Thyroid hormone
•Download as PPT, PDF•
5 likes•3,744 views
The document summarizes thyroid hormone function and regulation. It discusses the microscopic appearance and cellular mechanisms of the thyroid gland, as well as how thyroid secretion is regulated by TSH and neurogenic stimuli like cold. It notes that TSH increases thyroid functions such as iodide pumping, tyrosine iodination, thyroglobulin proteolysis, and thyroid cell size and number. The document concludes with multiple choice questions about thyroid hormone biosynthesis, the effects of TSH, and thyroid hormone receptor binding.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Thyroid hormone
T3 and T4 are iodine-containing thyroid hormones. T4 is the major circulating hormone secreted by the thyroid, while T3 is more potent but only about 1/3 of T4 is converted to T3 in tissues. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) promotes thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion by stimulating thyroid follicular cells. TSH increases iodine uptake and thyroid hormone production and release.
thyriod gd & parathyod
The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism. It is located in the neck and consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus. Follicles in the thyroid produce thyroglobulin, which is iodinated to form the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). T4 makes up most thyroid hormone production and is converted to the more active T3 in tissues. Parafollicular cells produce calcitonin, which regulates calcium levels.
Thyroid hormone effect and mechanism of action
Thyroid hormones act by binding to thyroid hormone receptors in the nucleus. T3 has a higher binding affinity than T4. The hormone-receptor complex then regulates gene expression. Thyroid hormones increase metabolism, heart rate, and have widespread effects on growth, development, and multiple organ systems. They are essential for normal neurological development and function.
Thyroid
This document discusses thyroid hormones, including their synthesis, storage, secretion, transport, degradation, and metabolic effects. Thyroid hormones include thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which are synthesized from tyrosine in the thyroid gland through a process involving iodine uptake, oxidation, iodination, and coupling reactions. They are stored bound to thyroglobulin and secreted into the bloodstream upon stimulation by TSH. In the blood, they are transported bound to carrier proteins and act upon target tissues after becoming unbound. Their degradation involves deiodination and conjugation in the liver prior to excretion. Their metabolic effects include increasing oxygen consumption and protein synthesis while promoting glucose
Thyroid
Follow Atifa Ambreen:
Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVTn-4KeMtXKy1h3_9JbVmw
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/atifaambreen786/
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/atifa.ambreen/
https://www.instagram.com/invites/contact/?i=1qo1my1nb2qfx&utm_content=kbo8bi7
Snapchat: https://www.snapchat.com/add/atifa.ambreen
Twitter: https://twitter.com/atifa_ambreen
SUBSCRIBE ...
.
Email for inquiries: atifa.ambreen@gmail.com
Thyroid hormone
The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism. It takes up iodine to produce thyroglobulin, which is the precursor for the active hormones T3 and T4. Production of thyroid hormones is regulated by TSH from the pituitary, which is itself regulated by TRH from the hypothalamus in a negative feedback loop. Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can result from problems in this regulatory system and cause a variety of symptoms and health effects.
Thyroid Hormones
Thyroid hormones T3 and T4 are produced by the thyroid gland and regulate metabolism. T4 is converted to the more active T3 in tissues. Their production requires iodine and is regulated by TSH from the pituitary which is inhibited by thyroid hormone feedback. Thyroid hormones act through nuclear receptors to increase gene transcription and metabolism. Deficiency causes hypothyroidism while excess causes hyperthyroidism, and both can impact growth, development and multiple body systems.
Thyroid hormone
The thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and its prohormone, thyroxine (T4), are tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland that are primarily responsible for regulation of metabolism. Iodine is necessary for the production of T3 and T4. A deficiency of iodine leads to decreased production of T3 and T4, enlarges the thyroid tissue and will cause the disease known as simple goitre. The major form of thyroid hormone in the blood is thyroxine (T4), which has a longer half-life than T3.The ratio of T4 to T3 released into the blood is roughly 20 to 1. T4 is converted to the active T3 (three to four times more potent than T4) within cells by deiodinases (5'-iodinase). These are further processed by decarboxylation and deiodination to produce iodothyronamine (T1a) and thyronamine (T0a). All three isoforms of the deiodinases are selenium-containing enzymes, thus dietary selenium is essential for T3 production.
Recommended
Thyroid hormone
T3 and T4 are iodine-containing thyroid hormones. T4 is the major circulating hormone secreted by the thyroid, while T3 is more potent but only about 1/3 of T4 is converted to T3 in tissues. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) promotes thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion by stimulating thyroid follicular cells. TSH increases iodine uptake and thyroid hormone production and release.
thyriod gd & parathyod
The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism. It is located in the neck and consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus. Follicles in the thyroid produce thyroglobulin, which is iodinated to form the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). T4 makes up most thyroid hormone production and is converted to the more active T3 in tissues. Parafollicular cells produce calcitonin, which regulates calcium levels.
Thyroid hormone effect and mechanism of action
Thyroid hormones act by binding to thyroid hormone receptors in the nucleus. T3 has a higher binding affinity than T4. The hormone-receptor complex then regulates gene expression. Thyroid hormones increase metabolism, heart rate, and have widespread effects on growth, development, and multiple organ systems. They are essential for normal neurological development and function.
Thyroid
This document discusses thyroid hormones, including their synthesis, storage, secretion, transport, degradation, and metabolic effects. Thyroid hormones include thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which are synthesized from tyrosine in the thyroid gland through a process involving iodine uptake, oxidation, iodination, and coupling reactions. They are stored bound to thyroglobulin and secreted into the bloodstream upon stimulation by TSH. In the blood, they are transported bound to carrier proteins and act upon target tissues after becoming unbound. Their degradation involves deiodination and conjugation in the liver prior to excretion. Their metabolic effects include increasing oxygen consumption and protein synthesis while promoting glucose
Thyroid
Follow Atifa Ambreen:
Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVTn-4KeMtXKy1h3_9JbVmw
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/atifaambreen786/
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/atifa.ambreen/
https://www.instagram.com/invites/contact/?i=1qo1my1nb2qfx&utm_content=kbo8bi7
Snapchat: https://www.snapchat.com/add/atifa.ambreen
Twitter: https://twitter.com/atifa_ambreen
SUBSCRIBE ...
.
Email for inquiries: atifa.ambreen@gmail.com
Thyroid hormone
The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism. It takes up iodine to produce thyroglobulin, which is the precursor for the active hormones T3 and T4. Production of thyroid hormones is regulated by TSH from the pituitary, which is itself regulated by TRH from the hypothalamus in a negative feedback loop. Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can result from problems in this regulatory system and cause a variety of symptoms and health effects.
