Growth hormone
•Download as PPT, PDF•
3 likes•4,596 views
Growth hormone promotes growth in many tissues and has metabolic effects unrelated to growth. It increases fat mobilization and decreases glucose utilization. Growth hormone promotes growth of soft tissues and bones through processes like cell division, hypertrophy, and protein synthesis. It decreases carbohydrate utilization and increases fat utilization and glucose production in the liver. Growth hormone levels typically decline with age from the teens through the 70s. Abnormalities in growth hormone can cause diseases like dwarfism or gigantism.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Growth Hormone.ppt
Growth hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and promotes body cell growth. It has a half-life of 5-20 minutes in humans. Growth hormone increases protein synthesis and amino acid uptake while decreasing protein breakdown. It also increases fat mobilization from adipose tissue while promoting fat breakdown for energy. Growth hormone stimulates bone and cartilage growth by increasing the production of somatomedins in the liver. Hypoglycemia, decreased fatty acids, and increased amino acids stimulate growth hormone secretion, while hyperglycemia, increased fatty acids, and decreased amino acids decrease its secretion.
Growth Hormone
Growth hormone (GH) is produced by the anterior pituitary and acts in an endocrine manner to stimulate the production of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in the liver. IGF-1 then enters circulation and promotes growth in tissues. GH increases protein synthesis, breaks down fat, and increases blood glucose levels. It also stimulates bone and soft tissue growth. GH levels are regulated by stimulating and inhibiting factors and have a pulsatile release pattern with higher levels during sleep. Disorders of GH include panhypopituitarism with low GH and hyperpituitarism with excess GH causing gigantism or acromegaly.
Growth Hormone
Growth Hormone overview.
Thanks to @marietoinette and @SeLipar PuTus for letting me share their slides.
Shailendra human growth hormone
The document provides an overview of human growth hormone (hGH). It discusses that hGH is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and regulates growth and metabolism. The summary describes that hGH promotes growth, protein deposition, fat utilization, and bone/cartilage growth. Regulation involves growth hormone-releasing hormone and growth hormone inhibitory hormone from the hypothalamus. Abnormalities like dwarfism and gigantism can occur from hGH deficiencies or excesses. Recombinant hGH produced in bacteria is used to treat deficiencies and has side effects like diabetes and joint pain.
Growth hormone
Growth hormone is synthesized by cells in the anterior pituitary gland and regulates growth and metabolism. It acts through somatomedins like IGF-1, secreted by the liver, to stimulate growth of bones and muscles and increase protein synthesis. Growth hormone secretion is stimulated by fasting, exercise and sleep and inhibited by feeding and high blood glucose and fatty acid levels. It is regulated through a negative feedback loop involving the hypothalamus and somatomedins.
Growth hormone
This document discusses growth hormone, its functions, regulation, and abnormalities. Growth hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and causes growth of tissues, increases protein synthesis, and affects metabolism. It works through intermediary proteins called somatomedins. Insulin is required for growth hormone's growth effects. Abnormally low growth hormone causes dwarfism in children, while excess causes gigantism in children or acromegaly in adults. The document provides details on growth hormone's roles, requirements, regulation, and pathological conditions.
Hormones of pituitary gland
The document summarizes the hormones of the pituitary gland. It discusses that the pituitary gland, also known as the master gland, controls other endocrine glands by secreting hormones. These hormones include growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, oxytocin, and vasopressin. It provides details on the function and regulation of each hormone. Common diseases associated with hormonal imbalances are also mentioned.
Growth hormone
Growth hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and has various effects on metabolism and bone growth. It increases protein synthesis and breaks down lipids and spares carbohydrates. Growth hormone stimulates the liver to produce somatomedins, like IGF-1, which are responsible for much of growth hormone's long-term anabolic effects. Growth hormone secretion is stimulated by exercise, fasting, and sleep and inhibited by feeding to form part of a negative feedback loop regulating its levels.
Recommended
Growth Hormone.ppt
Growth hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and promotes body cell growth. It has a half-life of 5-20 minutes in humans. Growth hormone increases protein synthesis and amino acid uptake while decreasing protein breakdown. It also increases fat mobilization from adipose tissue while promoting fat breakdown for energy. Growth hormone stimulates bone and cartilage growth by increasing the production of somatomedins in the liver. Hypoglycemia, decreased fatty acids, and increased amino acids stimulate growth hormone secretion, while hyperglycemia, increased fatty acids, and decreased amino acids decrease its secretion.
Growth Hormone
Growth hormone (GH) is produced by the anterior pituitary and acts in an endocrine manner to stimulate the production of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in the liver. IGF-1 then enters circulation and promotes growth in tissues. GH increases protein synthesis, breaks down fat, and increases blood glucose levels. It also stimulates bone and soft tissue growth. GH levels are regulated by stimulating and inhibiting factors and have a pulsatile release pattern with higher levels during sleep. Disorders of GH include panhypopituitarism with low GH and hyperpituitarism with excess GH causing gigantism or acromegaly.
Growth Hormone
Growth Hormone overview.
Thanks to @marietoinette and @SeLipar PuTus for letting me share their slides.
Shailendra human growth hormone
The document provides an overview of human growth hormone (hGH). It discusses that hGH is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and regulates growth and metabolism. The summary describes that hGH promotes growth, protein deposition, fat utilization, and bone/cartilage growth. Regulation involves growth hormone-releasing hormone and growth hormone inhibitory hormone from the hypothalamus. Abnormalities like dwarfism and gigantism can occur from hGH deficiencies or excesses. Recombinant hGH produced in bacteria is used to treat deficiencies and has side effects like diabetes and joint pain.
Growth hormone
Growth hormone is synthesized by cells in the anterior pituitary gland and regulates growth and metabolism. It acts through somatomedins like IGF-1, secreted by the liver, to stimulate growth of bones and muscles and increase protein synthesis. Growth hormone secretion is stimulated by fasting, exercise and sleep and inhibited by feeding and high blood glucose and fatty acid levels. It is regulated through a negative feedback loop involving the hypothalamus and somatomedins.
Growth hormone
This document discusses growth hormone, its functions, regulation, and abnormalities. Growth hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and causes growth of tissues, increases protein synthesis, and affects metabolism. It works through intermediary proteins called somatomedins. Insulin is required for growth hormone's growth effects. Abnormally low growth hormone causes dwarfism in children, while excess causes gigantism in children or acromegaly in adults. The document provides details on growth hormone's roles, requirements, regulation, and pathological conditions.
Hormones of pituitary gland
The document summarizes the hormones of the pituitary gland. It discusses that the pituitary gland, also known as the master gland, controls other endocrine glands by secreting hormones. These hormones include growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, oxytocin, and vasopressin. It provides details on the function and regulation of each hormone. Common diseases associated with hormonal imbalances are also mentioned.
