Tissue engineering is the use of a combination of cells, engineering and materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to improve or replace biological functions.
The term has also been applied to efforts to perform specific biochemical functions using cells within an artificially-created support system (e.g. an artificial pancreas, or a bio artificial liver).
A commonly applied definition of tissue engineering, as stated by Langer and Vacanti is “An interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of engineering and life sciences toward the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve [Biological tissue] function or a whole organ”
Introduction
Definition
History
Principle
Cell sources
What cells can be used?
Scaffolds
Biomaterials
Bioreactor
How tissue engineering is done?
How does tissue engineering differ from cloning?
Tissue engineering of specific structures
Application of tissue engineering
Limitations
Conclusion
References
TISSUE DEVELOPMENT WITH TISSUE ENGINEERING APPROACHFelix Obi
Tissue Engineering is the development and practice of combining scaffolds, cells, and suitable biochemical factors (regulatory factors or Signals) into functional tissues. The goal of tissue engineering is to assemble functional constructs that restore, maintain, or improve damaged tissues or whole organs.
Cells are the building blocks of tissue, and tissues are the basic unit of function in the body. Generally, groups of cells make and secrete their own support structures, called extracellular matrix. This matrix, or scaffold, does more than just support the cells; it also acts as a relay station for various signaling molecules. Thus, cells receive messages from many sources that become available from the local environment. Each signal can start a chain of responses that determine what happens to the cell. By understanding how individual cells respond to signals, interact with their environment, and organize into tissues and organisms, Tissue Engineers are now able to manipulate these processes to amend damaged tissues or even create new ones.
Introduction
Definition
History
Principle
Cell sources
What cells can be used?
Scaffolds
Biomaterials
Bioreactor
How tissue engineering is done?
How does tissue engineering differ from cloning?
Tissue engineering of specific structures
Application of tissue engineering
Limitations
Conclusion
References
TISSUE DEVELOPMENT WITH TISSUE ENGINEERING APPROACHFelix Obi
Tissue Engineering is the development and practice of combining scaffolds, cells, and suitable biochemical factors (regulatory factors or Signals) into functional tissues. The goal of tissue engineering is to assemble functional constructs that restore, maintain, or improve damaged tissues or whole organs.
Cells are the building blocks of tissue, and tissues are the basic unit of function in the body. Generally, groups of cells make and secrete their own support structures, called extracellular matrix. This matrix, or scaffold, does more than just support the cells; it also acts as a relay station for various signaling molecules. Thus, cells receive messages from many sources that become available from the local environment. Each signal can start a chain of responses that determine what happens to the cell. By understanding how individual cells respond to signals, interact with their environment, and organize into tissues and organisms, Tissue Engineers are now able to manipulate these processes to amend damaged tissues or even create new ones.
Biomaterials for tissue engineering slideshareBukar Abdullahi
An overview of Tissue Engineering with some basics in Biomaterials and Synthetic Polymers. Further references should be considered as I presented this a specific target audience.
A presentation on Tissue Engineering made by Deepak Rajput. It was presented as a seminar requirement at the University of Tennessee Space Institute in Spring 2009.
Biomaterials were defined as “any substance, other than a drug, or a combination of substances, synthetic or natural in origin, which can be used for any period of time, as a whole or as a part of a system, which treats, augments or replaces any tissue, organ or function of the body”
The term artificial skin is used to describe any material used to replace (permanently or temporarily) or to mimic the dermal and epidermal layers of the skin.
The primary current application of artificial skin is for the treatment of skin loss or damage on burn patients.
Alternatively however, artificial skin is now being used in some places to treat patients with skin diseases, such as diabetic foot ulcers, and severe .
Introduction
Artificial skin
Invention
Structure of human skin
Importance of skin
Key development
Biomaterials
Methods to produce artificial skin
Application
Problems
Future development
Conclusions
references
what is tissue engineering
Sources of tissue grafting
Strategies for tissue engineering
Stem cells
Several strategies are now available for developing new organs and tissues
What is the scaffold?