Thyroid Hormones
Thyroid hormones T3 and T4 are produced by the thyroid gland and regulate metabolism. T4 is converted to the more active T3 in tissues. Their production requires iodine and is regulated by TSH from the pituitary which is inhibited by thyroid hormone feedback. Thyroid hormones act through nuclear receptors to increase gene transcription and metabolism. Deficiency causes hypothyroidism while excess causes hyperthyroidism, and both can impact growth, development and multiple body systems.
Thyroid hormone
The thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and its prohormone, thyroxine (T4), are tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland that are primarily responsible for regulation of metabolism. Iodine is necessary for the production of T3 and T4. A deficiency of iodine leads to decreased production of T3 and T4, enlarges the thyroid tissue and will cause the disease known as simple goitre. The major form of thyroid hormone in the blood is thyroxine (T4), which has a longer half-life than T3.The ratio of T4 to T3 released into the blood is roughly 20 to 1. T4 is converted to the active T3 (three to four times more potent than T4) within cells by deiodinases (5'-iodinase). These are further processed by decarboxylation and deiodination to produce iodothyronamine (T1a) and thyronamine (T0a). All three isoforms of the deiodinases are selenium-containing enzymes, thus dietary selenium is essential for T3 production.
Thyroid hormone and thyroid gland
- The thyroid gland is the largest, butterfly-shaped endocrine glands & is located at the base of the neck immediately below the Larynx, on each side of & anterior to the trachea.The thyroid gland consists of two lobes of endocrine tissue (lying on either side of trachea) joined in the middle by a narrow portion of the gland called as the Isthmus.The thyroid has one ofthe highest rates of blood flow per gram of tissue. - In a normal adult male, it weighs 15-20 g but is capable of enormous growth, sometimes achieving a weight of several hundred grams.
Metabolic physiology of thyroid
prepared by medical practitioner Dr.HARI BASKAR ,from Coimbatore,India, is well versed in physiology and general medical sciences is a most common reference author in this subject.This presentation focuses on the metabolic actions of thyroid hormone-THYROXIN.
Thyroid hormone (mode of action)
The document discusses the mode of action and regulation of thyroid hormones. It states that thyroid hormones act by entering cell nuclei and binding with thyroid receptors, initiating gene transcription and protein synthesis. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secreted from the pituitary gland is the major regulator of thyroid hormone production and release. TSH levels are controlled by thyrotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus through a negative feedback loop with thyroid hormones. A number of other factors also influence thyroid secretion.
Thyroid gland (anatomy & synthesis)
The thyroid gland is located in the neck and produces three main hormones: T4, T3, and calcitonin. T4 makes up 90% of hormone production while T3 is 9-10%. The gland contains follicles lined with cells that secrete thyroglobulin into the follicular cavity. Iodine is added to thyroglobulin's tyrosine residues to form T4 and T3, which are stored in thyroglobulin vesicles until needed. When secreted into blood, T4 and T3 bind transport proteins while T3 has a faster action time due to weaker binding. The thyroid regulates metabolism through hormone synthesis and secretion.
Thyroid hormone (The Guyton and Hall physiology)
THYROID HORMONE
Location:
The thyroid gland located below the larynx on each side of and anterior to the trachea.
Largest Endocrine Hormone
Secretion:
secretes:
1. thyroxine (T4)
2. triiodothyronine (T3)
3. Also secretes calcitonin (an important hormone for calcium metabolism)
Cell: Thyrotopes
secretion is controlled by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary gland.
93% T4 & 7% T3
T4→T3 in tissues
Qualitatively same
Differ in Rapidity & Intensity of action.
T3 is 4 times more potent than T4, but decrease conc. In blood & decrease half life.
T3 and T4 combine mainly with thyroxine-binding globulin.
More than 90% of Thyroid hormone that binds with cellular receptors is T3.
T4
No effect for 2-3 days after injection
Long Latent Period.
Activity peaks in 10-12 days & ↓↓ with a half life of 15 days.
In some cases it takes 6 weeks-2 months.
T3
4 times rapid
Latent Period 6-12 hours
Peak in 2-3 days
Composed of large numbers of closed follicles filled with colloid and lined with cuboidal epithelial cells that secrete into the interior of the follicles
The major component of colloid is the large glycoprotein Thyroglobulin contains the thyroid hormones within its molecule.
50mg/year, 1mg/week
Ingested iodine in the form of iodides
Iodides ingested orally are absorbed from GIT
⅕ removed from the blood by thyroid cells for synthesis of hormones; rest excreted through kidneys.
Basal membrane of thyroid cells has an active pump to push iodides to interior (Iodine Pump).
Normally 30% more conc. Inside
Max. active 250% more conc. Inside
The rate of Iodine trapping is influenced by conc. of TSH
TSH stimulates and hypophysectomy greatly diminishes the activity of the iodide pump in thyroid cells.
Physiology thyroid hormone
This document provides an overview of thyroid hormone physiology. It discusses the anatomy and iodine uptake of the thyroid gland. The biosynthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones T4 and T3 is described, including their transport through the bloodstream. The document outlines the activation and degradation of thyroid hormones in target tissues via deiodinase enzymes. It discusses the physiological effects of thyroid hormones in increasing metabolism and temperature. The control and regulation of thyroid hormones by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis is summarized. Finally, the document briefly discusses thyroid disease states like hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, as well as thyroid function tests and antithyroid medications.
Thyroid Hormones Females
The thyroid gland secretes two main hormones: triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Their synthesis requires iodine and occurs through four steps: uptake of iodine, activation of iodine, iodination of tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin, and coupling of iodotyrosines. The hormones are stored, secreted into blood when stimulated by TSH, and transported bound to carrier proteins. They are degraded through deiodination and excretion in the bile and urine. T3 and T4 increase metabolic rate and oxygen consumption, promote protein synthesis, and regulate glucose and lipid metabolism.
20130417124022809
This document summarizes the key aspects of thyroid hormone production and regulation. It describes how the thyroid gland produces the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) from iodine and the amino acid tyrosine. It also explains how thyroid hormone production and secretion is regulated through a negative feedback loop involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and thyroid itself. Specifically, it details how thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary stimulates the thyroid in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus, and how high thyroid hormone levels inhibit this process.
Thyroid physiology
The document discusses thyroid hormones, their biosynthesis, regulation, actions, and peripheral conversion. Some key points:
- Thyroid hormones T4 and T3 are synthesized in thyroid follicles from iodine and tyrosine. T4 is the main secretory product while T3 is the biologically active form.
- TSH stimulates thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion. T4 is converted to T3 in tissues by deiodinase enzymes.
- Thyroid hormones are transported bound to carrier proteins and the free forms enter cells to increase metabolism.
- Thyroid hormone levels are regulated by a negative feedback loop involving the hypothalamus, pituitary and thyroid gland.
