Tissue engineering is a field that uses cells to create new tissues and organs to replace damaged or diseased ones. It has three key components - cells, a scaffold for the cells to attach to, and growth factors. Some applications include artificial skin for burn victims, artificial blood vessels, and tissue engineered bladders. While it provides benefits like reducing rejection risks, issues remain around creating complex organs and ensuring scaffolds support cell growth. Researchers are working to address these challenges and further develop the field of tissue engineering.

1. Report Writing
Uses of Microorganisms in
Biotechnology: Tissue
Engineering
Eiman Rana
MYP-V(Armstrong)

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Table of Contents
Abstract.................................................................................................................................................................................2
Introduction........................................................................................................................................................................3
What is Tissue Engineering?....................................................................................................................................4
Purpose of Tissue Engineering...............................................................................................................................4
The Process to carry out Tissue Engineering.................................................................................................5
Daily Life Applications of Tissue Engineering...............................................................................................7
Pros and Cons of Tissue Engineering..................................................................................................................8
Issues and their solutions ..........................................................................................................................................8
Research................................................................................................................................................................................9
Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................................................10
Bibliography....................................................................................................................................................................11

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Abstract:
This report portrays ‘Tissue Engineering’ that is one of the applications of
biotechnology. Tissue engineering is basically the use of cells in order to form new
tissues or organs that replace the older ones. Hence, they are used to repair or replace
the damaged or diseased tissues or organs. It is a field in its own as there have been
more growth and development in this particular field. Firstly, it reflects upon the
purpose behind tissue engineering. Hence, it gives an easy way to cure certain diseases
and this is why there has been a lot growth in this particular field. Secondly, it speaks
about the process, i.e. the key engineered materials used for the creation of a new tissue
or organ. Thirdly, it briefly explains the application, the issues and the solution to
address them. Lastly, the factors, facts and scientific research are too under the
discussion.

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Introduction
Microorganisms are the minute living organisms that are found everywhere. These
organisms cannot be seen with the naked eye. They are basically classified as: virus,
bacteria and fungi. These microorganisms are used in a variety of processes in our daily
life. Tissue engineering is one of the applications of biotechnology.
In the late 1980s, the term tissue engineering was introduced whilst in 1990s this
concept was applied in order to repair biological tissues. This technique is now
commonly used as a clinical method in order to treat such diseases in an effective way.
For instance, the transplant of some organs like the lungs or heart and the artificial
tooth used instead of the real ones in order to related prevent dental diseases.
Therefore, it helps in eliminating the risk of the rejections of the organs because the new
organ is made using our own tissues. This is the reason that why tissue engineering is
beneficial in curing diseases. It is considered as an ultimate ideal medical treatment.

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What is Tissue Engineering?
Tissue engineering is the use of a combination of similar cells, methods and materials of
engineering and appropriate biochemical and physiochemical factors is used to improve
or replace biological tissues.
In simple words, it is the using of a human’s personal cells in order to erect a new
artificial fully alive tissue or organ
that can be replaced by the old one
such as skin, pancreas, eye, liver,
muscle, bone etc.
Tissue engineering is a field in its
own, but before having a huge growth
in scope and its importance; it was
listed in the subfields of bio materials.
It is basically used in the repairing
and replacing of damaged or diseased
tissues. Therefore, it is also used for the creation of artificial organs, such as: artificial
ear, nose, heart, kidneys, lungs, etc.
Regenerative medicine is used as the synonym used for tissue engineering, but they are
a little different.
Hence, tissue engineering is about the rebuilding of tissues whilst, the regenerative
medicine relates to the regeneration of tissues. Secondly, tissue engineering requires
the scaffold, cells and growth factors for proper functioning. On the other hand, triad,
along with the cell behavior, matrix signaling and gene transferring are used in
regenerative medicine.
Purpose of Tissue Engineering
The purpose of tissue engineering is to create a new clinical method that makes it easier
to cure certain diseases that are unable to treat with the existing methods. For instance,
heart; if a single valve of the heart is not functioning, then an artificial valve made from
tissue engineering can be utilized in order to have the proper functioning of the specific
organ. In addition to this, the skin substitutes have been used and they had played a
vital role in the improvement of skin graft surgeries. Similarly, there is an array of
example. It gives an easy way to cure certain diseases and this is why there has been a
lot growth in this particular field. Hence, it is used to maintain or improve damaged
tissues or whole organs.

