The document summarizes the female ovarian and menstrual cycle. It discusses the female reproductive organs and hormones involved in the monthly cycle. It describes the process of oogenesis where oogonia develop into oocytes in the ovaries from fetal life until ovulation. In contrast, spermatogenesis is a continual process in males where spermatogonia can produce millions of sperm daily. The cycle is regulated by levels of gonadotropins and hormones, with the corpus luteum developing after ovulation and menstruation occurring when stimulation decreases.

1. Ovarian and Menstrual Cycle Dr. Sadaf Mumtaz 4/2/11

2. Physiological Anatomy

3. Female Reproductive Organs

4. Female Hormones GnRH LH FSH Estrogen Progesterone

5. Female monthly sexual cycle Duration Significance Difference in production of hormones between the two sexes

6. Oogenesis and spermatogeneis Oogonia divide mitotically to give rise to 6-7 million oogonia by the fifth month of gestation when mitotic proliferation ceases. During the last part of fetal life, the oogonia begin the early steps of the first meiotic division but do not complete it. The primary oocytes stay in meiotic arrest for years until they are prepared for ovulation. Just before ovulation, the primary oocyte completes its first meiotic division. Recently it has been discovered that at least in mice, new oocytes and follicles are produced after birth from unknown ovarian stem cells Limited gamete potential in females (of the total pool of follicles only 400-500 will mature and release ova) In addition to providing half the genes, provides all the cytoplasmic components needed to support early development of the fertilized ovum Spermatogonia undergo mitotic and meiotic divisions after puberty. There is no recent discovery for spermatogonia producing cells. Continual process of spermatogenesis in males, who have potential to produce several million sperms in a single day Motile spermatozoa is unencumbered with unessential cytoplasm and orgenelles

7. Plasma concentration of gonadotropins and ovarian hormones

9. Luteinization depends on 1. Extrusion of Ovum 2. Luteinization inhibiting factor

11. Menstruation Decreased stimulation Vasospasm – PGF2 α 40ml of blood and 35ml of serous fluid Fibrinolysin Leukorrhea during menstruation

12. Synthesis of steroid hormones

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