Thyroid hormone by Dr. Anurag Yadav
The thyroid gland secretes the major hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which are controlled by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland. T4 and T3 are bound to plasma proteins and transported throughout the body, where a small unbound fraction exerts biological effects. The thyroid hormones regulate growth, development, metabolism, and other physiological processes. Thyroid function is tested by measuring T3, T4, TSH, and other markers. Disorders like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can be treated with thyroid hormone supplements or inhibitors.
Thyroid metabolic hormones
The document discusses thyroid metabolic hormones and their functions. It covers:
- Synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine by the thyroid gland under control of TSH.
- Physiologic functions of thyroid hormones which increase metabolic rate by activating genes in cells.
- Regulation of thyroid hormone secretion by TSH and TRH from the hypothalamus and pituitary, and by negative feedback from thyroid hormones.
- Diseases of the thyroid including hyperthyroidism which causes excessive thyroid hormone secretion and hypothyroidism which causes inadequate secretion.
Thyroid Hormone
The thyroid gland produces three main hormones: T4, T3, and calcitonin. T4 is produced in larger amounts than T3. Both are produced through a process involving iodine uptake and binding to tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin within the thyroid follicle. T3 has greater biological activity than T4. Hypothyroidism occurs when not enough hormones are produced, while hyperthyroidism is an overproduction. Diseases are treated through antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine therapy, or thyroid surgery.
THYROID HORMONE
This document provides an overview of the thyroid gland and thyroid hormones. It discusses the functional anatomy and gross anatomy of the thyroid, as well as the histological structure. It explains the biosynthesis and storage of thyroid hormones, their secretion, transport, and metabolism. It covers the regulation of thyroid hormone secretion and applied aspects like hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Key points covered include the roles and actions of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4, iodine metabolism in the thyroid, and thyroid function tests.
Physiology of thyroid hormones
The document discusses the physiology of thyroid and parathyroid hormones. It describes how iodine is required for the formation of thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine within the thyroid gland. The hormones are synthesized from tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin, stored in follicles, and released into blood. They increase metabolism and cellular activity by activating gene transcription in tissues. Effects include increased growth, carbohydrate and fat metabolism, basal metabolic rate, blood flow, and heart rate.
Thyroid hormone-testing-waco
Thyroid function tests help to determine if your thyroid is not working correctly. If blood levels of thyroid hormone are high, the brain senses this and sends a message to stop producing TSH.
Physiology of thyroid hormones
PHYSIOLOGY
OF
THYROID
HORMONES
Understand the significance of the conversion of tetraiodothyronine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) and reverse T3 (rT3) in extrathyroidal tissues.
Understand how thyroid hormones produce their cellular effects.
Describe the physiological effects of thyroid hormones in the body.
Outline the mechanisms for regulation of thyroid hormone.
Correlate knowledge to hypo- and hypersecretion of thyroid hormones
17. thyroid gland
The thyroid gland regulates calcium homeostasis through a complex interplay of parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and calcitriol (vitamin D). PTH increases blood calcium by promoting bone resorption and renal reabsorption. Calcitonin decreases blood calcium by inhibiting bone resorption. Calcitriol stimulates intestinal calcium absorption. Together, these hormones tightly control blood calcium levels through effects on bone, kidney, and intestine. Imbalances can lead to hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, or vitamin D deficiency disorders.
Thyroid hormone
This document discusses thyroid hormone and factors that affect thyroid function. It provides information on:
1. Thyroid disorders are common worldwide, especially hypothyroidism which contributes significantly to disease burden.
2. Many extra-thyroidal factors can influence thyroid function tests results, including age, gender, ethnicity, smoking, nutrition, medication and illness.
3. Interpreting thyroid function tests requires considering the pattern of TSH, free T4, antibodies and clinical factors. Subclinical hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are important to identify.
Thyroid hormones
The thyroid gland secretes three hormones: T3, T4, and calcitonin. T3 and T4 regulate metabolism, while calcitonin regulates calcium levels. The thyroid is located in the neck below the Adam's apple. T3 and T4 are synthesized from tyrosine and stored bound to thyroglobulin. They are regulated by TSH from the pituitary and feedback to decrease TSH secretion. The main actions of thyroid hormones are to increase growth, metabolism, and heart rate. Hypothyroidism is treated with thyroxine replacement therapy.
02. thyroid physiology
The thyroid gland secretes two major hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones increase the metabolic rate of the body and are controlled by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland. The thyroid traps iodine from the blood and uses it to synthesize T4 and T3 within thyroglobulin follicles. Most secreted hormone is T4, which is later converted to the more potent T3 in tissues. Thyroid hormones increase metabolism, growth, and heart rate by activating nuclear transcription of genes in cells throughout the body. TSH secretion from the pituitary is regulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone from the hyp
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE THYROID GLAND
The document discusses the physiology of the thyroid gland. It describes the anatomy of the thyroid, located below the larynx. The thyroid synthesizes and secretes the hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine which regulate metabolism. When functioning properly, the thyroid regulates growth and development. However, diseases can cause the thyroid to be underactive (hypothyroidism) or overactive (hyperthyroidism), producing a range of symptoms that require treatment.
Thyroid Hormone
The document discusses the anatomy, production, regulation, actions, and disorders of the thyroid gland and thyroid hormones. It describes how thyroid hormones are produced in the thyroid gland, transported through the blood, and regulate metabolism and growth through feedback mechanisms involving the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The summary also discusses hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, which can result from excess or deficiency of thyroid hormones.
More Related Content
What's hot
Thyroid hormone and thyroid gland
- The thyroid gland is the largest, butterfly-shaped endocrine glands & is located at the base of the neck immediately below the Larynx, on each side of & anterior to the trachea.The thyroid gland consists of two lobes of endocrine tissue (lying on either side of trachea) joined in the middle by a narrow portion of the gland called as the Isthmus.The thyroid has one ofthe highest rates of blood flow per gram of tissue. - In a normal adult male, it weighs 15-20 g but is capable of enormous growth, sometimes achieving a weight of several hundred grams.
Metabolic physiology of thyroid
prepared by medical practitioner Dr.HARI BASKAR ,from Coimbatore,India, is well versed in physiology and general medical sciences is a most common reference author in this subject.This presentation focuses on the metabolic actions of thyroid hormone-THYROXIN.
Thyroid hormone (mode of action)
The document discusses the mode of action and regulation of thyroid hormones. It states that thyroid hormones act by entering cell nuclei and binding with thyroid receptors, initiating gene transcription and protein synthesis. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secreted from the pituitary gland is the major regulator of thyroid hormone production and release. TSH levels are controlled by thyrotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus through a negative feedback loop with thyroid hormones. A number of other factors also influence thyroid secretion.