Ideal properties of scaffold
Scaffolding procedures
BIOMATERIALS AND SCAFFOLDS
CAD-CAM technique for scaffolding design
CELL CULTURE METHODS
TISSUE-ENGINEERED DENTAL TISSUES
Scale up means increasing the quantity or volume of cell culture. For animal cells, the scale up strategies are dependent upon cell types or i.e. whether the cells requires matrix for attachment and growth ( adherent cell culture) or grows freely in suspended form in aqueous media. The scaling up principle for adherent cells are just to increase surface area for attachment while for suspension culture is to increase culture volume. This presentation enlightens the reader about different methods of scaling up of cells culture. Readers are also provided with sample questions for better understanding
Biomaterials for tissue engineering slideshareBukar Abdullahi
An overview of Tissue Engineering with some basics in Biomaterials and Synthetic Polymers. Further references should be considered as I presented this a specific target audience.
A presentation on Tissue Engineering made by Deepak Rajput. It was presented as a seminar requirement at the University of Tennessee Space Institute in Spring 2009.
Biomaterials were defined as “any substance, other than a drug, or a combination of substances, synthetic or natural in origin, which can be used for any period of time, as a whole or as a part of a system, which treats, augments or replaces any tissue, organ or function of the body”
The term artificial skin is used to describe any material used to replace (permanently or temporarily) or to mimic the dermal and epidermal layers of the skin.
The primary current application of artificial skin is for the treatment of skin loss or damage on burn patients.
Alternatively however, artificial skin is now being used in some places to treat patients with skin diseases, such as diabetic foot ulcers, and severe .
Introduction
Artificial skin
Invention
Structure of human skin
Importance of skin
Key development
Biomaterials
Methods to produce artificial skin
Application
Problems
Future development
Conclusions
references
what is tissue engineering
Sources of tissue grafting
Strategies for tissue engineering
Stem cells
Several strategies are now available for developing new organs and tissues
What is the scaffold?
Ideal properties of scaffold
Scaffolding procedures
BIOMATERIALS AND SCAFFOLDS
CAD-CAM technique for scaffolding design
CELL CULTURE METHODS
TISSUE-ENGINEERED DENTAL TISSUES
Scale up means increasing the quantity or volume of cell culture. For animal cells, the scale up strategies are dependent upon cell types or i.e. whether the cells requires matrix for attachment and growth ( adherent cell culture) or grows freely in suspended form in aqueous media. The scaling up principle for adherent cells are just to increase surface area for attachment while for suspension culture is to increase culture volume. This presentation enlightens the reader about different methods of scaling up of cells culture. Readers are also provided with sample questions for better understanding
The definition of tissue engineering, according to International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), is “to use of a combination of cells, engineering and materials, and suitable biochemical and physiochemical factors to improve or replace biological functions
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Essential Textbook of Biochemistry For Nursing (B.Sc.Nursing & PBN)Tapeshwar Yadav
I have relished teaching Biochemistry during my more than Ten years teaching experience in a medical, dental, nursing and health science colleges. It was because of constant inspiration from my students that I could come up with Essentials Textbook of Biochemistry for Nursing book, which hopefully would meet the inadequacies the students face in other books. In this age when the concepts in this subject are constantly changing, this book attempts to summarise the fundamentals and current state of knowledge in Biochemistry.
Biochemistry has been primarily written for the students of B.Sc. Nursing & Post Basic of Nursing (PBN) in such a way that it will also be suitable for General Medicine, Radiography, Physiotherapy, Ayurveda, Optometry, Dental and Nursing. This book can also be used as Reference for B.Sc. MLT, Bachelor of Pharmacy (B. PHARMA), Bachelor of Public Health (BPH), Bachelor of Physiotherapy (BPT), B. Ophthalmology, Bachelor of Radiography (BRT) and Biomedical Engineering students of Tribhuvan University, Purbanchal University, Kathmandu University and Pokhara University. Similarly, it will be equally useful for all the teachers, academic writers and those who are involved directly or indirectly in teaching and practising Health Sciences.
