examples include using living fibroblasts in skin
replacement or repair, cartilage repaired with living
chondrocytes,
8. Types of cells
Cells are often categorized by their source:
Autologous cells are obtained from the same individual to which
they will be reimplanted. Autologous cells have the fewest
problems with rejection and pathogen transmission, however in
some cases might not be available.
Allogeneic cells come from the body of a donor of the same
species. While there are some ethical constraints to the use of
human cells for in vitro studies, the employment of dermal
fibroblasts from human foreskin has been demonstrated to be
immunologically safe and thus a viable choice for tissue
engineering of skin.
Xenogenic cells are these isolated from individuals of another
species. In particular animal cells have been used quite extensively
in experiments aimed at the construction of cardiovascular implants.
9. Isogenic cells are isolated from genetically identical organisms,
such as twins, clones, or highly inbred research animal models.
•Primary cells are from an organism.
• Secondary cells are from a cell bank.
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with the ability to divide in
culture and give rise to different forms of specialized cells.
According to their source stem cells are divided multipotent,
pluripotent& totipotent.
10. SCAFFOLDS
Cells are often implanted or 'seeded' into an artificial structure
capable of supporting three-dimensional tissue formation. These
structures, typically called scaffolds
Scaffolds usually serve at least one of the following purposes:
Allow cell attachment and migration
Deliver and retain cells and biochemical factors
Enable diffusion of vital cell nutrients and expressed products
Exert certain mechanical and biological influences to modify
the behaviour of the cell phase
11. To achieve the goal of tissue reconstruction, scaffolds must meet some
specific requirements. A high porosity and an adequate pore size are
necessary to facilitate cell seeding and diffusion throughout the whole
structure of both cells and nutrients. Biodegradability is often an
essential factor since scaffolds should preferably be absorbed by the
surrounding tissues without the necessity of a surgical removal.
12. MATERIALS
Many different materials (natural and synthetic, biodegradable
and permanent) have been investigated. Examples of the
materials are collagen and some polyesters.
New biomaterials have been engineered to have ideal
properties and functional customization: injectability, synthetic
manufacture, biocompatibility, non-immunogenicity, transparency,
nano-scale fibers, low concentration, resorption rates, etc.
A commonly used synthetic material is PLA - polylactic acid.
This is a polyester which degrades within the human body to
form lactic acid, a naturally occurring chemical which is easily
removed from the body.
13. Scaffolds may also be constructed from natural materials: in
particular different derivatives of the extracellular matrix have
been studied to evaluate their ability to support cell growth.
Proteic materials, such as collagen or fibrin, and
polysaccharidic materials,
like chitosan or glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), have all proved
suitable in terms of cell compatibility, but some issues with
potential immunogenicity still remains.
Functionalized groups of scaffolds may be useful in the
delivery of small molecules (drugs) to specific tissues.
20. Tissue engineering covers a broad range of applications, in practice the
term has come to represent applications that repair or replace structural
tissues (i.e., bone, cartilage, blood vessels, bladder, etc). These are
tissues that function by virtue of their mechanical properties.
A closely related (and older) field is cell transplantation.
This field is concerned with the transplantation of cells that
perform a specific biochemical function (e.g., an artificial
pancreas, or an artificial liver).
Tissue engineering solves problems by using living cells as
engineering materials.
These could be artificial skin that includes living fibroblasts,
cartilage repaired with living chondrocytes, or other types of cells
used in other ways.
APPLICATIONS
21. Tissue engineered heart valves offer a promising alternative for the
replacement of diseased heart valves avoiding the limitations faced with
currently available bioprosthetic and mechanical heart valves.
Tissue-engineered skin is a significant advance in the field of wound
healing and was developed due to limitations associated with the use of
autografts.