This document provides an overview of thyroid hormone physiology. It discusses the anatomy and iodine uptake of the thyroid gland. The biosynthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones T4 and T3 is described, including their transport through the bloodstream. The document outlines the activation and degradation of thyroid hormones in target tissues via deiodinase enzymes. It discusses the physiological effects of thyroid hormones in increasing metabolism and temperature. The control and regulation of thyroid hormones by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis is summarized. Finally, the document briefly discusses thyroid disease states like hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, as well as thyroid function tests and antithyroid medications.
a brief on thyroid gland covering following titles:
Introduction
Anatomy and physiology of thyroid gland
Synthesis of thyroid hormones
Regulation
Mechanism of action
Biological function
PHYSIOLOGY
OF
THYROID
HORMONES
Understand the significance of the conversion of tetraiodothyronine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) and reverse T3 (rT3) in extrathyroidal tissues.
Understand how thyroid hormones produce their cellular effects.
Describe the physiological effects of thyroid hormones in the body.
Outline the mechanisms for regulation of thyroid hormone.
Correlate knowledge to hypo- and hypersecretion of thyroid hormones
a brief on thyroid gland covering following titles:
Introduction
Anatomy and physiology of thyroid gland
Synthesis of thyroid hormones
Regulation
Mechanism of action
Biological function
PHYSIOLOGY
OF
THYROID
HORMONES
Understand the significance of the conversion of tetraiodothyronine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) and reverse T3 (rT3) in extrathyroidal tissues.
Understand how thyroid hormones produce their cellular effects.
Describe the physiological effects of thyroid hormones in the body.
Outline the mechanisms for regulation of thyroid hormone.
Correlate knowledge to hypo- and hypersecretion of thyroid hormones
This PPT gives the students the basic physiology of the Thyroid gland. It is the only Endocrine gland that can be palpable with your hands. Very useful to M.B.B.S; B.D.S as well as PG students.
Thyroid hormone,
structure of hormone,
synthesis of thyroid hormone,
mechanism of Thyroid hormone action,
Physiological effect of Hormone,
Disorders related with thyroid hormone,
drugs used in treatment for the thyroid disorders.
Thyroid hormone (The Guyton and Hall physiology)Maryam Fida
THYROID HORMONE
Location:
The thyroid gland located below the larynx on each side of and anterior to the trachea.
Largest Endocrine Hormone
Secretion:
secretes:
1. thyroxine (T4)
2. triiodothyronine (T3)
3. Also secretes calcitonin (an important hormone for calcium metabolism)
Cell: Thyrotopes
secretion is controlled by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary gland.
93% T4 & 7% T3
T4→T3 in tissues
Qualitatively same
Differ in Rapidity & Intensity of action.
T3 is 4 times more potent than T4, but decrease conc. In blood & decrease half life.
T3 and T4 combine mainly with thyroxine-binding globulin.
More than 90% of Thyroid hormone that binds with cellular receptors is T3.
T4
No effect for 2-3 days after injection
Long Latent Period.
Activity peaks in 10-12 days & ↓↓ with a half life of 15 days.
In some cases it takes 6 weeks-2 months.
T3
4 times rapid
Latent Period 6-12 hours
Peak in 2-3 days
Composed of large numbers of closed follicles filled with colloid and lined with cuboidal epithelial cells that secrete into the interior of the follicles
The major component of colloid is the large glycoprotein Thyroglobulin contains the thyroid hormones within its molecule.
50mg/year, 1mg/week
Ingested iodine in the form of iodides
Iodides ingested orally are absorbed from GIT
⅕ removed from the blood by thyroid cells for synthesis of hormones; rest excreted through kidneys.
Basal membrane of thyroid cells has an active pump to push iodides to interior (Iodine Pump).
Normally 30% more conc. Inside
Max. active 250% more conc. Inside
The rate of Iodine trapping is influenced by conc. of TSH
TSH stimulates and hypophysectomy greatly diminishes the activity of the iodide pump in thyroid cells.
This PPT gives the students the basic physiology of the Thyroid gland. It is the only Endocrine gland that can be palpable with your hands. Very useful to M.B.B.S; B.D.S as well as PG students.
Thyroid hormone,
structure of hormone,
synthesis of thyroid hormone,
mechanism of Thyroid hormone action,
Physiological effect of Hormone,
Disorders related with thyroid hormone,
drugs used in treatment for the thyroid disorders.
Thyroid hormone (The Guyton and Hall physiology)Maryam Fida
THYROID HORMONE
Location:
The thyroid gland located below the larynx on each side of and anterior to the trachea.
Largest Endocrine Hormone
Secretion:
secretes:
1. thyroxine (T4)
2. triiodothyronine (T3)
3. Also secretes calcitonin (an important hormone for calcium metabolism)
Cell: Thyrotopes
secretion is controlled by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary gland.
93% T4 & 7% T3
T4→T3 in tissues
Qualitatively same
Differ in Rapidity & Intensity of action.
T3 is 4 times more potent than T4, but decrease conc. In blood & decrease half life.
T3 and T4 combine mainly with thyroxine-binding globulin.