This is a basic book on Essential Textbook of Biochemistry for Nursing. The book thoroughly discusses some of the major concepts of Biochemistry and provides adequate information to help the students understand its implications in various areas of the subject. Furthermore, the book aims at equipping the students with practical cum theoretical skills. The book covers almost all the topics which have been prescribed in the Syllabus.
This is an introductory course to Biochemistry and is about medical biochemistry including the biochemical processes of - digestion & absorption of foods, metabolism of different kinds of foods & their disturbance effects in our body together with the physiological roles of different kinds of vitamins & enzymes.
The book consists of Theory as well as Practical portion. The author has tried his best to make all the concepts of each unit as lucid and simple as required for the students with supportive examples, samples, diagrams, clinical disorders and practical works. The ultimate purpose of this book is to equip the reader with comprehensive knowledge in Biochemistry with reference to basic as well as clinical aspects.
At last, I have made every effort to make the book error free, I am under no illusion. I expect constructive comments and suggestions from learners and teachers who use this book which will obviously help me in improving the future edition of the book.
Amino acids are a group of organic compounds containing two functional groups amino and carboxyl. The amino group (-NH2) is basic while the carboxyl group (-COOH) is acidic in nature.
The plasma in the liquid medium of blood (55%) in which the cell components namely Erythrocytes, Leucocytes and Platelets are suspended.
If anticoagulated blood is centrifuged, the plasma separates out as a supernatant while the cells remain at the bottom.
Plasma consists of water electrolytes metabolites nutrients proteins and hormones.
Most of the plasma proteins are synthesized in the liver.
Plasma proteins are separated by electrophoresis.
The word protein is derived from the Greek word ‘Proteios’ which means holding the first place. Berzelius (Swedish chemist) suggested the name proteins to the group of organic compounds that are important to life.
Proteins are the most abundant organic molecules of the living system.
They occur in every part of the cell and constitute about 50% of the cellular dry weight.
Proteins form the fundamental basis of structure and function of life.
Out of the total dry body weight, 3/4th are made up of proteins.
Proteins are used for body building; all the major structural and functional aspects of the body are carried out by protein molecules.
Proteins are high molecular weight polypeptides containing α-amino acids joined together by peptide linkage (-CO-NH).
The endocrine system consists of a network of ductless glands that secrete chemicals (called hormones) that affect the function of specific organs within the body, thus regulating many of the intricate functions of the body itself.
These ductless glands secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream, as opposed to releasing them externally through ducts (as do the sweat glands and the oil glands).
The field of medicine that deals with the study of the endocrine system and the treatment of the diseases and disorders of the endocrine system is known as endocrinology.
The physician who specializes in the medical practice of endocrinology
is known as an endocrinologist.
Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic molecules in nature.
They are commonly known as saccharides or sugars.
They are primarily composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
The name carbohydrate literally means “hydrates of carbon”.
Carbohydrates are widely distributed in nature in plants and animals.
The most important carbohydrate found in plants is starch.
It occurs abundantly in roots, tubers, vegetables and grains. The carbohydrate found in animals is glycogen.
It is a storage form of carbohydrate present in liver and muscles, which serves as important sources of energy for vital activities.
This field combines biology as well as chemistry to study the chemical structure of a living organism
Biochemistry is a basic science which deals with chemical nature and chemical behaviour of living matter and with the reactions and processes they undergo.
“The branch of science dealing with the study of all the life processes such as control and coordination within a living organism is called Biochemistry”
Medical parasitology : study of parasites that infect human, diseases caused by them, clinical picture, their diagnosis, treatment and prevention as well as controls.
It involves drug development, epidemiological studies and study of zoonoses.
To know various terms related to parasitology.
To know about general parasites and parasitic infections.
To get knowledge about laboratory diagnosis and its importance.
To gain idea about general epidemiological aspects of parasites that affect human.
Apply basic methods of specimen collection , preservation and processing in lab.
To prevent ourselves from these infections and apply control measures.
