This document provides information about tetanus, including:
- Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria and causes muscle rigidity and painful spasms. It is characterized by lockjaw.
- Tetanus spores are found in soil and animal feces and enter the body through wounds. It is preventable through routine immunization with tetanus toxoid vaccines.
- Tetanus is most common in developing countries and causes an estimated 800,000-1,000,000 deaths per year, mostly in Africa and Southeast Asia. Maternal and neonatal tetanus also remain issues. Proper wound care and immunization are emphasized for prevention.
Tetanus Presentation
77 slides
Including drip rates of muscle relaxants
PDF : http://www.mediafire.com/download/k00ciibf73d7y6p/
For more, visit www.medicalgeek.com
Tetanus Presentation
77 slides
Including drip rates of muscle relaxants
PDF : http://www.mediafire.com/download/k00ciibf73d7y6p/
For more, visit www.medicalgeek.com
Tetanus, Lock Jaw, Opisthotonus, Tetanus Immunoglobulins, Immunization, Cephalic Tetanus. A much feared topic among residents explained in a simple way.
Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, two oval-shaped pads of tissue at the back of the throat — one tonsil on each side. Signs and symptoms of tonsillitis include swollen tonsils, sore throat, difficulty swallowing and tender lymph nodes on the sides of the neck
This ppt contains all information about epidemiology of Diptheria. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
Tetanus, Lock Jaw, Opisthotonus, Tetanus Immunoglobulins, Immunization, Cephalic Tetanus. A much feared topic among residents explained in a simple way.
Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, two oval-shaped pads of tissue at the back of the throat — one tonsil on each side. Signs and symptoms of tonsillitis include swollen tonsils, sore throat, difficulty swallowing and tender lymph nodes on the sides of the neck
This ppt contains all information about epidemiology of Diptheria. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
Tetanus in Haiti Symposia, presented in Milot, Haiti at Hôpital Sacré Coeur.
CRUDEM’s Education Committee (a subcommittee of the Board of Directors) sponsors one-week medical symposia on specific medical topics, i.e. diabetes, infectious disease. The classes are held at Hôpital Sacré Coeur and doctors and nurses come from all over Haiti to attend.
Tetanus an neurological disease characterized by an acute onset of hypertonia, painful muscular contractions (usually of the muscles of the jaw and neck), and generalized muscle spasms without other apparent medical causes.
Diphtheria is an infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Diphtheria causes a thick covering in the back of the throat. It can lead to difficulty breathing, heart failure, paralysis, and even death. CDC recommends vaccines for infants, children, teens and adults to prevent diphtheria. The presentation consists of basic concepts regarding the bacteria and its infection. It has explanation in detail about signs and symptoms of Diptheria
This is a power point i did in 2010 in Gateway. It is about zoonotic diseases that animals can get. I chose to do this as i wanted to be a vet or vet nurse
it is a term used to refers to several kidney disease (both kidney) characterized by inflammation either of the glomeruli or of the small blood vessels in the kidney. but not all the disease necessarily have an inflammatory component.
It occurs due to repeated episodes of acute nephritic syndrome, nephrosclerosis and hyperlipidemia.
A curriculum Plan is the advance arrangement of learning opportunities for a particular population of learners.
Curriculum guide is a written curriculum.
Curriculum Planning is the process whereby the arrangement of curriculum plans or learning opportunities are created.
Master rotation plan is the overall plan of rotation of all students in a particular educational institution, showing the placement of the students belonging to total programme (4 years in B.Sc.(N) and 3 years in GNM) includes both theory and practice denoting the study block, partial block, placement of student in clinical blocks, team nursing, examinations, vacation, co-curricular activities etc.
Curriculum Evaluation is the process of collecting data on a programme to determine its value or worth with the aim of deciding whether to adopt, reject, or revise the programme.
Indian citizens possessing foreign nursing qualification are examined individually & after examination the syllabi and conformation from concerned foreign authorities, the nurses are granted approval for registration in India with the recommendation of equivalence committee under Section 11(2)(a) INC Act. 1947.