Growth hormone
Growth hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and has various effects on metabolism and bone growth. It increases protein synthesis and breaks down lipids and spares carbohydrates. Growth hormone stimulates the liver to produce somatomedins, like IGF-1, which are responsible for much of growth hormone's long-term anabolic effects. Growth hormone secretion is stimulated by exercise, fasting, and sleep and inhibited by feeding to form part of a negative feedback loop regulating its levels.
growth hormone action
Growth hormone is synthesized and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. It acts directly on tissues throughout the body to stimulate growth. Growth hormone stimulates bone and cartilage growth in children through increasing the production of insulin-like growth factors. It also has effects on protein, carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body. Disorders of growth hormone secretion or action can result in abnormalities of growth.
GROWTH HORMONES
This document provides an overview of growth hormones including:
- Their structure, synthesis in the pituitary gland, regulation by hypothalamic hormones, and actions in the body.
- Growth hormones are released in a pulsatile fashion and stimulate growth and metabolism. Their levels are regulated by hormones like growth hormone releasing hormone and growth hormone inhibiting hormone.
- Growth hormones stimulate the production of insulin-like growth factors and have effects like promoting bone and tissue growth, increasing protein synthesis and fat metabolism, and enhancing milk production.
- Abnormalities in growth hormone levels can cause conditions like gigantism, acromegaly, and dwarfism.
Mechanism of action of hormones
Hormones act by binding to specific receptors on target cells. This causes intracellular signaling through second messenger systems. There are three main types of hormone receptors: ion channel-linked receptors which open ion channels, G-protein linked receptors which activate intracellular enzymes through G proteins, and enzyme-linked receptors which have enzymatic activity within the cell. Major second messenger systems include cyclic AMP produced by adenylyl cyclase, phospholipids, and calcium. Steroid and thyroid hormones enter cells and activate gene transcription by binding hormone response elements in DNA. The key steps in hormone signaling are the external hormone, cell membrane receptor, intracellular transducer, amplifier, second messenger, effectors, and cellular response.
Mechanism of Hormone action, Role of Secondary Messengers cAMP, cGMP , Ca and...
Hormones are chemical messengers that bind to intracellular or cell surface receptors to carry out biochemical functions. Secondary messengers relay signals from cell surface receptors to target molecules inside the cell, amplifying the signal strength and causing changes in cell activity. Common secondary messengers include cAMP, cGMP, calcium ions, DAG, IP3, and calmodulin. These secondary messengers transmit signals from the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm, facilitating intracellular signal transduction in response to hormones.
Growth hormone
The pituitary gland located at the base of the brain secretes several hormones that control other glands. It has an anterior and posterior lobe. The anterior lobe secretes hormones like growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone under control of the hypothalamus. The posterior lobe secretes anti-diuretic hormone and oxytocin under control of the hypothalamus. Growth hormone promotes growth of tissues, increases protein synthesis and breaks down fat. It is regulated by growth hormone releasing hormone and somatostatin from the hypothalamus.
Adrenal hormones
The document summarizes adrenal hormones and their functions. It discusses that the adrenal glands are composed of the adrenal cortex and medulla. The cortex produces steroid hormones like cortisol, aldosterone and androgens. The medulla produces catecholamines including epinephrine and norepinephrine. It describes the synthesis, regulation and effects of these hormones. It also discusses adrenal disorders like Cushing's syndrome, Conn's syndrome and adrenal insufficiency.
Growth hormone
The document discusses the hypothalamus and its key roles in regulating the endocrine system. The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system through the pituitary gland. It produces hormones that stimulate or inhibit hormone production in the pituitary. The hypothalamus also controls the pituitary and directly secretes hormones to regulate body processes like growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Some of the major hormones it regulates include growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and gonadotropins. Disorders like acromegaly and gigantism can result from issues with growth hormone regulation.
THYROID HORMONE
This document provides an overview of the thyroid gland and thyroid hormones. It discusses the functional anatomy and gross anatomy of the thyroid, as well as the histological structure. It explains the biosynthesis and storage of thyroid hormones, their secretion, transport, and metabolism. It covers the regulation of thyroid hormone secretion and applied aspects like hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Key points covered include the roles and actions of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4, iodine metabolism in the thyroid, and thyroid function tests.
Metabolic changes in well feed state, starvation ,dm
Insulin and glucagon work together to maintain blood glucose levels between 3.3-6.1 mmol/L. Insulin is produced by the pancreas and facilitates glucose uptake and storage, while inhibiting gluconeogenesis. Glucagon is also produced by the pancreas and has opposing effects, stimulating gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis to increase blood glucose. In starvation, glycogen stores are depleted after 2 days and fatty acids and ketone bodies provide energy, with gluconeogenesis enhanced after 24 days to supply glucose to vital organs.
Parathyroid hormone
Recognising parathyroid hormone disorders is important and it is very much useful for both ug and pg students of medicine and other branches.
Insulin
This document summarizes the structure, biosynthesis, secretion, and role of KATP channels in the regulation of insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. It describes insulin as a protein composed of two polypeptide chains that aggregate to form dimers and hexamers. Insulin is synthesized as preproinsulin and processed through several intermediates in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and secretory vesicles. Glucose stimulates insulin secretion by closing ATP-sensitive potassium channels via increased ATP production, depolarizing the beta cell membrane and triggering calcium influx and vesicle exocytosis. Sulfonylureas and other drugs regulate insulin secretion by modifying the activity of these potassium channels.
Hormonal regulation of carbohydrate metabolism
This document discusses the hormonal regulation of carbohydrate metabolism by various hormones, including insulin, glucagon, catecholamines, corticosteroids, growth hormone, and thyroid hormones. It provides details on the source and effects of each hormone. The key points are that insulin reduces blood glucose levels through anabolic processes, while other hormones like glucagon and epinephrine increase blood glucose through catabolic processes. Together these hormones tightly regulate blood glucose levels.
Adrenal medulla
The document discusses the adrenal medulla, which secretes catecholamines including adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine. It describes the synthesis, regulation of secretion, metabolism, and actions of these hormones. Catecholamines stimulate the nervous system and have effects on metabolism, heart, blood vessels, respiration and other systems through alpha and beta adrenergic receptors. Their secretion increases during stress to prepare the body for fight or flight responses.
Thyroid Hormone
The thyroid gland produces three main hormones: T4, T3, and calcitonin. T4 is produced in larger amounts than T3. Both are produced through a process involving iodine uptake and binding to tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin within the thyroid follicle. T3 has greater biological activity than T4. Hypothyroidism occurs when not enough hormones are produced, while hyperthyroidism is an overproduction. Diseases are treated through antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine therapy, or thyroid surgery.