Thyroid gland (anatomy & synthesis)
The thyroid gland is located in the neck and produces three main hormones: T4, T3, and calcitonin. T4 makes up 90% of hormone production while T3 is 9-10%. The gland contains follicles lined with cells that secrete thyroglobulin into the follicular cavity. Iodine is added to thyroglobulin's tyrosine residues to form T4 and T3, which are stored in thyroglobulin vesicles until needed. When secreted into blood, T4 and T3 bind transport proteins while T3 has a faster action time due to weaker binding. The thyroid regulates metabolism through hormone synthesis and secretion.
Thyroid hormone (The Guyton and Hall physiology)
THYROID HORMONE
Location:
The thyroid gland located below the larynx on each side of and anterior to the trachea.
Largest Endocrine Hormone
Secretion:
secretes:
1. thyroxine (T4)
2. triiodothyronine (T3)
3. Also secretes calcitonin (an important hormone for calcium metabolism)
Cell: Thyrotopes
secretion is controlled by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary gland.
93% T4 & 7% T3
T4→T3 in tissues
Qualitatively same
Differ in Rapidity & Intensity of action.
T3 is 4 times more potent than T4, but decrease conc. In blood & decrease half life.
T3 and T4 combine mainly with thyroxine-binding globulin.
More than 90% of Thyroid hormone that binds with cellular receptors is T3.
T4
No effect for 2-3 days after injection
Long Latent Period.
Activity peaks in 10-12 days & ↓↓ with a half life of 15 days.
In some cases it takes 6 weeks-2 months.
T3
4 times rapid
Latent Period 6-12 hours
Peak in 2-3 days
Composed of large numbers of closed follicles filled with colloid and lined with cuboidal epithelial cells that secrete into the interior of the follicles
The major component of colloid is the large glycoprotein Thyroglobulin contains the thyroid hormones within its molecule.
50mg/year, 1mg/week
Ingested iodine in the form of iodides
Iodides ingested orally are absorbed from GIT
⅕ removed from the blood by thyroid cells for synthesis of hormones; rest excreted through kidneys.
Basal membrane of thyroid cells has an active pump to push iodides to interior (Iodine Pump).
Normally 30% more conc. Inside
Max. active 250% more conc. Inside
The rate of Iodine trapping is influenced by conc. of TSH
TSH stimulates and hypophysectomy greatly diminishes the activity of the iodide pump in thyroid cells.
Physiology thyroid hormone
This document provides an overview of thyroid hormone physiology. It discusses the anatomy and iodine uptake of the thyroid gland. The biosynthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones T4 and T3 is described, including their transport through the bloodstream. The document outlines the activation and degradation of thyroid hormones in target tissues via deiodinase enzymes. It discusses the physiological effects of thyroid hormones in increasing metabolism and temperature. The control and regulation of thyroid hormones by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis is summarized. Finally, the document briefly discusses thyroid disease states like hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, as well as thyroid function tests and antithyroid medications.
Thyroid Hormones Females
The thyroid gland secretes two main hormones: triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Their synthesis requires iodine and occurs through four steps: uptake of iodine, activation of iodine, iodination of tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin, and coupling of iodotyrosines. The hormones are stored, secreted into blood when stimulated by TSH, and transported bound to carrier proteins. They are degraded through deiodination and excretion in the bile and urine. T3 and T4 increase metabolic rate and oxygen consumption, promote protein synthesis, and regulate glucose and lipid metabolism.
20130417124022809
This document summarizes the key aspects of thyroid hormone production and regulation. It describes how the thyroid gland produces the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) from iodine and the amino acid tyrosine. It also explains how thyroid hormone production and secretion is regulated through a negative feedback loop involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and thyroid itself. Specifically, it details how thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary stimulates the thyroid in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus, and how high thyroid hormone levels inhibit this process.
Thyroid physiology
The document discusses thyroid hormones, their biosynthesis, regulation, actions, and peripheral conversion. Some key points:
- Thyroid hormones T4 and T3 are synthesized in thyroid follicles from iodine and tyrosine. T4 is the main secretory product while T3 is the biologically active form.
- TSH stimulates thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion. T4 is converted to T3 in tissues by deiodinase enzymes.
- Thyroid hormones are transported bound to carrier proteins and the free forms enter cells to increase metabolism.
- Thyroid hormone levels are regulated by a negative feedback loop involving the hypothalamus, pituitary and thyroid gland.
Thyroid hormone by Dr. Anurag Yadav
The thyroid gland secretes the major hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which are controlled by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland. T4 and T3 are bound to plasma proteins and transported throughout the body, where a small unbound fraction exerts biological effects. The thyroid hormones regulate growth, development, metabolism, and other physiological processes. Thyroid function is tested by measuring T3, T4, TSH, and other markers. Disorders like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can be treated with thyroid hormone supplements or inhibitors.
Thyroid metabolic hormones
The document discusses thyroid metabolic hormones and their functions. It covers:
- Synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine by the thyroid gland under control of TSH.
- Physiologic functions of thyroid hormones which increase metabolic rate by activating genes in cells.
- Regulation of thyroid hormone secretion by TSH and TRH from the hypothalamus and pituitary, and by negative feedback from thyroid hormones.
- Diseases of the thyroid including hyperthyroidism which causes excessive thyroid hormone secretion and hypothyroidism which causes inadequate secretion.
Thyroid Hormone
The thyroid gland produces three main hormones: T4, T3, and calcitonin. T4 is produced in larger amounts than T3. Both are produced through a process involving iodine uptake and binding to tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin within the thyroid follicle. T3 has greater biological activity than T4. Hypothyroidism occurs when not enough hormones are produced, while hyperthyroidism is an overproduction. Diseases are treated through antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine therapy, or thyroid surgery.
THYROID HORMONE
This document provides an overview of the thyroid gland and thyroid hormones. It discusses the functional anatomy and gross anatomy of the thyroid, as well as the histological structure. It explains the biosynthesis and storage of thyroid hormones, their secretion, transport, and metabolism. It covers the regulation of thyroid hormone secretion and applied aspects like hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Key points covered include the roles and actions of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4, iodine metabolism in the thyroid, and thyroid function tests.
Physiology of thyroid hormones
The document discusses the physiology of thyroid and parathyroid hormones. It describes how iodine is required for the formation of thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine within the thyroid gland. The hormones are synthesized from tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin, stored in follicles, and released into blood. They increase metabolism and cellular activity by activating gene transcription in tissues. Effects include increased growth, carbohydrate and fat metabolism, basal metabolic rate, blood flow, and heart rate.
Thyroid hormone-testing-waco
Thyroid function tests help to determine if your thyroid is not working correctly. If blood levels of thyroid hormone are high, the brain senses this and sends a message to stop producing TSH.
Physiology of thyroid hormones
PHYSIOLOGY
OF
THYROID
HORMONES
Understand the significance of the conversion of tetraiodothyronine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) and reverse T3 (rT3) in extrathyroidal tissues.
Understand how thyroid hormones produce their cellular effects.