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The Process to carry out Tissue Engineering
There are just three key materials that are used in tissue engineering, namely, the cell, a
scaffold and the growth factors.
The cells are the building blocks as well as the basic units
of life.
First of all, tissue engineering requires the cells as an
engineering material such as living fibroblasts are used in
skin replacement and repair. Extraction of cells from fluid
tissues like blood is easier than the solid tissues. The
harvested cells from the target organ are minced first and
then digested by the enzymes, trypsin in order to remove
the extracellular matrix that holds the cell.1 Then the cells keep floating and
centrifugation is used for its extraction. Maintenance of pH, oxygen, humidity, nutrients,
temperature and osmotic pressure is the basic requirement of the cells.
Next, a scaffold is required. The scaffold is basically a structure provided to the cells. It
is often available in different sizes. They may make of collagens (biodegradable
polymer). The medium in which scaffolds are bred, contains the growth factors that
provoke the cells to divide and grow.
Therefore, it imitates the extracellular
matrix of a native tissue. This allows the
cells to influence their own micro
environment.2 A scaffold allows the cells
to attach and migrate, to deliver and retain
biochemical factors. Moreover, it also
enables the diffusion of the essential cell
nutrients. In order to, modify the behavior
of the cell phase biological and mechanical
influences are exerted. To be successful in
it, it is required that the scaffolds meet the
specific requirements. Putting the cells in the right environment is crucial for its proper
nourishment and growth. After that, the cells spread across the scaffold and a tissue is
formed that is known as a substitute tissue. Then it is implanted in the human body
along with the scaffold that is absorbed.
1 Wikipedia.“TissueEngineering.” Cells as buildingblocks 15 October 2016.
2 —. “Tissue Engineering.” Scaffolds 15 October 2016.

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Lastly, the proteins are called the growth factors. They play a pivotal role in
differentiation and proliferation. Therefore, these proteins are secreted in the body by
the cells. Its benefit is that the engineered tissue is able to provide the growth factor to
the
wounds. The
growth
factors that
have
frequently been applied to tissue engineering include bone morphogenetic proteins
(BMPs), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF or FGF-2), vascular epithelial growth
factor and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β).3 Its purpose is to promote the
regeneration of the tissue.
3 J R Soc Interface. “Growth factors.” Challenges in tissueengineering (2006).

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Daily Life Applications of Tissue Engineering
There are many organs or tissues that are used in their artificial condition. These
artificial organs help in improving the condition of the patient and have
the ability to interact socially. Secondly, it provides the life support and
prevent from deaths. Instead of waiting for
the transplant of such organs like, heart an
artificial heart can be used. Similarly, if a
person is deaf cochlear implant is implanted.
Therefore, the bypass of the peripheral
auditory system provides a sense of sound
through microphone.
The replacing of artificial eye has been proved the
successful one. Hence, an external miniature digital camera
along with the remote is implanted on the retina, optic
nerve, or some other locations in the brain that connects to
the eye.
Moreover, artificial lungs and the bioartificial liver device; are
intended for the treatment of the failure the liver. Therefore, this
can be treated using stem cells.
Most importantly, the artificial trachea was first used in
Sweden in order to treat a cancer patient. The relevant stem
cells were taken from the patient’s hip and this was treated
with the growth factors. Fortunately, this was a successful
treatment.
Scientists are still working for the proper functioning of the lungs.
The proper technology is not available yet but, it will come soon.
Furthermore, there are some ethical issues and the researchers
are facing difficulty in creating complex organs. However, it is not
simple to create every organ.
Lastly, a cultured meat was grown using the cell culture instead of using animals. It was
produced using the techniques of tissue engineering and regenerative medicines. It is