Anti Diuretic Hormone(ADH).ppt
Vasopressin, also known as anti diuretic hormone (ADH), is secreted by the hypothalamus and stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland. It acts to conserve water in the body by increasing the permeability of collecting tubules and ducts in the kidneys to water absorption. ADH also causes vasoconstriction which increases blood pressure. Its secretion is regulated by factors like sodium concentration, blood volume, and blood pressure in order to maintain fluid homeostasis. Disorders of ADH secretion can cause diabetes insipidus, characterized by excessive urine production and thirst.
Mechanism of Hormone Action
The document discusses the mechanisms of action of different types of hormones. Protein and peptide hormones act through cell surface receptors and use secondary messengers like cAMP or calcium to trigger intracellular signaling cascades. Steroid hormones diffuse into cells and act through nuclear receptors to regulate gene expression. The mechanisms allow hormones to control diverse physiological processes like metabolism, development, and reproduction through feedback loops that precisely regulate hormone production and secretion.
Gonadal hormone
As a component of the endocrine system, both male and female gonads produce sex hormones. Male and female sex hormones are steroid hormones and as such, can pass through the cell membrane of their target cells to influence gene expression within cells. Gonadal hormone production is regulated by hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary in the brain. Hormones that stimulate the gonads to produce sex hormones are known as gonadotropins. The pituitary secretes the gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). These protein hormones influence reproductive organs in various ways. LH stimulates the testes to secrete the sex hormone testosterone and the ovaries to secrete progesterone and estrogens. FSH aids in the maturation of ovarian follicles (sacs containing ova) in females and sperm production in males.
Growth hormone (applied physiology)
1. The document discusses growth hormone hypersecretion and hyposecretion disorders including gigantism, acromegaly, dwarfism, acromicria, and Simmond's disease.
2. It provides details on the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment of each condition.
3. Key points include that gigantism results from growth hormone hypersecretion before epiphyseal closure, leading to excessive growth, while acromegaly occurs after closure and results in thickening of bones and tissues. Dwarfism is caused by growth hormone deficiency as a child.
Pituitary disorders 1 growth hormone
This case describes a 15-year-old boy who presents with short stature and social/behavioral issues. The main potential causes of his short stature are growth hormone (GH) deficiency, constitutional delay of growth, or familial short stature. Key tests to diagnose GH deficiency include low levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and GH stimulation tests such as the insulin tolerance test or GHRH+arginine stimulation test. Further investigations to confirm the diagnosis would include assessing his family history, measuring sex hormone levels, and checking for signs of other hormonal deficiencies or genetic disorders like Laron syndrome.
Prolactin
The document discusses prolactin, a hormone produced by the pituitary gland. It notes that prolactin is a single chain polypeptide hormone composed of 199 amino acids. Prolactin has over 300 effects in the body and is primarily involved in modulating processes like lactation. The document outlines the factors that stimulate and inhibit prolactin production, as well as the effects of hyperprolactinemia, including decreased libido and bone mineral density.
Understanding the human growth hormone
Human growth hormone is a protein hormone that the pituitary gland produces in the human body. It is the most important hormone in our body that is produced by the body itself. These hormones help in the proper growth and development of the immune system, improve your memory and many more.
HGH
1. The growth hormone is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain and stimulates the growth of muscle, cartilage, and bone.
2. Sports like weightlifting and baseball where short bursts of power and strength are important are more likely to use HGH, as it increases muscle size and allows muscles to recover faster, enabling more training.
3. HGH was first banned from sports by the International Olympic Committee in 1989.
More Related Content
What's hot
growth hormone action
Growth hormone is synthesized and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. It acts directly on tissues throughout the body to stimulate growth. Growth hormone stimulates bone and cartilage growth in children through increasing the production of insulin-like growth factors. It also has effects on protein, carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body. Disorders of growth hormone secretion or action can result in abnormalities of growth.
GROWTH HORMONES
This document provides an overview of growth hormones including:
- Their structure, synthesis in the pituitary gland, regulation by hypothalamic hormones, and actions in the body.
- Growth hormones are released in a pulsatile fashion and stimulate growth and metabolism. Their levels are regulated by hormones like growth hormone releasing hormone and growth hormone inhibiting hormone.
- Growth hormones stimulate the production of insulin-like growth factors and have effects like promoting bone and tissue growth, increasing protein synthesis and fat metabolism, and enhancing milk production.
- Abnormalities in growth hormone levels can cause conditions like gigantism, acromegaly, and dwarfism.
Mechanism of action of hormones
Hormones act by binding to specific receptors on target cells. This causes intracellular signaling through second messenger systems. There are three main types of hormone receptors: ion channel-linked receptors which open ion channels, G-protein linked receptors which activate intracellular enzymes through G proteins, and enzyme-linked receptors which have enzymatic activity within the cell. Major second messenger systems include cyclic AMP produced by adenylyl cyclase, phospholipids, and calcium. Steroid and thyroid hormones enter cells and activate gene transcription by binding hormone response elements in DNA. The key steps in hormone signaling are the external hormone, cell membrane receptor, intracellular transducer, amplifier, second messenger, effectors, and cellular response.
Mechanism of Hormone action, Role of Secondary Messengers cAMP, cGMP , Ca and...
Hormones are chemical messengers that bind to intracellular or cell surface receptors to carry out biochemical functions. Secondary messengers relay signals from cell surface receptors to target molecules inside the cell, amplifying the signal strength and causing changes in cell activity. Common secondary messengers include cAMP, cGMP, calcium ions, DAG, IP3, and calmodulin. These secondary messengers transmit signals from the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm, facilitating intracellular signal transduction in response to hormones.
Growth hormone
The pituitary gland located at the base of the brain secretes several hormones that control other glands. It has an anterior and posterior lobe. The anterior lobe secretes hormones like growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone under control of the hypothalamus. The posterior lobe secretes anti-diuretic hormone and oxytocin under control of the hypothalamus. Growth hormone promotes growth of tissues, increases protein synthesis and breaks down fat. It is regulated by growth hormone releasing hormone and somatostatin from the hypothalamus.
Adrenal hormones
The document summarizes adrenal hormones and their functions. It discusses that the adrenal glands are composed of the adrenal cortex and medulla. The cortex produces steroid hormones like cortisol, aldosterone and androgens. The medulla produces catecholamines including epinephrine and norepinephrine. It describes the synthesis, regulation and effects of these hormones. It also discusses adrenal disorders like Cushing's syndrome, Conn's syndrome and adrenal insufficiency.
Growth hormone
The document discusses the hypothalamus and its key roles in regulating the endocrine system. The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system through the pituitary gland. It produces hormones that stimulate or inhibit hormone production in the pituitary. The hypothalamus also controls the pituitary and directly secretes hormones to regulate body processes like growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Some of the major hormones it regulates include growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and gonadotropins. Disorders like acromegaly and gigantism can result from issues with growth hormone regulation.
THYROID HORMONE
This document provides an overview of the thyroid gland and thyroid hormones. It discusses the functional anatomy and gross anatomy of the thyroid, as well as the histological structure. It explains the biosynthesis and storage of thyroid hormones, their secretion, transport, and metabolism. It covers the regulation of thyroid hormone secretion and applied aspects like hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Key points covered include the roles and actions of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4, iodine metabolism in the thyroid, and thyroid function tests.