A model is a three-dimensional representation of a person or thing or of a proposed structure, typically on a smaller scale than the original:"a model of St. Paul's Cathedral“
A Model is a pattern of something to be made or reproduced and means of transferring a relationship `or process from its real (actual) setting to one which it can be more conveniently studied.
Curriculum development is a process in which participants at many levels make decisions about the purposes of learning, teaching- learning situation.
It is the process of gathering, setting, selecting, balancing and synthesizing relevant information from many sources in order to design the goals of curriculum.
Let’s examine what happens in each step of the curriculum development/revision cycle. This cycle is a dynamic system that helps each school re-vitalize and replenish what is taught to its students.
Determinants of curriculum are the factors that affect the process of assessing needs, formulating objectives and developing instructional opportunities and evaluations.
The term philosophy is derived from the Greek word Philein meaning to love, to strive after or search for and from the word Sophia which means wisdom.
Therefore, Philosophy is the search for wisdom by philosophers.
Teachers use curricula when trying to see what to teach to students and when, as well as what the rubrics should be, what kind of worksheets and teacher worksheets they should make, among other things.
It is actually up to the teachers themselves how these rubrics should be made, how these worksheets should be made and taught; it's all up to the teachers.
Perception (from the Latin perceptio) is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the presented information, or the environment.
The somatoform disorders are a group of psychological disorders in which a patient experiences physical symptoms that are inconsistent with or cannot be fully explained by any underlying general medical or neurologic condition. Medically unexplained physical symptoms account for as many as 50% of new medical outpatient visits. [1] Physical symptoms or painful complaints of unknown etiology are fairly common in pediatric populations. [2] Many healthy young children express emotional distress in terms of physical pain, such as stomachaches or headaches, but these complaints are usually transient and do not effect the child's overall functioning. The somatoform disorders represent the severe end of a continuum of somatic symptoms.
Somatization in children consists of the persistent experience and complaints of somatic distress that cannot be fully explained by a medical diagnosis. They can be represented by a wide spectrum of severity, ranging from mild self-limited symptoms, such as stomachache and headache, to chronic disabling symptoms, such as seizures and paralysis. These psychological disorders are often difficult to approach and complex to understand. It is important to note that these symptoms are not intentionally produced or under voluntary control.
In somatoform disorders, somatic symptoms become the focus of children and their families. They generally interfere with school, home life, and peer relationships. These youngsters are more likely to be considered sickly or health impaired by parents and caretakers, to be absent from school, and to perform poorly in academics. Somatization is often associated temporarily with psychosocial stress and can persist even after the acute stressor has resolved, resulting in the belief by the child and his or her family that the correct medical diagnosis has not yet been found. Thus, patients and families may continue to seek repeated medical treatment after being informed that no acute physical illness has been found and that the symptoms cannot be fully explained by a general medical condition. When somatization occurs in the context of a physical illness, it is identified by symptoms that go beyond the expected pathophysiology of the physical illness.
Recurrent complaints often present as diagnostic and treatment dilemmas to the primary care practitioner (PCP) who is trying to make sense of these symptoms. The PCP may feel poorly prepared and/or may have little time to assess or treat the somatic concerns. While the more disabling somatic complaints are more likely to be referred to a mental health professional, these youngsters presenting with these disabling physical symptoms bridge both medical and psychological domains and present a puzzling quandary for professionals from either field if working with them alone. [3] The nature of these symptoms requires an integrated medical and psychiatric treatment approach to successfully decrease the impairment caused by these disorders.
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that usually appears in late adolescence or early adulthood. Characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and other cognitive difficulties, schizophrenia can often be a lifelong struggle. In this article, we will cover the causes, symptoms, and treatment of schizophrenia
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Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
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Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
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Struggling with intense fears that disrupt your life? At Renew Life Hypnosis, we offer specialized hypnosis to overcome fear. Phobias are exaggerated fears, often stemming from past traumas or learned behaviors. Hypnotherapy addresses these deep-seated fears by accessing the subconscious mind, helping you change your reactions to phobic triggers. Our expert therapists guide you into a state of deep relaxation, allowing you to transform your responses and reduce anxiety. Experience increased confidence and freedom from phobias with our personalized approach. Ready to live a fear-free life? Visit us at Renew Life Hypnosis..