Microbiology is the study of
living organisms of microscopic
size which includes bacteria ,
Fungi , Algae , Protozoa and Viruses. It is concerned with the forms, structure , reproduction , physiology , metabolism and classification.
Principle Of Microbiology
Medical microbiology deals with the causative agent of the infectious disease of the human , the ways in which they produce disease in the body and essential information for diagnosis and treatment.
Hematology is the branch of medicine, that is concerned with the study of blood, blood forming organs and blood diseases. It includes study of etiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and prevention of blood diseases .
After the completion of this presentation we will know about:
What is hematology and its purpose.
hematology laboratory.
Blood and its compositions and collections
Hematology lab equipment's
Some hematological tests , disease and hazards too.
Biochemistry is the study of the structure and function of biological molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids.
Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry of living things. This includes organic molecules and their chemical reactions.
Biochemistry deals with body substance like enzymes, carbohydrates, amino acids, fats, proteins, hormones, DNA, RNA, pigments etc.
The major objective of biochemistry is the complete understanding of all chemical processes associated with living cells at the molecular level. Some of the objectives can be listed as follows:
1. Isolation, structural elucidation and the determination of mode of action of biomolecules.
2. Identification of disease mechanisms.
3. Study of in born errors of metabolism.
4. Study of oncogenes in cancer cells.
5. The relationship of biochemistry with the genetics, physiology, immunology, pharmacology, toxicology etc.
Biochemistry is related to almost all the life sciences and without biochemistry background and knowledge, a through understanding of health and well-being is not possible.
It is a well known fact that metal ions have a profound effect on cellular processes
The importance or the role that ions play in cellular activity can be gauged by the fact that most cells maintain a very critical Na+ & k+ balance between the extracellular and the intracellular spaces.
Any distribution in this critical balance is to the cellular metabolism through a drastic change in the osmotic pressure resulting in cellular swelling.
An ISE operates an exactly the same principles as a PH electrode
In fact, a PH electrode is a type of ion selective electrode sensitive to hydrogen ion.
Just like a PH electrode, the electrode body contains a reference solution and an metal reference electrode
Safety cabinets are intended to protect a laboratory worker from aerosols and airborne particles.
They will not protect the person from spillages and the consequences of mishandling and poor technique.
Aerosol particles of less than 5 µm in diameter and small droplets of 5–100 µm in diameter are not visible to the naked eye.
The laboratory worker is generally not aware that such particles are being generated and may be inhaled or may cross contaminate work surface materials.
BSCs, when properly used, have been shown to be highly effective in reducing laboratory-acquired infections and cross-contaminations of cultures due to aerosol exposures. BSCs also protect the environment.
Most BSCs use high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters in the exhaust and supply systems.
The exception is a Class I BSC, which does not have HEPA filtered supply air.
The application of knowledge, techniques and equipment to prevent a personal laboratory and environmental exposure to potentially infectious agents or biohazard is known as biosafety.
Biosafety defines the containment conditions under which infectious agents can be safely manipulated.
The objective of containment is to confine biohazard and to reduce the potential exposure of the laboratory worker, persons outside of the laboratory, and the environment to potentially infectious agents.
A pipette (also called a point or a pipettor) is a laboratory instrument used to transfer a measured volume of liquid.
Pipettes are commonly used in chemistry and molecular biology research as well as clinical biochemistry tests.
Pipettes come in several designs for various purposes with different levels of accuracy and precision, from single piece flexible plastic transfer pipettes to more complex adjustable or electronic pipettes.
A pipette works by creating a vacuum above the liquid-holding chamber and selectively releasing this vacuum to draw and dispense liquid.
Safe Use and Storage of Chemicals and ReagentsTapeshwar Yadav
Even in the smallest laboratory, dangerous chemicals are used directly or incorporated into stains and reagents.
Hence the correct handling and storage of hazardous chemicals is essential to prevent injury and damage.
In addition to this, to reduce accidents caused by chemicals, labeling is very important.
