Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an illness caused by a virus transmitted through the bite of infected ticks. It is endemic in parts of Europe and Asia. The virus is maintained in a natural cycle between ticks and small rodents, though humans can become infected as accidental hosts. TBE has an initial febrile phase followed by potential central nervous system involvement causing meningitis, encephalitis or myelitis. Diagnosis involves detecting IgM antibodies or isolating the virus from blood or cerebrospinal fluid. While there is no specific treatment, prevention focuses on avoiding tick bites through protective clothing and repellents as well as vaccination in endemic areas of Europe.

1. HUMAN
ECOLOGY
NAME – LANDAGE MANISH
LD 112/3

2. Encephalitis
from ticks

3. Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE)
● AKA TICK BORNE MENINGO ENCEPHALITIES
● Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an illness caused by a virus spread through tick bites. You can also
get TBE by eating or drinking unpasteurized dairy products (such as milk and cheese) from infected
goats, sheep, or cows.

4. INFECTIOUS AGENT
● Tick- borne encephalitis, or TBE, is a human viral infections
disease involving the central nervous system(CNS).
● TBE is caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV), a
member of the family Flaviviridae(single-stranded RNA
virus), and was initially isolated in 1937.

5. EPIDEMIOLOGY
● TBE is endemic in FOCAL areas of Europe and Asia (from
eastern France to northern Japan and from northern Russia
to Albania).
● From 1990 through 2009, an average of 8,500 cases per year
were reported from 19 European countries.
● RUSSIA has the largest number of reported TBE cases, and
western Siberia has the highest incidence of TBE in the
world.

7. Transmission
● Ticks, specifically hard ticks of the family Ixodidae, act as both the vector and reservoir
for TBEV.
● The main hosts are small rodents, with humans being accidental hosts.
● Large animals serve as feeding hosts for the ticks, but do not play a role in maintaince
of the virus.
● The virus can chronically infect ticks and is transmitted both transtadially and
transovarially.

8. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
● The incubation period of TBE is usually between 7 and 14 days and 2/3rd is
asymptomatic.
● Shorter incubation times have been reported after milk-borne exposure.
● First phase : Nonspecific febrile illness with headache, myalgia and fatigue.
● Second phase: Central nervous system involvement resulting in aseptic
meningtis, encephalitis, or myelitis. Finding include meningeal signs,
altered mental status,cognitive dysfunction, ataxia, tremord, cranial nerve
palsies, and limb paresis.

10. DIAGNOSIS
● FIRST PHASE- Low white blood cell count (leukopenia), low platelet count(thrombocytopenia). Liver
enzymes in the serum may also be mildly elevated.
● SECOND PHASE- onset of neurologic disease increase in the number of white blood cells in the blood
and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
● Virus isolation from the blood during the first phase of the disease and CSF from second phase.
● Moderate pleocytosis and increased cerebrospinal fluid albumin.
● LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS-
● Serology is typically used for laboratory diagnosis. IgM- capture ELISA performed on serum or
cerebrospinal fluid.
● Virus isolation or RT-PCR.
● MRI images reveal abnormalities in 15-20% of patients.
● EEG will be abnormal in 75% of all patients.

11. TREATMENT
● There is no specific antiviral treatment for TBE.
● Therapy consists of supportive care and management of
complications.
● Intubation and corticosteroids are generally used.
● CNS depressants, analgesics.

12. PREVENTION
● Travelers should avoid consuming unpasteurized dairy products.
● Using insect repellants and protective clothing to prevent tick bites.
● The chemical DEET(diethyltoluamide) is often used in insects repellents.
● Wear light-coloured clothes so ticks are easier to spot and brush off.
● Clothing and camping gear can be inpregnated with compounds containing
permethrin,which have an acaricidal and repellent effect.

13. PREVENTION CONTINUED....
● Find and remove ticks from your body:
● Bathe or shower as soon as possible after coming indoors.
● Check your entire body (under your arms, in and around your ears, in your
belly button, behind your knees, between your legs, around your waist, and
especially in your hair). Use a hand-held or full-length mirror to view all
parts of your body.
● Be sure to remove ticks properly.
● Parents should check their children for ticks.
● Check your pets and belongings. Ticks can be on outdoor equipment and
clothes.

14. VACCINE
● No TBE vaccines are licensed or available in the United States.
● Two inactivated cell culture- derived TBE vaccines are available in EUROPE, in adult
and pediatric formulation.
● Two other inactivated TBE vaccines are available in Russia.

15. THANK YOU.