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CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
7. Tetanus is an acute,often fatal,disease caused by
an exotoxin produced by the bacterium
Clostridiumtetani. But prevented by immunization
with tetanus toxoid. It is characterized by
generalized rigidity and convulsive spasms of
skeletal muscles.The muscle stiffness usually
involves the jaw (lockjaw)and neck and then
becomes generalized.
9. • Tetanus was first described in Egypt over 3000 years ago(Edwin
smith papyrus). It was again described by Hippocrates
•Carle and Rattone in 1884 who first noticed tetanus in animals by
injecting them with pus from a fatal human tetanus case.
•During the same year,Nicolaier produced tetanus in animals by
injecting them with samples of soil.
•In 1889,Kitasato isolated the organism from a human
victim,showed that it produced disease when injected into
animals,and reported that the toxin could be neutralized by
specific antibodies.
•Nocard demonstrated the protective effect of passively transferred
antitoxin,and passive immunization in humans
•Passive immunization and prophylaxis for tetanus during World
War I
•Tetanus Toxoid was first widely used during world war II
10. • Tetanus - Greek Word -- Tetanos-to
Contract
• Tetanus Remains a Major Public Health
Problem in the DevelopingWorld and Is Still
Encountered in the Developed World.
• There AreBetween 800 000 and 1 Million
Deaths Due to Tetanus Each Year. Eighty
Per Cent of These Deaths Occur in Africa
and South East Asia andIt Remains Endemic
in 90 Countries World Wide.
• 1998-U.K,USA 7Cases,41CasesIncludingOneNeonate
11. Acridine orange stain of characteristic C tetani with
endospores wider than the characteristic drumstick shape.
13. • C.tetani is a slender,gram-positive,anaerobic rod that may
develop a terminal spore,giving it a drumstick appearance.
• The organism is sensitive to heat and cannot survive in the
presence of oxygen.The spores,in contrast,are very resistant to
heat and the usual antiseptics.
• They can not survive autoclaving at 249.8 °F (121 °C)for 20
minutes.
• The spores are also relatively resistant to phenol and other
chemical agents.
• The spores are widely distributed in soil and in the intestines
and faeces of horses,sheep,cattle,dogs,cats,rats, guinea
pigs,and chickens.Manure-treated soil may contain large
numbers of spores.Spores may persist for months to years.
• C. tetani produces two exotoxins, tetanolysin and
tetanospasmin. The function of tetanolysin is not known with
certainty. Tetanospasmin is a neurotoxin and causes the
clinical manifestations of tetanus.
• Tetanospasmin estimated Human lethal dose 2.5 ng/kg
14. •Occurrence: Tetanus occurs worldwide but is most frequently
encountered in densely populated regions in hot,damp climates
with soil rich in organic matter.
•Reservoir:Organisms are found primarily in the soil and
intestinal tracts of animals and humans.
•Mode of Transmission:Transmission is primarily by
contaminated wounds,Tissue injury( surgery,burns,deep
puncture wounds,crush wounds,Otitis media ,dental
infection,animal bites, abortion,and pregnancy).
•Communicability
Tetanus is not contagious from person to person.It is the only
vaccine-preventable disease that is infectious but not contagious.
Temporal pattern:Peak in winter and summer season
Incubation Period: 8 DAYS ( 3-21 DAYS)
15. • Age : I t is the disease of active age (5-40 years), New
born baby, female during delivery or abortion
• Sex : Higher incidence in males than females
• Occupation : Agricultural workers are at higher risk
• Rural –Urban difference:Incidence of tetanus is much
lower than in rural areas
• Immunity : Herd immunity does not protect the
individual
• Environmental and social factors: Unhygienic custom
habits,Unhygienic delivery practices
16.
17. Diagnosis Of Tetanus
Clinically it is confirmed by noticing the
following features:
1. Risus sardonicus or fixed sneer.
2. Lock jaw.
3. Opisthotonos (extension of lower
extremities, flexion of upper extremities
and arching of the back. The examiners
hand can be passed under the back of the
patient when he lies on the bed in supine
position.)