Laboratory Hazards, Accidents and Safety RulesTapeshwar Yadav
Injury, damage and loss by fire can be minimized when laboratory staff:
Understand how fires are caused and spread;
Reduce the risk of fire by following fire safety regulations at all times;
Know what to do if there is a fire in their laboratory;
Know how to use fire fighting equipment;
Know how to apply emergency First Aid, for burns.
Revised Curriculum of Certificate in Medical Laboratory Technology(CMLT) by C...Tapeshwar Yadav
This curriculum of 3 years Certificate in Medical Laboratory Technology is designed to produce middle level skilled laboratory personnel equipped with knowledge, skills and attitudes of medical laboratory with a view to provide diagnostic, curative, preventive and promotive laboratory services to the community. Such technicians collect specimens, process, and perform tests to analyze body fluids, tissue, and other substances. The graduates perform lab procedures and maintain instruments. The graduates are expected to perform tests that help other healthcare professionals such as physicians to detect, diagnose, and treat diseases.
The program extends over three academic years. The first year course focuses on basic science and foundational subjects, the second year course focuses on theory and practical parts of basic medical laboratory subjects. Simultaneously the third year is given to the application of learned skills and knowledge in the comprehensive practical settings, in hospitals and medical laboratory. The graduates will have career opportunities in hospitals, diagnostic laboratories, clinics, industry and physicians' offices, research centers, blood bank, crime investigating laboratories etc. It is based on the code of conduct of Nepal Health professional Council.
Clinical Pathology is the application of laboratory techniques to find out the cause of disease. Clinical pathology laboratory involves all aspect of the medicine ranging from the field of biochemistry, microbiology, Parasitology, haematology, immunology and cytogenetics etc. Clinical pathology laboratory perform qualitative and quantitative analysis of body fluid such as urine, blood, CSF, sputum, other body fluid such as synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid and plural fluid. These determinations are useful in diagnosing various clinical conditions such as diabetes mellitus, jaundice, gout, hyperlipidemia, pancreatitis, rickets, etc. The clinical pathological tests are very useful in determining the severity of diseases of many organs such as liver, stomach, heart, kidneys, brain as well as the endocrine disorders and related status of acid-base balance of the body. The clinical pathology tests, in relation to the various clinical conditions can be applicable for:-
1) Reveal the causes of the diseases
2) Screen easy diagnosis
3) Suggest effective treatment
4) Assist in monitoring progress of a pathological condition and
5) Help in assessing response to therapy
Modern medicine says that: Your practice of medicine will be as good as your understanding of pathology.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. INTRODUCTION :
Tissue engineering is the use of a combination of cells,
engineering and materials methods, and suitable
biochemical and physicochemical factors to improve or
replace biological functions.
The term has also been applied to efforts to perform
specific biochemical functions using cells within an
artificially-created support system (e.g. an
artificial pancreas, or a bio artificial liver).
A commonly applied definition of tissue engineering, as stated
by Langer and Vacanti is “An interdisciplinary field that
applies the principles of engineering and life sciences
toward the development of biological substitutes that
restore, maintain, or improve [Biological tissue] function or
a whole organ”
3. Bioartificial windpipe
Bioartificial liver device
· Artificial pancreas
Cartilage
Doris Taylor ‘s heart in a jar
Tissue engineered airway
Tissue engineered vessels
Artificial skin
Artificial bone marrow
Artificial bone
Oral mucosa tissue engineering
· Foreskin
EXAMPLES :
5. PROCESS OF TISSUE
ENGINEERING
(1)Start building material (e.g., extracellular matrix,
biodegradable polymer).
(2) Shape it as needed.
(3) Seed it with living cells .
(4) Bathe it with growth factors.
(5) Cells multiply & fill up the scaffold & grow into
three-dimensional tissue.
(6) Implanted in the body.
(7) Cells recreate their intended tissue functions.
(8) Blood vessels attach themselves to the new tissue.
(9) The scaffold dissolves.
(10) The newly grown tissue eventually blends in with
its surroundings.
6. Extraction
From fluid tissues such as blood, cells are extracted by
bulk methods, usuallycentrifugation or apheresis.