More than 90% of Thyroid hormone that binds with cellular receptors is T3.
T4
No effect for 2-3 days after injection
Long Latent Period.
Activity peaks in 10-12 days & ↓↓ with a half life of 15 days.
In some cases it takes 6 weeks-2 months.
T3
4 times rapid
Latent Period 6-12 hours
Peak in 2-3 days
Composed of large numbers of closed follicles filled with colloid and lined with cuboidal epithelial cells that secrete into the interior of the follicles
The major component of colloid is the large glycoprotein Thyroglobulin contains the thyroid hormones within its molecule.
50mg/year, 1mg/week
Ingested iodine in the form of iodides
Iodides ingested orally are absorbed from GIT
⅕ removed from the blood by thyroid cells for synthesis of hormones; rest excreted through kidneys.
Basal membrane of thyroid cells has an active pump to push iodides to interior (Iodine Pump).
Normally 30% more conc. Inside
Max. active 250% more conc. Inside
The rate of Iodine trapping is influenced by conc. of TSH
TSH stimulates and hypophysectomy greatly diminishes the activity of the iodide pump in thyroid cells.
It Gives Information about Thyroid disease(its type), Thyroid Gland & Thyroid System. The Presentation also Give information on Hyperthyroidism ( like its Etiology, Symptoms, Diagnostic Evaluation and Treatment.
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2. OBJECTIVES
1. Introduction-an anatomical consideration
2. Bio-synthesis and Secretion of thyroid hormone
3. Transport
4. Activation and degradation at target organ
5. Physiological activities at target organs
6. Control/ regulation of thyroid hormone
7. Pathophysiology & pharmacology-A snapshot
8. Tests of thyroid function
4. Uniqueness
• Easily seen and palpated
• Iodine
• Stored in an extracellular site
• Peptide hormones - no cell-membrane
receptors
• Nuclear receptors.
5. Bio-synthesis and Secretion of Thyroid Hormone
1. Iodide Transport
2. Thyroglobulin
Synthesis
3. Oxidation o f
Iodide
4. Organification
(lodination)
5. Coupling
6. Storage
7. Secretion
9. T4 T3
Total conc. in
plasma
8 µg/dl 0.15 µg/dl
% of bound
form
99.98% 99.8%
Free form 2 ng/dl 0.3 ng/dl
% of free form 0.02% 0.2%
Biological half-
life
Long (6-7days)
Shorter average 2
days
12. Mechanism of T3
4 functional intranuclear T3 receptors: α1, α2, β1 and β 2;
nonfunctional receptor: α2.
The different forms of thyroid receptors have patterns of expression
that vary by tissue and by developmental stage.
The presence of multiple forms of the thyroid hormone receptor, with
tissue and stage-dependent differences in their expression, suggests
an extraordinary level of complexity in the physiologic effects of
thyroid hormone.
13.
14. 1. Effect of thyroid hormones on BMR
• Extreme excess of thyroid secretion increases BMR to 60-100%
above normal
• Complete lack of thyroid secretion causes BMR to fall 40-50%
below normal
Mechanism of increasing metabolic rate and
temperature
by increasing number, size and activity of mitochondria
By increasing plasma membrane Na+-K+ ATPase Activity
By stimulating both catabolic and anabolic reactions in pathways
affecting fats ,carbohydrates, and proteins
15. Effects secondary to increased metabolism
Increased O2 consumption in almost all the cells
exceptions are the adult brain,testes,uterus,lymph nodes,spleen,and
anterior pituitary.
Nitrogen excretion is increased
Weight loss due to catabolism of endogenous protein and fat stores
Increased urinary excretion of K+, uric acid
Precipitation of vitamin deficiency syndrome due to increased need
for vitamins resulting from increased metabolic rate
24. Sick Euthyroid Syndrome
The relative activity of the deiodinase changes in response to
physiological and pathological stimuli
The decrease in T3 production with fasting is an important
adaptive response, increase in rT3 and normal TSH
Non thyroidal illness
• Burns
• Trauma, advanced cancers,
• Cirrhosis
• Renal failure.
• Fasting
• Glucocorticoids
• Fetus
• Certain drugs
like most peptide hormones, T4 and T3 are made as part of a larger protein
only endocrine gland easily seen and palpated
require an essential trace element, iodine, for the production of active hormone
hormone is stored in an extracellular site within a highly proteinaceous material called thyroid colloid
unlike peptide hormones, there are no cell-membrane receptors for these hormones.
Instead, like the steroid hormones, thyroid hormones act by binding to nuclear receptors and regulate the transcription of cell proteins.
Significance of protein-bound hormones
Have slow rate of clearance from the plasma (longer half life)
Protein-bound hormones serve as reservoirs, replenishing the concentration of free hormones when they are bound to target receptors or lost form the circulation.Thus buffers any acute changes in thyroid gland functions.
Reservoir function may help to ensure a relatively uniform distribution of hormones to the tissues by preventing the excessive uptake by first cells encountered
Metabolic rate
Adjust the set point for metabolic rate of the body
Increases BMR and body temperature