4. Neck rigidity
18. Type of Tetanus
• Traumatic tetanus
• Puerperal tetanus
• Otogenic tetanus
• Idiopathic tetanus
• Tetanus Neonatorum
19. •Local tetanus is an uncommon form of the disease,in which
patients have persistent contraction of muscles in the same
anatomic area as the injury. Local tetanus may precede the
onset of generalized tetanus but is generally milder.Only
about 1%of cases are fatal.
•Cephalic tetanus is a rare form of the
disease,occasionally occurring with otitis media (ear
infections)in which C.tetani is present in the flora of the
middle ear,or following injuries to the head.There is
involvement of the cranial nerves,especially in the facial
area.
•The most common type (about 80%)of reported tetanus
is generalized tetanus .The disease usually presents with a
descending pattern.
20. Three Objectives of Management of
Tetanus
• (1)To provide supportive care until the
tetanospasmin that is fixed in tissue has
been metabolized
• (2)To neutralize circulating toxin
• (3)To remove the source of
tetanospasmin.
21. The rating scale for the severity and the prognosis of tetanus is described below.
•Score 1 point for each of the following:
•Incubation period less than 7 days
•Period of onset less than 48 hours
•Acquired from burns, surgical wounds, compound fractures, or septic
abortion
•Narcotic addiction
•Generalized tetanus
•Temperature greater than 104°F (40°C)
•Tachycardia greater than 120 beats per minute (>150 beats per min in
neonates)
•Total score indicates the severity and the prognosis as follows:
•Score of 0-1 indicates mild severity with less than a 10% mortality
rate.
•Score of 2-3 indicates moderate severity with a 10-20% mortality rate.
•Score of 4 indicates severe tetanus with a 20-40% mortality rate.
•Score of 5-6 indicates very severe tetanus with greater than a 50%
mortality rate. (http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic3038.htm)
Phillips, Dakar,. Udwadia Score
23. Spores are extremely stable,although
immersion in boiling water for 15 minutes
kills most spores. Exposure to saturated
steam under 15 lbs.of pressure for 15-20
minutes at 121°c is highly effective against
spores . Sterilization by dry heat is slower
than by moist heat (1 -3 hrs at 160 °C),but
it is also effective against spores. Ethylene
oxide sterilization is also sporocidal.
24. Fumigation
• Sterilization of operation theatre
• 500 ml of formaline, 200gms of
Pot.permanganate/30 cu.meters of space
• All windows and doors are closed except one
• Fissures between the panels of the doors and
windows are closed with adhesive tape
• After 12 hours the doors and windows are opened
and the theatre is aired for 24 hours before
decommissioning it
25. • Active Immunization
• Passive Immunization
• Active and passive Immunization
• Antibiotics
26. • Tetanus toxoid was developed by Descombey in
1924,
• Tetanus toxoid immunizations were used extensively
in the armed services during World War II.
• Tetanus toxoid consists of a formaldehyde-treated
toxin.
• There are two types of toxoid available —adsorbed
(aluminum salt precipitated)toxoid and fluid toxoid.
• Although the rates of seroconversion are about
equal,the adsorbed toxoid is preferred because the
antitoxin response reaches higher titers and is longer
lasting than that following the fluid toxoid.
TETANUS TOXOID
27. Tetanus Toxoid Adsorbed USP,for intramuscular use,is a sterile
suspension of alum-precipitated (aluminum potassium sulfate)toxoid
in an isotonic sodium chloride solution containing sodium phosphate
buffer to control pH.The vaccine,after shaking,is a turbid
liquid,whitish-gray in color.
Clostridium tetani culture is grown in a peptone-based medium and
detoxified with formaldehyde.The detoxified material is then purified
by serial ammonium sulfate fractionation,followed by sterile
filtration,and the toxoid is adsorbed to aluminum potassium sulfate
(alum).The adsorbed toxoid is diluted with physiological saline
solution (0.85%)and thimerosal (a mercury derivative)is added to a
final concentration of 1:10,000.
Each 0.5 mL dose is formulated to contain 5 Lf (flocculation units)of
tetanus toxoid and not more than 0.25 mg of aluminum.