Metabolic changes in well feed state, starvation ,dm
Insulin and glucagon work together to maintain blood glucose levels between 3.3-6.1 mmol/L. Insulin is produced by the pancreas and facilitates glucose uptake and storage, while inhibiting gluconeogenesis. Glucagon is also produced by the pancreas and has opposing effects, stimulating gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis to increase blood glucose. In starvation, glycogen stores are depleted after 2 days and fatty acids and ketone bodies provide energy, with gluconeogenesis enhanced after 24 days to supply glucose to vital organs.
Parathyroid hormone
Recognising parathyroid hormone disorders is important and it is very much useful for both ug and pg students of medicine and other branches.
Insulin
This document summarizes the structure, biosynthesis, secretion, and role of KATP channels in the regulation of insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. It describes insulin as a protein composed of two polypeptide chains that aggregate to form dimers and hexamers. Insulin is synthesized as preproinsulin and processed through several intermediates in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and secretory vesicles. Glucose stimulates insulin secretion by closing ATP-sensitive potassium channels via increased ATP production, depolarizing the beta cell membrane and triggering calcium influx and vesicle exocytosis. Sulfonylureas and other drugs regulate insulin secretion by modifying the activity of these potassium channels.
Hormonal regulation of carbohydrate metabolism
This document discusses the hormonal regulation of carbohydrate metabolism by various hormones, including insulin, glucagon, catecholamines, corticosteroids, growth hormone, and thyroid hormones. It provides details on the source and effects of each hormone. The key points are that insulin reduces blood glucose levels through anabolic processes, while other hormones like glucagon and epinephrine increase blood glucose through catabolic processes. Together these hormones tightly regulate blood glucose levels.
Adrenal medulla
The document discusses the adrenal medulla, which secretes catecholamines including adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine. It describes the synthesis, regulation of secretion, metabolism, and actions of these hormones. Catecholamines stimulate the nervous system and have effects on metabolism, heart, blood vessels, respiration and other systems through alpha and beta adrenergic receptors. Their secretion increases during stress to prepare the body for fight or flight responses.
Thyroid Hormone
The thyroid gland produces three main hormones: T4, T3, and calcitonin. T4 is produced in larger amounts than T3. Both are produced through a process involving iodine uptake and binding to tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin within the thyroid follicle. T3 has greater biological activity than T4. Hypothyroidism occurs when not enough hormones are produced, while hyperthyroidism is an overproduction. Diseases are treated through antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine therapy, or thyroid surgery.
Anti Diuretic Hormone(ADH).ppt
Vasopressin, also known as anti diuretic hormone (ADH), is secreted by the hypothalamus and stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland. It acts to conserve water in the body by increasing the permeability of collecting tubules and ducts in the kidneys to water absorption. ADH also causes vasoconstriction which increases blood pressure. Its secretion is regulated by factors like sodium concentration, blood volume, and blood pressure in order to maintain fluid homeostasis. Disorders of ADH secretion can cause diabetes insipidus, characterized by excessive urine production and thirst.
Mechanism of Hormone Action
The document discusses the mechanisms of action of different types of hormones. Protein and peptide hormones act through cell surface receptors and use secondary messengers like cAMP or calcium to trigger intracellular signaling cascades. Steroid hormones diffuse into cells and act through nuclear receptors to regulate gene expression. The mechanisms allow hormones to control diverse physiological processes like metabolism, development, and reproduction through feedback loops that precisely regulate hormone production and secretion.
Gonadal hormone
As a component of the endocrine system, both male and female gonads produce sex hormones. Male and female sex hormones are steroid hormones and as such, can pass through the cell membrane of their target cells to influence gene expression within cells. Gonadal hormone production is regulated by hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary in the brain. Hormones that stimulate the gonads to produce sex hormones are known as gonadotropins. The pituitary secretes the gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). These protein hormones influence reproductive organs in various ways. LH stimulates the testes to secrete the sex hormone testosterone and the ovaries to secrete progesterone and estrogens. FSH aids in the maturation of ovarian follicles (sacs containing ova) in females and sperm production in males.
Growth hormone (applied physiology)
1. The document discusses growth hormone hypersecretion and hyposecretion disorders including gigantism, acromegaly, dwarfism, acromicria, and Simmond's disease.
2. It provides details on the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment of each condition.
3. Key points include that gigantism results from growth hormone hypersecretion before epiphyseal closure, leading to excessive growth, while acromegaly occurs after closure and results in thickening of bones and tissues. Dwarfism is caused by growth hormone deficiency as a child.
Pituitary disorders 1 growth hormone
This case describes a 15-year-old boy who presents with short stature and social/behavioral issues. The main potential causes of his short stature are growth hormone (GH) deficiency, constitutional delay of growth, or familial short stature. Key tests to diagnose GH deficiency include low levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and GH stimulation tests such as the insulin tolerance test or GHRH+arginine stimulation test. Further investigations to confirm the diagnosis would include assessing his family history, measuring sex hormone levels, and checking for signs of other hormonal deficiencies or genetic disorders like Laron syndrome.
Prolactin
The document discusses prolactin, a hormone produced by the pituitary gland. It notes that prolactin is a single chain polypeptide hormone composed of 199 amino acids. Prolactin has over 300 effects in the body and is primarily involved in modulating processes like lactation. The document outlines the factors that stimulate and inhibit prolactin production, as well as the effects of hyperprolactinemia, including decreased libido and bone mineral density.
What's hot (20)
Mechanism of Hormone action, Role of Secondary Messengers cAMP, cGMP , Ca and...
Mechanism of Hormone action, Role of Secondary Messengers cAMP, cGMP , Ca and...
Metabolic changes in well feed state, starvation ,dm
Metabolic changes in well feed state, starvation ,dm
Viewers also liked
Understanding the human growth hormone
Human growth hormone is a protein hormone that the pituitary gland produces in the human body. It is the most important hormone in our body that is produced by the body itself. These hormones help in the proper growth and development of the immune system, improve your memory and many more.
HGH
1. The growth hormone is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain and stimulates the growth of muscle, cartilage, and bone.
2. Sports like weightlifting and baseball where short bursts of power and strength are important are more likely to use HGH, as it increases muscle size and allows muscles to recover faster, enabling more training.
3. HGH was first banned from sports by the International Olympic Committee in 1989.
Growth hormone deficiency states and growth hormone replacement therapy
Growth hormone deficiency can occur in children or adults. In children, it presents as short stature and delayed growth. In adults, non-specific symptoms include reduced energy, quality of life, and increased cardiovascular risk. Growth hormone deficiency is investigated through stimulation tests and IGF-1 levels and treated with recombinant human growth hormone via daily injections, with doses titrated based on response. Treatment aims to normalize growth in children and improve symptoms and quality of life in adults.