Describe the physiological effects of thyroid hormones in the body.
Outline the mechanisms for regulation of thyroid hormone.
Correlate knowledge to hypo- and hypersecretion of thyroid hormones
17. thyroid gland
The thyroid gland regulates calcium homeostasis through a complex interplay of parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and calcitriol (vitamin D). PTH increases blood calcium by promoting bone resorption and renal reabsorption. Calcitonin decreases blood calcium by inhibiting bone resorption. Calcitriol stimulates intestinal calcium absorption. Together, these hormones tightly control blood calcium levels through effects on bone, kidney, and intestine. Imbalances can lead to hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, or vitamin D deficiency disorders.
Thyroid hormone
This document discusses thyroid hormone and factors that affect thyroid function. It provides information on:
1. Thyroid disorders are common worldwide, especially hypothyroidism which contributes significantly to disease burden.
2. Many extra-thyroidal factors can influence thyroid function tests results, including age, gender, ethnicity, smoking, nutrition, medication and illness.
3. Interpreting thyroid function tests requires considering the pattern of TSH, free T4, antibodies and clinical factors. Subclinical hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are important to identify.
Thyroid hormones
The thyroid gland secretes three hormones: T3, T4, and calcitonin. T3 and T4 regulate metabolism, while calcitonin regulates calcium levels. The thyroid is located in the neck below the Adam's apple. T3 and T4 are synthesized from tyrosine and stored bound to thyroglobulin. They are regulated by TSH from the pituitary and feedback to decrease TSH secretion. The main actions of thyroid hormones are to increase growth, metabolism, and heart rate. Hypothyroidism is treated with thyroxine replacement therapy.
02. thyroid physiology
The thyroid gland secretes two major hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones increase the metabolic rate of the body and are controlled by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland. The thyroid traps iodine from the blood and uses it to synthesize T4 and T3 within thyroglobulin follicles. Most secreted hormone is T4, which is later converted to the more potent T3 in tissues. Thyroid hormones increase metabolism, growth, and heart rate by activating nuclear transcription of genes in cells throughout the body. TSH secretion from the pituitary is regulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone from the hyp
What's hot (20)
Viewers also liked
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE THYROID GLAND
The document discusses the physiology of the thyroid gland. It describes the anatomy of the thyroid, located below the larynx. The thyroid synthesizes and secretes the hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine which regulate metabolism. When functioning properly, the thyroid regulates growth and development. However, diseases can cause the thyroid to be underactive (hypothyroidism) or overactive (hyperthyroidism), producing a range of symptoms that require treatment.
Thyroid Hormone
The document discusses the anatomy, production, regulation, actions, and disorders of the thyroid gland and thyroid hormones. It describes how thyroid hormones are produced in the thyroid gland, transported through the blood, and regulate metabolism and growth through feedback mechanisms involving the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The summary also discusses hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, which can result from excess or deficiency of thyroid hormones.
anatomy OF THYROID GLAND
The thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland in the neck. It produces thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism and thyrocalcitonin, which regulates calcium levels. The thyroid has two lobes connected by an isthmus and is located in the front of the neck, below the larynx. It receives blood supply from the superior and inferior thyroid arteries and drains into thyroid veins that connect to the internal jugular vein. The recurrent laryngeal nerve passes behind the inferior thyroid artery and is at risk during thyroid procedures.
Disorders of the Thyroid Gland
This document provides an overview of thyroid gland anatomy, physiology, and disorders. It describes the thyroid's role in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and hormone synthesis. Disorders discussed include hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, myxedema, cretinism, and thyroid cancer. For each, the document outlines pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and management.
Thyroid gland anatomy
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the front of the neck. It consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus. The lobes extend from the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage to the 6th tracheal ring and lie against the C5-T1 vertebrae. The thyroid gland contains follicular cells that secrete the hormones T3 and T4 and parafollicular C cells that secrete calcitonin. Blood supply comes from the superior and inferior thyroid arteries and lymphatic drainage is to the deep cervical lymph nodes.
Pathophysiology of Graves Orbitopathy
This medical document discusses a case report of a patient presenting with hyperthyroidism. Physical examination and investigations revealed elevated levels of anti-TSHR, antimicrosomal, and antithyroglobulin antibodies. This confirmed a diagnosis of Graves' disease, which can cause both hyperthyroidism and Graves' orbitopathy. The document examines the clinical peculiarities and differences between potential causes of hyperthyroidism such as Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and thyroid cancer.
Thyroid Adrenals Natural Remedies
Thyroid and Adrenal Gland Function Determine many aspects of health, wellness and overall energy. If there is a miscommunication between these and other glands, it can lead to interferences in health, such as weight gain, infertility, digestive disorders and mood disorders. The Natural Nurse, Ellen Kamhi, PhD RN explains the basic function and feedback mechanisms involved in gland communication, along with Natural Remedy Support.
Human physiology part 6
This document summarizes the structure and function of different classes of hormones. It discusses the three main chemical classes of hormones: amines, peptides and proteins, and steroids. For each class, key hormones are identified and their sites of synthesis, chemical structures, functions and mechanisms of action are described. The roles of the thyroid, adrenal glands, and gonads in producing hormones are also summarized.
Thyroid hormone and the brain: understanding the effects of iodine deficiency...
Iodine deficiency adversely effects fetal brain development via the actions of prenatal thyroid hormone levels
Crofton McKim Conf Thyroid QSAR Talk 10-17-2008
This document summarizes a presentation about using in vitro methods to study thyroid-mediated central nervous system dysfunction. It discusses the thyroid system's role in development and homeostasis. Targets for disruption include thyroperoxidase, the iodine symporter, deiodinases, thyroid receptors, and hepatic nuclear receptors. In vitro assays exist for many of these targets, including assays measuring the iodine symporter, thyroperoxidase, deiodinases, thyroid receptors using reporter gene cell lines, and assays measuring thyroid hormone-dependent cell proliferation. The goal is to test chemicals in these in vitro assays to generate dose-response data that can be used to populate quantitative structure-activity relationship models.
Thyroid functions and disorders presentation
summary of thyroid hormone synthesis, secretion, metabolism, regulation, disorders, biochemical screening/evaluation and treatment.
Thyroid gland
The thyroid gland is located in the neck below the larynx. It secretes thyroid hormones including thyroxine and triiodothyronine that increase the metabolic rate of the body. Hyperthyroidism occurs when there is an excess of thyroid hormones and can be caused by Graves' disease or a thyroid adenoma. Hypothyroidism occurs when there is a lack of thyroid hormones due to autoimmune thyroiditis or iodine deficiency.
Thyroid hormone
This document provides information on thyroid hormone metabolism and thyroid function. It discusses iodine uptake and transport by the thyroid gland, thyroglobulin synthesis and storage, hormone release, and thyroid hormone actions in the body. It also covers abnormalities of thyroid function including hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and goiter. Common causes, signs, symptoms and diagnostic tests for different thyroid disorders are described.