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introduced in the commercial sector, yet due to some
technical challenges. Doctor Mark Post was the first person
who first cultured beef burger patty. Thus, it was
demonstrated in London and was even eaten during the
press.
Pros and Cons of Tissue Engineering
The pros of tissue engineering are; as this engineering requires the cells of a human
itself in order to make an organ or a tissue, so there is no chance of having a side effect
and a person has completely cured. Instead of transplanting or donating organs, tissue
engineering is the best remedy. It is able to prolong a life of a human as well as the
quality of the leaves become well. It is proved to be fruitful for the burnt victims as it is
able to regenerate burnt skin. It is a
permanent solution and there are no
chances of rejection. Hence, it helps a
person to completely conquer the disease.
On the contrary, as we all know that latent
diseases are troublesome; thus,
there can be a chance of hidden illness in
the tissue. The technology we have
right now is not enough to detect
latent diseases. Therefore, scientists are still working on it. Moreover, it is a lot difficult
to construct the suitable scaffolds. Medicine researchers are facing this problem
currently. There are some ethical issues. Lastly, longer working of the cells is most
important. Hence, for complex organs, researchers are facing difficulties.
Issues and their solutions
There are few problems addressed in tissue engineering. It seems to be simple, but it is
the most difficult, but the most effective cure of diseases. The issues that face while
tissue engineering are:
There are no clinically effective treatment strategies for heart disease. Hence, replacing
a valve is just a solution to this issue. But the scientists are working for developing the
strategies in the fabrication of the valves. Therefore, molded scaffolds, synthetic
polymers, electro spinning, decellularization, hybrid techniques as well as 3D bio
printing include in the strategies for the better treatment of the heart.
Secondly, the shortage of donated organs and immune rejection is an issue in organ
transplantation.

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Thirdly, it is easy and possible to produce an
artificial eye, but the creation of an electronic
eye with the proper functions is way
complex. Advances towards tackling the
complexity of the artificial connection to
the retina, optic nerve, or related brain areas,
combined with ongoing advances in computer
science, are expected to dramatically improve
the performance of this technology.4
Moreover, providing a perfect scaffold is also a
problem. The scaffold is critically important.
Therefore, it contains a pore structure. Core
degradation is the issue observed in the
scaffolds. Hence, this issue arises from the
waste removal and deficiency of the
vascularization. This is identified as the major concern in the field of tissue engineering.
The scientists are working to provide the doctors with better solutions.
Research
According to the advanced research, it is said that in the future, the smart organs and
tissues may be possible. We can have the sensors that can tell the whole situation. For
example, nanowires can be put into the hearts which will be able to sense the oxygen
level. Additionally, it can even send the signals to the computers and that will be crucial
enough that we won’t have to wait for the disease to occur in our body. Thus, we won’t
have to wait for the heart strokes. Rather than waiting, the sensors will give the signals
and this will alert us in advance that we need to visit the doctor.
4 Wikipedia.“Artificial organ.” Eye 19 October 2016.

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Conclusion
Tissue engineering is one of the best remedies for the diseases instead of
transplantation or donation of organs. This technique is now commonly used as a
clinical method in order to treat diseases in an effective way. It is basically the using of a
human’s personal cells in order to erect a new artificial fully alive tissue or organ that
can be replaced by the old one, such as skin, pancreas, eye, liver, muscle, bone etc.
Although there are cons, but they are a way less than pros. In addition to this, medical
researchers are facing an array of issues in this particular field, but scientists are yet
working in order to have an effective treatment as tissue engineering is proving to be
the best and prolonged treatment. Although it is a common treatment, but in the future,
this technique is going to be used widely.

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Bibliography
1. BBC Future. "Tissue engineering: Grow your own smart organs." (2013).
2. Cheung DY, Duan B, Butcher JT. "Abstract." Current progress in tissue
engineering of heart valves: multiscale problems, multiscale solutions. (2015).
3. cindyveloso. Tissue Engineering. 07 May 2012.
4. Lashan Clarke, Leigh A. Zaykoski. Pros and Cons of Tissue Engineering. 9
September 2008.
5. O'Brien, Fergal J. "Scaffold architecture." Biomaterials & scaffolds for tissue
engineering (2011): 88-95.
6. Rogers, Kara. "Tissue engineering." 29 April 2016.
7. Simon, Josh. Regenerative Medicine versus Tissue Engineering. Telford, 24 June
2014.
8. Wikipedia. "Artificial organ." 19 October 2016.
9. —. "Tissue engineering." 15 October 2016.
10. Yoshito Ikada, J R Soc Interface. Challenges in tissue engineering (2006).
11. —. Challenges in tissue engineering (2006).