Insulin regulates blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose uptake and storage in liver and muscle cells. It promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver and fat storage in adipose tissue. A lack of insulin leads to high blood glucose through increased gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Various medical conditions can cause insulin deficiency and disrupt normal blood glucose regulation.

1. Blood glucose regulation Dr. Sadaf Mumtaz 14/02/11

2. Insulin is associated with energy abundance Unbound form

3. Liver phosphorylase glucokinase Glycogen synthase Liver cells Phosphorylase & Glucose phosphatase

4. Glucose transporters ER Ca 2+ IP3 Glut 4 receptor Agonist Ca 2+ Glucose Tyrosine kinase

5. Fat metabolism Glucose Pyruvate Acetyl CoA Citrate, isocitrate ions Acetyl CoA carboxylase Acetyl CoA Malonyl-CoA Triglycerides Lipoprotein lipase Fatty acids Hormone sensitive lipase Α -glycerol phosphate

6. Ketosis

7. Protein metabolism

8. Mechanism of insulin secretion Sulphonylurea drugs

9. Glucagon Glycogenolysis Gluconeogenesis

10. Adrenal diabetes Pituitary diabetes Gestational diabetes

11. Thanks Volunteers for OGTT