Thyroid anatomy
The thyroid gland is:
- Butterfly shaped and located in the lower neck
- Formed from the branchial arches during development
- Has important relations to structures like the trachea and laryngeal nerves
- Is well vascularized with arteries like the superior thyroid artery arising directly from the aortic arch
- Drains lymph into cervical lymph nodes and moves with deglutition due to its enclosure in pretracheal fascia
Thyroid gland , anatomy , physiology and disorders
Thyroid gland , anatomy , physiology and disorders
1- Congenital disorders of the thyroid
2- Goiter
3- Neoplasms of the thyroid gland
THYROID EYE DISEASE
Thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as Graves' orbitopathy, is a self-limiting autoimmune condition that affects the eye muscles and fatty tissues behind the eyes. It is commonly associated with Graves' disease and hyperthyroidism. Treatment depends on the severity and includes corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, radiation therapy, orbital decompression surgery, and eyelid or muscle surgery to correct motility disorders or abnormalities. While TED has no cure currently, treatment aims to manage active inflammation and correct residual issues once the disease becomes inactive.
Viewers also liked (16)
Thyroid hormone and the brain: understanding the effects of iodine deficiency...
Thyroid hormone and the brain: understanding the effects of iodine deficiency...
Thyroid gland , anatomy , physiology and disorders
Thyroid gland , anatomy , physiology and disorders
Similar to Thyroid hormone
Thyroid Gland
The thyroid gland secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which are regulated by thyroid stimulating hormone from the pituitary gland. T4 is converted to the active hormone T3 in tissues. Thyroid hormones increase metabolism by stimulating oxygen consumption in cells. Hypothyroidism causes a decrease in metabolic rate and symptoms like weight gain, dry skin, and slowed thinking.
Anti thyroid drugs
This document summarizes anti-thyroid drugs. It discusses how the thyroid gland releases hormones that regulate metabolism and how anti-thyroid drugs work to inhibit hormone synthesis, release, or action. The major anti-thyroid drugs are carbimazole, methimazole, and propylthiouracil, which inhibit hormone synthesis. Iodide salts inhibit hormone release. Radioactive iodine-131 is also used to treat hyperthyroidism. These drugs are used to control hyperthyroidism in preparation for treatment or remission. Common side effects include rashes, swollen glands, and metallic taste.
Physiology of thyroid
Biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, their secretion, transport, actions in the body and their plasma levels regulation
Thyroid function test- a detailed medical information
Thyroid function tests is a collective term for blood tests used to check the function of the thyroid. TFTs may be requested if a patient is thought to suffer from hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, or to monitor the effectiveness of either thyroid-suppression or hormone replacement therapy.
this is a detailed study regarding all the aspects of thyroid function test
please comment
thank you..
Class thyroid and antithyroid drugs
1. The thyroid gland secretes two main hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in a ratio of 15:1.
2. T4 and T3 are bound to serum proteins and transported through the bloodstream, with the free unbound levels regulating thyroid function.
3. Peripherally, T4 is converted to the more potent T3, which enters cells and binds nuclear receptors to increase protein synthesis and cellular metabolism.
Thyroid Gland and Disease of Thyroid Gland
The thyroid gland is one of the largest endocrine glands.
The thyroid gland is located immediately below the larynx and anterior to the upper part of the trachea. It weighs about 15-20g.
It consists of 2 lateral lobes connected by a narrow band of thyroid tissue called the isthmus.
The isthmus usually overlies the region from the 2nd to 4th tracheal cartilage.
Thyroid function
The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism. It is located in the neck below the thyroid cartilage. The main thyroid hormones are T3 and T4, which are synthesized from iodine and tyrosine. Hormone production is regulated by TSH from the pituitary and TRH from the hypothalamus. Common thyroid disorders include hypothyroidism, in which hormone production is deficient, and hyperthyroidism, in which hormones are in excess. Blood tests can measure thyroid hormones and TSH/TRH to evaluate thyroid function and diagnose disorders.
Molecular and Cellular Mechanism of Action of Thyroid_Anas_Saifi.pptx
This document provides an overview of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of thyroid hormone action. It discusses the chemistry, biosynthesis, transport, receptors, regulation of secretion, and mechanisms of action of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4. It also describes their various effects in the body as well as clinical applications such as replacement therapy and anti-thyroid drugs that interfere with thyroid hormone synthesis.
02 Thyroid Hormones.ppt
This document discusses the biochemistry of thyroid hormones and thermogenesis. It covers the types and biosynthesis of thyroid hormones T4 and T3, how thyroid hormones act in the body, and how their levels are regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. It also discusses thyroid function tests, goiter, hypo- and hyperthyroidism including causes, diagnosis and treatment, and the role of thyroid hormones in thermogenesis and metabolism.
Thyroid function tests
This document summarizes thyroid function tests. It describes the thyroid hormones T4 and T3, their binding proteins, and differences between the hormones. Thyroid disorders like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are discussed along with their symptoms and causes. Various thyroid tests are outlined that measure thyroid hormone levels, evaluate the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, assess thyroid gland function, and detect antibodies. Reference ranges are provided for tests like free T4, total T4, T3 resin uptake, free T4 index, total T3, TSH, and radioactive iodine uptake. The summary provides expected results for these tests in conditions like hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism,
Thyroid t4,t3,tsh
The thyroid hormones T4 and T3 are produced by the thyroid gland and regulate metabolism. TSH produced by the pituitary stimulates the thyroid gland. The thyroid secretes mostly T4 which is converted to the more active T3 in tissues. Thyroid hormones increase metabolism and are essential for growth and development. Abnormalities in thyroid hormone levels can cause hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism with various symptoms. Diseases like Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis can also affect thyroid function.
Thyroid profile copy
The thyroid gland secretes the hormones T3 and T4, which are derived from tyrosine and necessary for proper functioning of cells and biological processes. Thyroid hormones increase the basal metabolic rate, promote growth and development, and stimulate RNA and protein synthesis. T4 and T3 are transported bound to thyroxine binding globulin in the blood, with the free forms being biologically active. Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis feedback controls TSH secretion and thyroid hormone levels. Laboratory tests can measure thyroid hormones, TSH, antibodies, and imaging can identify thyroid abnormalities.
Thyroid hormones
The document discusses thyroid hormones and thyroid function tests. It states:
- The thyroid gland produces thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which regulate metabolic rate. Iodine is essential for their synthesis.
- TSH secretion is regulated by a negative feedback loop involving the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Thyroid hormones inhibit TSH release.
- Thyroid function tests measure thyroid hormones, binding proteins, antibodies, and other markers. Direct and indirect methods estimate free thyroid hormones.