Disorders of pituitary gland
The document discusses several disorders of the pituitary gland including gigantism, acromegaly, Cushing's disease, dwarfism, acromicria, Simmond's disease, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, diabetes insipidus, and dystrophia adiposogenitalis. It describes the causes, signs and symptoms, and characteristics of each disorder. The disorders result from hyperactivity or hypoactivity of the pituitary gland and can be caused by tumors, injuries, or genetic factors that impact hormone production and regulation.
Chapter032
The document discusses disorders of the endocrine system that controls growth and metabolism. It describes the hypothalamus-pituitary axis and how hormones regulate peripheral endocrine glands. Specific endocrine disorders are explained, including growth hormone deficiency/excess, thyroid imbalances, adrenal cortical disorders like Cushing's syndrome and Addison's disease, and disorders of the reproductive system. Questions are provided about the content with answers.
Endocri 16 a
This document provides an overview of the endocrine system and hormone action. It discusses the major endocrine glands and tissues that produce hormones. Hormones influence target cells through two main mechanisms - by activating second messenger systems like cAMP or by directly activating gene expression like steroid hormones. Amino acid-based hormones typically work through the cAMP second messenger system, while some use the PIP-calcium second messenger system. The document provides detailed descriptions and illustrations of these hormone signaling pathways.
Pituitary hormones and their
The pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, is divided into the anterior and posterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary secretes hormones that control other endocrine glands and is regulated by hormones from the hypothalamus. The posterior pituitary stores and releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which are produced in the hypothalamus and travel down nerve fibers to the posterior pituitary. Growth hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary, promotes growth and protein synthesis throughout the body and has effects on carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Its secretion is regulated by the hypothalamus.
Insulin
Insulin is a hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas that regulates glucose levels. It is composed of two chains of amino acids that are linked together. Glucose triggers the release of insulin which binds to receptors on cells to stimulate glucose and amino acid uptake and inhibit gluconeogenesis. Diabetes occurs when there is insufficient insulin production or the body does not respond properly to insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels and damage to organs over time. The two main types are type 1 diabetes caused by autoimmune destruction of beta cells, and type 2 diabetes related to insulin resistance.
Insulin presentation
This document summarizes key aspects of insulin including its history, structure, biosynthesis, transport, degradation, effects, and clinical correlations. It describes how insulin was first extracted from dog pancreases in 1921. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone composed of two chains that are held together. It regulates carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. Insulin increases glucose uptake and storage while decreasing gluconeogenesis. Clinically, insufficient insulin production can lead to symptoms of diabetes like frequent urination.
Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland is a small gland located at the base of the brain that regulates several important bodily functions. It is divided into anterior and posterior lobes. The anterior lobe secretes hormones that control other endocrine glands and regulate processes like growth, metabolism, and reproduction. These include growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone. The posterior lobe stores and releases oxytocin and vasopressin, which are produced in the hypothalamus and help regulate water balance and milk release. Disorders of the pituitary can impact hormone levels and cause wide-ranging symptoms.
Growth hormone
This document discusses plant growth hormones, including their definitions, types, functions, and uses in agriculture. It covers the major classes of plant hormones: auxins, gibberellins, cytokines, ethylene, inhibitors, and growth retardants. For each class, it provides examples and describes their roles in processes like cell division, elongation, flowering, fruit ripening and sex expression. It also summarizes several practical applications of hormones in crops for practices like rooting cuttings, controlling weed growth, delaying fruit drop, and improving yield.
03 Penicillin as an Antibiotic
Penicillin works by interfering with the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. It inhibits enzymes involved in creating cross-links between polymers that make up the cell wall. This disrupts the cell wall structure and kills bacteria. Penicillin is ineffective against viruses, as they do not have cells or metabolism. While initially effective, overuse of penicillin has led to the rise of resistant bacterial strains through natural selection, as bacteria carrying resistance genes are able to survive and pass on those genes.
Growth hormone presentation human anatomy
Growth hormone deficiency is caused by the anterior pituitary gland producing insufficient amounts of human growth hormone, which decreases hormone levels and causes patients to be smaller in size and have delayed puberty and sexual development. It can be diagnosed through physical exams, medical history, blood tests, and imaging like MRI and x-rays. The standard treatment is growth hormone injections usually until puberty, and sometimes after, which allows normal growth and development. Growth hormone deficiency is a non-life threatening condition that can be effectively treated.
Renin angiotensin aldosterone- Updates
The document provides an overview of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). It discusses the classical components of RAAS including renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin peptides, angiotensin receptors, and angiotensin converting enzyme. It also covers newer concepts such as local tissue RAAS, intracellular RAAS, receptor heterodimerization, and the roles of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and angiotensin (1-7). The document highlights functions of RAAS in various organs and pathophysiological processes.
Introduction to Localisation
The world is now becoming a global market for an ever-increasing and varied number of companies with a common aim: to sell their products to as many consumers as possible. However, the globalization of the market also means that companies nowadays are addressing an incredibly varied target, with many different languages and, more importantly, cultures.
Birth (parturition)
The document describes the three stages of labour: 1) dilation of the cervix where contractions slowly open the cervix over hours, 2) expulsion where powerful contractions push the baby through the birth canal in minutes to hours, and 3) delivery of the placenta a few minutes after birth. It provides details of the progression and key events of each stage, such as full cervical dilation marking the end of the first stage and clamping of the umbilical cord at the end of the third stage.
Anti anaemic drugs (1)
The document discusses anti-anemic drugs used to treat different types of anemia. It covers iron, cyanocobalamin, folic acid, erythropoietin, and hydroxyurea. Iron is used orally or parenterally to treat iron deficiency anemia. Cyanocobalamin and folic acid are given to treat megaloblastic anemia. Erythropoietin stimulates red blood cell production and is used for anemia of renal failure. Hydroxyurea increases fetal hemoglobin levels and is used for sickle cell disease.
Physiology of parturition
(1) Rigor mortis occurs several hours after death as muscles contract and become rigid due to loss of ATP.
(2) Toward the end of pregnancy, hormonal and mechanical changes cause the uterus to develop strong contractions that expel the baby. Hormonal changes include increasing estrogen and oxytocin levels.
(3) Labor contractions are initially weak but grow stronger through positive feedback as the cervix is stretched, further stimulating contractions. Strong, regular contractions combined with abdominal muscle contractions expel the baby.
Viewers also liked (18)
Growth hormone deficiency states and growth hormone replacement therapy
Growth hormone deficiency states and growth hormone replacement therapy
Similar to Growth hormone
Anterior pituitary gland and GH by Pandian M. Dept of Physiology DYPMCKOP, th...