From solid tissues, extraction is more difficult. Usually the
tissue is minced, and then digested with the enzymes trypsin
or collagenase to remove the extracellular matrix (ECM) that
holds the cells. After that, the cells are free floating, and
extracted using centrifugation or apheresis.
.
7. CELLS AS BUILDING BLOCKS
Tissue engineering utilizes living cells as engineering
materials. Examples include using living fibroblasts in skin
replacement or repair, cartilage repaired with living
chondrocytes,
8. Types of cells
Cells are often categorized by their source:
Autologous cells are obtained from the same individual to which
they will be reimplanted. Autologous cells have the fewest
problems with rejection and pathogen transmission, however in
some cases might not be available.
Allogeneic cells come from the body of a donor of the same
species. While there are some ethical constraints to the use of
human cells for in vitro studies, the employment of dermal
fibroblasts from human foreskin has been demonstrated to be
immunologically safe and thus a viable choice for tissue
engineering of skin.
Xenogenic cells are these isolated from individuals of another
species. In particular animal cells have been used quite extensively
in experiments aimed at the construction of cardiovascular implants.
9. Isogenic cells are isolated from genetically identical organisms,
such as twins, clones, or highly inbred research animal models.
•Primary cells are from an organism.
• Secondary cells are from a cell bank.
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with the ability to divide in
culture and give rise to different forms of specialized cells.
According to their source stem cells are divided multipotent,
pluripotent& totipotent.
10. SCAFFOLDS
Cells are often implanted or 'seeded' into an artificial structure
capable of supporting three-dimensional tissue formation. These
structures, typically called scaffolds
Scaffolds usually serve at least one of the following purposes:
Allow cell attachment and migration
Deliver and retain cells and biochemical factors
Enable diffusion of vital cell nutrients and expressed products
Exert certain mechanical and biological influences to modify
the behaviour of the cell phase
11. To achieve the goal of tissue reconstruction, scaffolds must meet some
specific requirements. A high porosity and an adequate pore size are
necessary to facilitate cell seeding and diffusion throughout the whole
structure of both cells and nutrients. Biodegradability is often an
essential factor since scaffolds should preferably be absorbed by the
surrounding tissues without the necessity of a surgical removal.
12. MATERIALS
Many different materials (natural and synthetic, biodegradable
and permanent) have been investigated. Examples of the
materials are collagen and some polyesters.
New biomaterials have been engineered to have ideal
properties and functional customization: injectability, synthetic
manufacture, biocompatibility, non-immunogenicity, transparency,
nano-scale fibers, low concentration, resorption rates, etc.
A commonly used synthetic material is PLA - polylactic acid.
This is a polyester which degrades within the human body to
form lactic acid, a naturally occurring chemical which is easily
removed from the body.
13. Scaffolds may also be constructed from natural materials: in
particular different derivatives of the extracellular matrix have
been studied to evaluate their ability to support cell growth.
Proteic materials, such as collagen or fibrin, and
polysaccharidic materials,
like chitosan or glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), have all proved
suitable in terms of cell compatibility, but some issues with
potential immunogenicity still remains.
Functionalized groups of scaffolds may be useful in the
delivery of small molecules (drugs) to specific tissues.
20. Tissue engineering covers a broad range of applications, in practice the
term has come to represent applications that repair or replace structural
tissues (i.e., bone, cartilage, blood vessels, bladder, etc). These are
tissues that function by virtue of their mechanical properties.
A closely related (and older) field is cell transplantation.
This field is concerned with the transplantation of cells that
perform a specific biochemical function (e.g., an artificial
pancreas, or an artificial liver).
Tissue engineering solves problems by using living cells as
engineering materials.
These could be artificial skin that includes living fibroblasts,
cartilage repaired with living chondrocytes, or other types of cells
used in other ways.
APPLICATIONS
21. Tissue engineered heart valves offer a promising alternative for the
replacement of diseased heart valves avoiding the limitations faced with
currently available bioprosthetic and mechanical heart valves.
Tissue-engineered skin is a significant advance in the field of wound
healing and was developed due to limitations associated with the use of
autografts.