- Abnormal test results can indicate primary or secondary hypothyroidism/hyperthyroidism, autoimmune disease, or other conditions. Serial testing
thyroid and antithyroid drugs
Introduction:
@ Thyroid releases T3 & T4
@ The ratio of T4 to T3 is 5:1, so most of the hormone released is
thyroxine
@ Most of the T3 in the blood is derived from thyroxine
@ T3 is three to four times more potent than T4
@ The affinity of the receptor site for T3 is about ten times higher than that for T4
Thyroid and parathyroid
This document provides information about the thyroid gland and parathyroid glands, including their anatomy, functions, and diseases. Regarding the thyroid gland, it discusses how it produces thyroid hormones T4 and T3, which are essential for growth and metabolism. It also describes the evaluation and treatment of thyroid diseases like hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Concerning the parathyroid glands, it notes their role in calcium homeostasis through PTH secretion and outlines hypoparathyroidism and hyperparathyroidism as disorders of the parathyroid glands.
Thyroid function tests
This document discusses thyroid function tests used to evaluate thyroid status. It describes the thyroid hormones T4 and T3, their binding proteins, and differences between the hormones. Thyroid disorders like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are explained along with their causes and symptoms. Various thyroid tests are outlined that measure thyroid hormone levels, evaluate the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis through TSH and TRH tests, assess thyroid gland function using radioactive iodine uptake, and detect anti-thyroid antibodies. Reference ranges are provided for interpretation of different thyroid function test results in conditions like hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and euthyroid sick syndrome.
Thyroid Function Tests.ppt
This document summarizes thyroid function tests. It describes the thyroid hormones T4 and T3, their binding properties, and differences between the two. Thyroid disorders like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are discussed along with their symptoms and causes. Various thyroid tests are then outlined that measure thyroid hormone levels, evaluate the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, assess thyroid gland function, and detect antibodies. Reference ranges are provided. The summary describes how different thyroid conditions affect the results of total T4, total T3, T3 resin uptake, free T4 index, and radioactive iodine uptake test.
Hypothyroidism_094334.pptx
Hypothyroidism, insufficiency of thyroid gland hormon, hypothyroid, disorders of thyroid gland, endocrine disorder
Thyroid Disorders
The document discusses thyroid disorders and summarizes key information about the thyroid gland, its hormones and functions. It describes hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, their causes, symptoms and treatment methods. Hypothyroidism is treated mainly with levothyroxine while hyperthyroidism can be treated with antithyroid drugs, beta blockers or radioactive iodine ablation.
Thyroid & Antithyroid Drugs clinical.ppt
The document summarizes thyroid physiology and the biosynthesis and metabolism of thyroid hormones. It discusses how iodide is transported into thyroid cells and incorporated into thyroglobulin to form T3 and T4. It also describes the regulation of thyroid hormones through feedback between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and thyroid gland. Common tests used to evaluate thyroid function are also mentioned.
Similar to Thyroid hormone (20)
Thyroid function test- a detailed medical information
Thyroid function test- a detailed medical information
Molecular and Cellular Mechanism of Action of Thyroid_Anas_Saifi.pptx
Molecular and Cellular Mechanism of Action of Thyroid_Anas_Saifi.pptx
More from Burhan Umer
Elderly Care Presentation
Acute presentations in older people -Assessing frail elderly patients.
University Hospitals North Midlands, NHS
Metabolism- Biochemistry
Metabolism refers to the chemical processes that maintain life, including energy metabolism and the building and breakdown of compounds. Energy is used to build larger molecules through anabolism and released during catabolism. ATP is the main energy source for cells, produced through catabolism. Metabolic efficiency converts about 50% of food energy to ATP with the rest lost as heat. Nutrients are broken down into smaller units through digestion then further broken down into two-carbon compounds to be degraded into carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy. Enzymes and coenzymes facilitate these chemical reactions.
Disorders of thyroid gland copy
The document summarizes various disorders of the thyroid gland, including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, goiter, and cretinism. It describes the causes and symptoms of each disorder, such as low or high levels of T3, T4, and TSH hormones. Diagnostic investigations mentioned include tests of free thyroxine, basal metabolic rate, thyroid stimulating hormone, and thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins.
Reproductive and hormonal functions of the male
This document summarizes several key reproductive and hormonal functions of the male. It discusses spermatogenesis, the process by which sperm cells are produced. It also describes the roles of hormones like testosterone and estrogen in males, as well as the functions of glands like the prostate and seminal vesicles. Key stages of development from puberty to the male climacteric are outlined. Common abnormalities of male sexual function like prostate issues and hypogonadism are also mentioned.
Regulation of female monthly rhythm
The document summarizes the regulation of the female monthly cycle, including the roles of hormones like estrogen and progesterone. It discusses how gonadotropins stimulate hormone production and control the cycle. The hormones then affect various female organs and have feedback effects to regulate the cycle. The document also briefly outlines fertility, contraception methods, and causes of female sterility.
Placenta as an endocrine organ
The placenta functions as both the lungs and liver of the fetus. It allows for the transfer of nutrients from mother to fetus and waste from fetus to mother through the maternal bloodstream. The placenta is also an endocrine organ that secretes hormones like hCG, estrogen, progesterone, and human chorionic somatomammotropin without external control. These hormones help maintain the corpus luteum and pregnancy by affecting the uterus, breasts, and other tissues.
Parturition
This document summarizes the process of parturition (childbirth) and lactation. It discusses the roles of hormones like relaxin, prostaglandins, and oxytocin in softening the cervix and inducing labor contractions. It also mentions mechanical factors that can trigger labor, like fetal movements and cervical stretching. The stages of labor and delivery are outlined. Finally, it briefly discusses the changes in hormone levels after birth that support lactation and the immune benefits breastfeeding provides to the baby.
Parathyroid hormone
The document summarizes the roles and mechanisms of parathyroid hormone and calcium regulation in the body. It discusses how parathyroid hormone regulates calcium levels through its effects on the kidneys, intestines, and negative feedback loops. It also covers causes of and treatments for conditions related to abnormal parathyroid hormone levels, including hypoparathyroidism, primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism, and the Chvostek sign seen in hypocalcemia.
Ovarian and menstrual cycle
The document summarizes the female ovarian and menstrual cycle. It discusses the female reproductive organs and hormones involved in the monthly cycle. It describes the process of oogenesis where oogonia develop into oocytes in the ovaries from fetal life until ovulation. In contrast, spermatogenesis is a continual process in males where spermatogonia can produce millions of sperm daily. The cycle is regulated by levels of gonadotropins and hormones, with the corpus luteum developing after ovulation and menstruation occurring when stimulation decreases.