The document discusses the anterior pituitary hormone growth hormone (GH). It describes GH's structure, secretion, regulation and mechanism of action. GH acts through growth hormone receptors on target tissues and stimulates insulin-like growth factor production, promoting growth. GH also has metabolic effects including increasing protein synthesis and fat utilization while antagonizing insulin. Disorders of excessive or insufficient GH secretion can cause gigantism, acromegaly or dwarfism.
Anterior pituitary gland and GH by Pandian M
Growth hormone receptors and mechanism of action of GH
Mechanism of action of GH
Growth promoting actions of GH
Metabolic actions of GH
Effect on lactation
Human prolactin
Structure, secretion and plasma concentration
Control of prolactin secretion
Physiological effects of prolactin
Applied aspects: abnormalities of anterior pituitary hormones
Hypopituitarism
Abnormalities of growth hormone secretion
Hyperactivity of anterior pituitary
Hypoactivity of anterior pituitary
Growth Hormone
Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted directly into the blood, which carries them to organs and tissues of the body to exert their functions. In this topic we covers Hormones, Pituitary gland, Growth hormone and disease, and treatment
Growth hormone
Growth hormone, also called somatotropin, is synthesized and secreted by the somatotroph cells of the anterior pituitary gland. It is important for postnatal growth and development until reaching adult size, and helps maintain lean body mass and bone mass. Its secretion is increased by sleep, stress, hormones related to puberty, starvation and exercise, and decreased by somatostatin, somatomedins, obesity, hyperglycemia and pregnancy. The hypothalamus controls growth hormone secretion through GHRH and GIH. GHRH stimulates growth hormone release while GIH inhibits it. Growth hormone promotes growth directly and indirectly via stimulating IGF production. It has metabolic effects like increasing protein synthesis and breakdown
Growth Hormone.ppt
The document discusses growth hormone (GH), including its molecular structure, physiological effects, regulation and abnormalities. Some key points:
- GH is a protein made up of 191 amino acids with a molecular weight of 22,124 daltons. It stimulates growth and has direct effects on tissues and indirect effects via stimulating IGF-1.
- GH secretion is regulated by GHRH and somatostatin from the hypothalamus as well as ghrelin from the stomach. It is secreted in pulses, with the largest pulse an hour after sleep onset.
- Physiological effects of GH include promoting linear growth, increasing lipolysis and protein synthesis while decreasing glucose utilization.
- Abnormal
Updated lecture 11 growth hormone 2021
This document discusses the anterior pituitary gland and growth hormone. It begins by listing the objectives which are to describe the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary, discuss the physiological actions of growth hormone, outline the role of somatomedins as mediators of growth hormone action, describe the mechanisms regulating GH production and release, describe the actions of somatostatin in relation to GH control, and correlate this knowledge to clinical conditions related to hypo- and hyper-growth hormone. The document then provides details on each anterior pituitary hormone, the stimuli and inhibitors of GH secretion, GH mechanisms of action, effects of excess and deficient GH, and examples of clinical conditions like gigantism, acromegaly, and dwarfism.
Role of fats and protein in reproduction
Fats and proteins play an important role in animal reproduction. Fats are precursors for reproductive hormones and certain fatty acids can improve fertility by inhibiting prostaglandins. Diets rich in unsaturated fats can increase ovulation and progesterone levels. Proteins are essential for sperm capacitation and early embryonic development but high-protein diets can decrease fertility by increasing blood urea levels. Nutritional deficiencies of minerals, vitamins and macronutrients can negatively impact the reproductive cycle and fertility in animals.
Etiology of BPH
Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH) has an uncertain molecular etiology. Factors that may play a role include androgens, estrogens, stromal-epithelial interactions, growth factors, and neurotransmitters. The prostate maintains its ability to respond to androgens throughout life. Stromal cells play a central role in androgen-dependent prostate growth, and type 2 5-alpha reductase within stromal cells is key in amplifying androgenic effects. Programmed cell death is important in maintaining glandular homeostasis, and defects in apoptosis may contribute to BPH pathogenesis. Various growth factors, cytokines, and signaling pathways also influence prostate proliferation and growth. A familial
Growth Hormone
1) The document discusses growth hormone (GH), its structure, levels, and source in the pituitary gland.
2) It describes the physiological effects of GH on protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism as well as disorders like gigantism and acromegaly caused by excessive GH levels.
3) The regulation of GH secretion and somatomedins including IGF-1 is explained along with causes of short stature like genetic and nutritional factors.
mol-med-pathways-table copy.pdf
The document summarizes several key oncogenic pathways and the genes/proteins involved in tumor formation and cancer pathology. The MAPK, PI3K, JAK-STAT, WNT, and cell cycle pathways are described along with common oncogenes that are hyperactive or overexpressed in cancers, as well as tumor suppressor genes that are often mutated or deleted in cancers, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation and survival. Many cancers are described in relation to specific mutations in these pathways.
dentistry and endocrinology
The document provides an overview of endocrinology and summarizes key endocrine glands and hormones. It discusses the pituitary gland and hormones including growth hormone, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, prolactin, and ADH/vasopressin and oxytocin. It also summarizes the thyroid gland, thyroid hormones T3 and T4, and disorders like hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. The document further discusses the endocrine functions of the pancreas including insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide and types of diabetes mellitus.
Growth Hormone.pptx
Growth depends on growth hormone (GH) and other factors like genetics, nutrition, and hormones. GH stimulates growth through insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) which promote protein synthesis, cell division, and bone growth. GH increases fat metabolism and decreases carbohydrate use, causing insulin resistance. Too little GH causes dwarfism while too much causes gigantism or acromegaly. GH levels are regulated by growth hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin from the hypothalamus. Disorders of the pituitary can disrupt GH levels and growth.
Growth Hormone.pptx
Growth depends on growth hormone (GH) and other factors like genetics, nutrition, and hormones. GH stimulates growth through insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) which promote protein synthesis, cell division, and bone growth. GH increases fat utilization and decreases carbohydrate use, causing insulin resistance. Too little GH causes dwarfism while too much causes gigantism or acromegaly. GH levels are regulated by growth hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin from the hypothalamus. Disorders of the pituitary can disrupt GH levels and growth.
Anterior pituitory hormones and analogues
The anterior pituitary gland secretes several important hormones. Growth hormone promotes growth and development. Prolactin stimulates lactation. Gonadotropins such as LH and FSH regulate the reproductive system. ACTH regulates cortisol production and TSH controls thyroid function. These hormones are regulated by hypothalamic factors and provide feedback control of their target organs. Disorders can arise from excess or deficiency of anterior pituitary hormones, leading to important diseases like acromegaly, Cushing's syndrome, and hypothyroidism.
Growth Hormone
Growth hormone is secreted by the somatotropes in the anterior pituitary gland. It has various effects including increasing protein synthesis and fat mobilization while decreasing glucose utilization. Growth hormone signals through growth hormone receptors and stimulates insulin-like growth factor production in the liver. Secretion of growth hormone is regulated by factors that increase or decrease its release from the pituitary. Abnormalities in growth hormone levels can result in conditions like dwarfism or gigantism.