The residual formaldehyde content,by assay,is less than 0.02%.The
tetanus toxoid induces at least 2 units of antitoxin per mL in the
guinea pig potency test.
29. Passive Immunization
1. ATS(equine) Ig- 1500 IU/s.c after
sensitivity test
(or)
2. ATS(human) Ig- 250-500 IU, no
anaphylactic shock, very safe and
costly.
30. Immunization requires at least three doses of
Td.
1st
dose should be administered on the First
visit
2nd
dose 4 – 8 weeks after the first dose of Td
and 3rd dose after 6 months of the second
Td.
A booster dose of Td should be repeated
every 10 years throughout life
Persons Seven Years of Age or Older Who
Have Not Been Immunized
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37. The Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus
elimination initiative was launched by
UNICEF, WHO and UNFPA in 1999,
revitalizing the goal of MNT elimination
as a public health problem - defined as
less than one case of neonatal tetanus
per 1000 live births in every district of
every country
38.
39.
40. •Maternal tetanus, defined as tetanus occurring
during pregnancy or within 6 weeks after any type of
pregnancy termination, is one of the most easily
preventable causes of maternal mortality.
•It includes postpartum or puerperal tetanus
(i) postpartum or puerperal tetanus, usually resulting
from septic procedures during delivery,
(ii) postabortal tetanus, following septic maneuvers
during induced abortion
and (iii) tetanus during pregnancy, generally
resulting from inoculation through a nongenital
portal of entry
41. •Neonatal tetanus (NNT), a disease preventable by immunization,
is a major problem and a leading cause of neonatal mortality.
•It is easily preventable by 2 tetanus toxoid injections and ‘5
cleans’ while conducting deliveries.
• 2 major programs are in operation for the prevention of NNT in
the country –
•the immunization of pregnant women with tetanus toxoid vaccine
(TT) under the expanded program on immunization (EPI)
•and the training of dais under the rural health program.
•NNT will be prevented if the women and the dais (who are still
associated with almost 70-75% of the deliveries in many areas
with high NNT mortality rates) are convinced of the need for TT
vaccination during the antenatal period and practice the basic
principles of cutting cord and keeping the umbilical stump free of
unclean dressings.
42.
43. Elimination of Neo natal tetanus
1. High risk district:
a) Neo natal death rate > 1/1000 live births
b) 2 doses of tetanus toxoid coverage < 70%
c) Deliveries attended by trained dais < 50%
2. Medium risk district:
a) Neo natal death rate < 1 / 1000 live births
b) 2 doses of tetanus toxoid coverage> 70%
c) Deliveries attended by dais > 50%
3. Low risk district:
a) NNT <0.1/1000 Live Birth
b) 2 Doses of T.T Coverage >90%
c) Delivery attended by Trained Dais >75%
44. PREVENTION OF NEONATAL
TETANUS
• 2 doses of T.T to all pregnant women between 16
to 36 weeks of pregnancy with an interval of 1 to
2 months between the two doses.
• The first dose as early as possible & the second
dose a month later preferably 3 weeks before
delivery.
• If the pregnant woman is previously immunized, a
booster dose is sufficient.
• If the pregnant woman is not immunized, then the
new born should be protected against tetanus by
giving tetanus human immunoglobulin 750 IU
with in 6 hours of birth.
45.
46. REFERENCE
• http://www.medindia.net/health_statistics/diseases/tetanusTet
anus J J Farrara b
, L M Yenc
, T Cookd
, N Fairweathere
, N Binhc
,
J Parrya b
, C M Parrya b
• http://www.who.int/immunization_monitoring/diseases/Tetan
us_map_cases.jpg
• Txt book of preventive and social medicine 18 th edition by
K.PARK
• Text book of community medicine by T. Bhaskar Rao
• Management and Prevention of Tetanus
• Richard F.Edlich,MD PhD,?Lisa G..Hill,?Chandra
A..Mahler, 툺 ary Jude Cox,MD,?Daniel G..Becker MD,?Jed
H..Horowitz,MD 4 Larry S.Nichter MD MS,4 Marcus
L.Martin,MD 5 &William C.Lineweaver MD6
. www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/tettoxpi.htm - 22k
. Manson’s Tropical diseases 21 st edition