Growth hormone
Growth hormone promotes growth in many tissues and has metabolic effects unrelated to growth. It increases fat mobilization and decreases glucose utilization. Growth hormone promotes growth of soft tissues and bones through processes like cell division, hypertrophy, and protein synthesis. It decreases carbohydrate utilization and increases fat utilization and glucose production in the liver. Growth hormone levels typically decline with age from the teens through the 70s. Abnormalities in growth hormone can cause diseases like dwarfism or gigantism.
Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids have metabolic effects such as increasing hepatic gluconeogenesis and reducing glucose utilization in cells. They play an important role in the body's adaptation to stress and have anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects. Long term use of glucocorticoids can have undesirable side effects including gastric ulcers, high blood pressure, and bone thinning. Aldosterone has a greater mineralocorticoid activity than cortisol and its effects include regulating sodium and potassium levels and blood pressure. Conditions like Cushing's syndrome and Addison's disease involve imbalances in cortisol and aldosterone levels in the body.
Blood glucose regulation
Insulin regulates blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose uptake and storage in liver and muscle cells. It promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver and fat storage in adipose tissue. A lack of insulin leads to high blood glucose through increased gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Various medical conditions can cause insulin deficiency and disrupt normal blood glucose regulation.
Blood glucose regulation copy
Insulin regulates blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose uptake and storage in liver and muscle cells. It promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver and fat storage in adipose tissue. A lack of insulin leads to high blood glucose through increased gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Various medical conditions can cause insulin deficiency and disrupt normal blood glucose regulation.
Adrenal medulla
The document discusses the adrenal medulla and the autonomic nervous system. It compares the release and binding of epinephrine and norepinephrine to different receptor types. Epinephrine and norepinephrine activate different receptor subtypes that trigger various second messenger systems and have wide-ranging effects on organ systems, metabolism, and the stress response. Growth hormone is identified as not exerting a direct metabolic effect.
Signalling mechanism of hormones and neuroendocrine
This document summarizes various aspects of hormone signalling mechanisms, including their classification, synthesis, receptors, and measurement. It discusses how hormones can act through second messenger systems or by activating genes after binding with nuclear receptors. Feedback control of hormone secretion can be negative or positive.
Cerebralcortex
The document discusses the structure and function of the cerebral cortex. It describes the six layers of the cortex and notes that sensory input arrives in layer 4 while output signals leave through layers 5 and 6. It then discusses functional areas like association areas and specific areas for tasks like face recognition. The document also covers cerebral dominance, lesions in different hemispheres, language areas and disorders, memory classification and the role of the hippocampus in memory storage.
circulation1
This document discusses cardiovascular circulation and hemodynamics. It covers general principles such as how the right and left hearts are interdependent and how blood flow to individual organs can be controlled independently. It also discusses factors that influence blood flow, pressure, and resistance such as vessel diameter, compliance, Poiseuille's law, and the types of vessels. Other topics covered include arterial pressures, pulse pressure, transmission of arterial pulsations, factors affecting mean arterial pressure, and physiological variations in blood pressure.
circulation2
This document discusses veins, central venous pressure (CVP), microcirculation, lymphatics, local control of blood flow, arterial blood pressure control, cardiac output, and the relationship between the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. Key points include that 60% of blood is in veins, CVP is measured invasively or noninvasively, capillary filtration is determined by Starling forces, blood flow is regulated locally and through neural and hormonal mechanisms, and cardiac output is determined by stroke volume and heart rate.
Heart*
The document summarizes regulation of heart pumping and control of the heart rate. It discusses the Frank-Starling law where the volume of blood ejected depends on the volume present in the ventricle at the end of diastole. It also describes control of the heart by the autonomic nervous system, with the sympathetic nervous system increasing heart rate and contractility and the parasympathetic nervous system decreasing heart rate. The normal electrocardiogram waveform is also summarized.
Respiration3
This document discusses the regulation of respiration through central and peripheral chemoreceptors. It covers:
1) The central control of breathing located in the medulla including the dorsal respiratory group (DRG), ventral respiratory group (VRG), apneustic center, and pneumotaxic center.
2) The central chemoreceptors (CCR) located in the medulla which are sensitive to changes in pH and CO2 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood. Increased CO2 and decreased pH stimulate increased ventilation.
3) The peripheral chemoreceptors (PCR) located in the carotid bodies which are stimulated by decreased oxygen levels and increased CO2 and hydrogen ions. The PCR
More from Burhan Umer (20)
Signalling mechanism of hormones and neuroendocrine
Signalling mechanism of hormones and neuroendocrine
Recently uploaded
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Event Link:- https://meetups.mulesoft.com/events/details/mulesoft-mysore-presents-mule-event-processing-models/
Agenda
● What is event processing in MuleSoft?
● Types of event processing models in Mule 4
● Distinction between the reactive, parallel, blocking & non-blocking processing
For Upcoming Meetups Join Mysore Meetup Group - https://meetups.mulesoft.com/mysore/YouTube:- youtube.com/@mulesoftmysore
Mysore WhatsApp group:- https://chat.whatsapp.com/EhqtHtCC75vCAX7gaO842N
Speaker:-
Shivani Yasaswi - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shivaniyasaswi/
Organizers:-
Shubham Chaurasia - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shubhamchaurasia1/
Giridhar Meka - https://www.linkedin.com/in/giridharmeka
Priya Shaw - https://www.linkedin.com/in/priya-shaw
Geography as a Discipline Chapter 1 __ Class 11 Geography NCERT _ Class Notes...
Geography as discipline
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation results
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/tacvl9ekroe9hqupdnjruiypvm9rdaneBossa N’ Roll Records by Ismael Vazquez.
Bossa N Roll Records presentation by Izzy Vazquez for Music Retail and Distribution class at Full Sail University
Educational Technology in the Health Sciences
Plenary presentation at the NTTC Inter-university Workshop, 18 June 2024, Manila Prince Hotel.
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
مصحف أحرف الخلاف للقراء العشرةأعد أحرف الخلاف بالتلوين وصلا سمير بسيوني غفر الله له
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
Practical manual for National Examination Council, Nigeria.
Contains guides on answering questions on the specimens provided
Wound healing PPT
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"National Information Standards Organization (NISO)
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
Physical pharmaceutics notes for B.pharm students
Recently uploaded (20)
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Geography as a Discipline Chapter 1 __ Class 11 Geography NCERT _ Class Notes...
Geography as a Discipline Chapter 1 __ Class 11 Geography NCERT _ Class Notes...
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
SWOT analysis in the project Keeping the Memory @live.pptx
SWOT analysis in the project Keeping the Memory @live.pptx
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
Thyroid hormone
- 1. Thyroid Hormone Dr. Sadaf Mumtaz 25/02/11
- 3. Microscopic appearance of thyroid gland
- 6. Regulation of thyroid secretion
- 7. Effect of cold and other neurogenic stimuli on TRH and TSH secretion