Physiology of growth and development
Growth is the process of physical maturation through increases in body size, while development is the process of functional and physiological maturation. Growth occurs through cell multiplication and increases in intracellular material, resulting in quantitative changes, and stops when maturity is reached. Development includes psychological, emotional, and social changes and continues throughout life. There are distinct growth periods from zygote to old age. Growth occurs through tissue growth and differentiation. Factors like genetics, nutrition, metabolism, environment, and hormones influence growth and development patterns during childhood and adolescence. Key hormones that regulate growth include growth hormone, IGF-1, thyroid hormones, sex hormones, glucocorticoids, insulin, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone.
Acromegaly & gigantism
Acromegaly and gigantism are chronic metabolic disorders caused by excessive growth hormone levels. Acromegaly occurs in adulthood after bone growth plates have closed, causing tissue enlargement. Gigantism occurs in childhood before plate closure, resulting in abnormally large growth. Both are usually due to noncancerous pituitary tumors that overproduce growth hormone, leading to increased insulin-like growth factor levels and symptoms like enlarged hands, feet and head. Diagnosis involves blood tests and imaging to identify the source of excess growth hormone. Treatment focuses on surgery, radiation or medications to reduce hormone levels and stop further growth.
Haematopoietic growth factors
Hematopoietic growth factors stimulate the growth and differentiation of blood cells. Examples include erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, and myeloid growth factors. They are usually administered subcutaneously and produced through recombinant DNA technology. Erythropoietin specifically stimulates red blood cell production by acting on erythropoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. It is used to treat anemia resulting from chronic kidney disease, chemotherapy, HIV/AIDS, and other conditions. Adverse effects can include increased blood pressure, seizures, and allergic reactions.
Physiological changes during pregnancy
The document summarizes various metabolic changes that occur during pregnancy across several body systems. There is an increased total metabolism and basal metabolic rate to support the growth of the fetus. Protein metabolism shifts to an anabolic state to support increased protein needs. Carbohydrate metabolism involves increased insulin resistance and secretion to ensure glucose supply to the fetus. Fat storage increases by 3-4 kg to support energy needs. Iron metabolism is in an inevitable deficient state to meet the 1000mg of iron needs transferred to the fetus and placenta. Respiratory and renal systems expand to accommodate the growing uterus while hormonal changes like human chorionic gonadotropin and placental lactogen influence maternal physiology.
Glyphosate as Glycine Analogue: Explaining Zika & Microcephaly
1) Glyphosate may insert itself into proteins instead of glycine during protein synthesis, disrupting protein folding and function. This could explain correlations between glyphosate use and diseases.
2) Glyphosate insertion into the Zika virus and human proteins could cause molecular mimicry and an autoimmune response, potentially explaining microcephaly.
3) Genetically modified mosquitoes used in experiments may incorporate more glyphosate into the Zika virus due to their diet, contributing to disease.
Similar to Growth hormone (20)
Anterior pituitary gland and GH by Pandian M. Dept of Physiology DYPMCKOP, th...
Anterior pituitary gland and GH by Pandian M. Dept of Physiology DYPMCKOP, th...
Glyphosate as Glycine Analogue: Explaining Zika & Microcephaly
Glyphosate as Glycine Analogue: Explaining Zika & Microcephaly
More from Burhan Umer
Elderly Care Presentation
Acute presentations in older people -Assessing frail elderly patients.
University Hospitals North Midlands, NHS
Metabolism- Biochemistry
Metabolism refers to the chemical processes that maintain life, including energy metabolism and the building and breakdown of compounds. Energy is used to build larger molecules through anabolism and released during catabolism. ATP is the main energy source for cells, produced through catabolism. Metabolic efficiency converts about 50% of food energy to ATP with the rest lost as heat. Nutrients are broken down into smaller units through digestion then further broken down into two-carbon compounds to be degraded into carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy. Enzymes and coenzymes facilitate these chemical reactions.
Disorders of thyroid gland copy
The document summarizes various disorders of the thyroid gland, including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, goiter, and cretinism. It describes the causes and symptoms of each disorder, such as low or high levels of T3, T4, and TSH hormones. Diagnostic investigations mentioned include tests of free thyroxine, basal metabolic rate, thyroid stimulating hormone, and thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins.
Thyroid hormone
The document summarizes thyroid hormone function and regulation. It discusses the microscopic appearance and cellular mechanisms of the thyroid gland, as well as how thyroid secretion is regulated by TSH and neurogenic stimuli like cold. It notes that TSH increases thyroid functions such as iodide pumping, tyrosine iodination, thyroglobulin proteolysis, and thyroid cell size and number. The document concludes with multiple choice questions about thyroid hormone biosynthesis, the effects of TSH, and thyroid hormone receptor binding.
Reproductive and hormonal functions of the male
This document summarizes several key reproductive and hormonal functions of the male. It discusses spermatogenesis, the process by which sperm cells are produced. It also describes the roles of hormones like testosterone and estrogen in males, as well as the functions of glands like the prostate and seminal vesicles. Key stages of development from puberty to the male climacteric are outlined. Common abnormalities of male sexual function like prostate issues and hypogonadism are also mentioned.
Regulation of female monthly rhythm
The document summarizes the regulation of the female monthly cycle, including the roles of hormones like estrogen and progesterone. It discusses how gonadotropins stimulate hormone production and control the cycle. The hormones then affect various female organs and have feedback effects to regulate the cycle. The document also briefly outlines fertility, contraception methods, and causes of female sterility.
Placenta as an endocrine organ
The placenta functions as both the lungs and liver of the fetus. It allows for the transfer of nutrients from mother to fetus and waste from fetus to mother through the maternal bloodstream. The placenta is also an endocrine organ that secretes hormones like hCG, estrogen, progesterone, and human chorionic somatomammotropin without external control. These hormones help maintain the corpus luteum and pregnancy by affecting the uterus, breasts, and other tissues.
Parturition
This document summarizes the process of parturition (childbirth) and lactation. It discusses the roles of hormones like relaxin, prostaglandins, and oxytocin in softening the cervix and inducing labor contractions. It also mentions mechanical factors that can trigger labor, like fetal movements and cervical stretching. The stages of labor and delivery are outlined. Finally, it briefly discusses the changes in hormone levels after birth that support lactation and the immune benefits breastfeeding provides to the baby.
Parathyroid hormone
The document summarizes the roles and mechanisms of parathyroid hormone and calcium regulation in the body. It discusses how parathyroid hormone regulates calcium levels through its effects on the kidneys, intestines, and negative feedback loops. It also covers causes of and treatments for conditions related to abnormal parathyroid hormone levels, including hypoparathyroidism, primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism, and the Chvostek sign seen in hypocalcemia.
Ovarian and menstrual cycle
The document summarizes the female ovarian and menstrual cycle. It discusses the female reproductive organs and hormones involved in the monthly cycle. It describes the process of oogenesis where oogonia develop into oocytes in the ovaries from fetal life until ovulation. In contrast, spermatogenesis is a continual process in males where spermatogonia can produce millions of sperm daily. The cycle is regulated by levels of gonadotropins and hormones, with the corpus luteum developing after ovulation and menstruation occurring when stimulation decreases.
Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids have metabolic effects such as increasing hepatic gluconeogenesis and reducing glucose utilization in cells. They play an important role in the body's adaptation to stress and have anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects. Long term use of glucocorticoids can have undesirable side effects including gastric ulcers, high blood pressure, and bone thinning. Aldosterone has a greater mineralocorticoid activity than cortisol and its effects include regulating sodium and potassium levels and blood pressure. Conditions like Cushing's syndrome and Addison's disease involve imbalances in cortisol and aldosterone levels in the body.
Blood glucose regulation
Insulin regulates blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose uptake and storage in liver and muscle cells. It promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver and fat storage in adipose tissue. A lack of insulin leads to high blood glucose through increased gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Various medical conditions can cause insulin deficiency and disrupt normal blood glucose regulation.
Blood glucose regulation copy
Insulin regulates blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose uptake and storage in liver and muscle cells. It promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver and fat storage in adipose tissue. A lack of insulin leads to high blood glucose through increased gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Various medical conditions can cause insulin deficiency and disrupt normal blood glucose regulation.
Adrenal medulla
The document discusses the adrenal medulla and the autonomic nervous system. It compares the release and binding of epinephrine and norepinephrine to different receptor types. Epinephrine and norepinephrine activate different receptor subtypes that trigger various second messenger systems and have wide-ranging effects on organ systems, metabolism, and the stress response. Growth hormone is identified as not exerting a direct metabolic effect.
Signalling mechanism of hormones and neuroendocrine
This document summarizes various aspects of hormone signalling mechanisms, including their classification, synthesis, receptors, and measurement. It discusses how hormones can act through second messenger systems or by activating genes after binding with nuclear receptors. Feedback control of hormone secretion can be negative or positive.
Cerebralcortex
The document discusses the structure and function of the cerebral cortex. It describes the six layers of the cortex and notes that sensory input arrives in layer 4 while output signals leave through layers 5 and 6. It then discusses functional areas like association areas and specific areas for tasks like face recognition. The document also covers cerebral dominance, lesions in different hemispheres, language areas and disorders, memory classification and the role of the hippocampus in memory storage.
circulation1
This document discusses cardiovascular circulation and hemodynamics. It covers general principles such as how the right and left hearts are interdependent and how blood flow to individual organs can be controlled independently. It also discusses factors that influence blood flow, pressure, and resistance such as vessel diameter, compliance, Poiseuille's law, and the types of vessels. Other topics covered include arterial pressures, pulse pressure, transmission of arterial pulsations, factors affecting mean arterial pressure, and physiological variations in blood pressure.
circulation2
This document discusses veins, central venous pressure (CVP), microcirculation, lymphatics, local control of blood flow, arterial blood pressure control, cardiac output, and the relationship between the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. Key points include that 60% of blood is in veins, CVP is measured invasively or noninvasively, capillary filtration is determined by Starling forces, blood flow is regulated locally and through neural and hormonal mechanisms, and cardiac output is determined by stroke volume and heart rate.
Heart*
The document summarizes regulation of heart pumping and control of the heart rate. It discusses the Frank-Starling law where the volume of blood ejected depends on the volume present in the ventricle at the end of diastole. It also describes control of the heart by the autonomic nervous system, with the sympathetic nervous system increasing heart rate and contractility and the parasympathetic nervous system decreasing heart rate. The normal electrocardiogram waveform is also summarized.
Respiration3
This document discusses the regulation of respiration through central and peripheral chemoreceptors. It covers:
1) The central control of breathing located in the medulla including the dorsal respiratory group (DRG), ventral respiratory group (VRG), apneustic center, and pneumotaxic center.
2) The central chemoreceptors (CCR) located in the medulla which are sensitive to changes in pH and CO2 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood. Increased CO2 and decreased pH stimulate increased ventilation.
3) The peripheral chemoreceptors (PCR) located in the carotid bodies which are stimulated by decreased oxygen levels and increased CO2 and hydrogen ions. The PCR
More from Burhan Umer (20)
Signalling mechanism of hormones and neuroendocrine
Signalling mechanism of hormones and neuroendocrine
Recently uploaded
Stack Memory Organization of 8086 Microprocessor
The stack memory organization of 8086 microprocessor.
How to deliver Powerpoint Presentations.pptx
"How to make and deliver dynamic presentations by making it more interactive to captivate your audience attention"
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
How to Predict Vendor Bill Product in Odoo 17
This slide will guide us through the process of predicting vendor bill products based on previous purchases from the vendor in Odoo 17.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation results
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
مصحف أحرف الخلاف للقراء العشرةأعد أحرف الخلاف بالتلوين وصلا سمير بسيوني غفر الله له
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/tacvl9ekroe9hqupdnjruiypvm9rdaneAndreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Event Link:- https://meetups.mulesoft.com/events/details/mulesoft-mysore-presents-mule-event-processing-models/
Agenda
● What is event processing in MuleSoft?
● Types of event processing models in Mule 4
● Distinction between the reactive, parallel, blocking & non-blocking processing
For Upcoming Meetups Join Mysore Meetup Group - https://meetups.mulesoft.com/mysore/YouTube:- youtube.com/@mulesoftmysore
Mysore WhatsApp group:- https://chat.whatsapp.com/EhqtHtCC75vCAX7gaO842N
Speaker:-
Shivani Yasaswi - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shivaniyasaswi/
Organizers:-
Shubham Chaurasia - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shubhamchaurasia1/
Giridhar Meka - https://www.linkedin.com/in/giridharmeka
Priya Shaw - https://www.linkedin.com/in/priya-shaw
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"National Information Standards Organization (NISO)
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two Hearts
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Recently uploaded (20)
SWOT analysis in the project Keeping the Memory @live.pptx
SWOT analysis in the project Keeping the Memory @live.pptx
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...
Growth hormone
- 1. Growth Hormone Dr. Sadaf Mumtaz 17/02/11
- 2. Growth hormone promotes growth of many body tissues
- 9. Typical variations in growth hormone secretion 5 to 20yrs 6ng/ml 20 to 40yrs 3ng/ml 40 to 70yrs 1.6ng/ml
- 10. Effect of extreme protein deficiency on plasma concentration of growth hormone in the disease Kwashiokor The name is derived from the Ga language of coastal Ghana , translated "the sickness the baby gets when the new baby comes
- 14. Acromegaly
- 15. Age and growth hormone
- 16. Thanks