A 5-day-old newborn presented with generalized body stiffness, inability to suck, and fever. The baby was delivered at home by a traditional birth attendant, and the umbilical cord was cut with an unsterile instrument. On examination, the baby had generalized spasms triggered by stimuli, locked jaw, tense abdomen, and an infected umbilical cord. The diagnosis was neonatal tetanus. Neonatal tetanus results from infection of Clostridium tetani spores in the umbilical stump of newborns without protective immunity from unimmunized mothers. Management involves wound cleaning, antibiotics, antitoxin, sedation, feeding via NG tube, and supportive care
This presentation was done by Dr. Julius P. Kessy,MD. An intern Doctor at Dodoma Regional Referral Hospital (DRRH) during pediatrics unit clinical meeting and supervised by Dr. Christina K. Galabawa,MD,Mmed2, Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Dodoma (UDOM) in November, 2017.
This presentation focuses on Acute Bacterial Meningitis.
Viral and fungal cause is mentioned but focus is on bacterial meningitis in Pediatrics Patient.
Feel free to correct if there is any error.
Refer to other reference books for clarity.
Neonatal tetanus by Dr Afuye Olubunmi OlusolaAlade Olubunmi
Neonatal tetanus is an infectious disease caused by contamination of wounds from the bacteria Clostridium tetani, or the spores they produce that live in the soil, and animal faeces.
Tetanus Presentation
77 slides
Including drip rates of muscle relaxants
PDF : http://www.mediafire.com/download/k00ciibf73d7y6p/
For more, visit www.medicalgeek.com
This presentation was done by Dr. Julius P. Kessy,MD. An intern Doctor at Dodoma Regional Referral Hospital (DRRH) during pediatrics unit clinical meeting and supervised by Dr. Christina K. Galabawa,MD,Mmed2, Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Dodoma (UDOM) in November, 2017.
This presentation focuses on Acute Bacterial Meningitis.
Viral and fungal cause is mentioned but focus is on bacterial meningitis in Pediatrics Patient.
Feel free to correct if there is any error.
Refer to other reference books for clarity.
Neonatal tetanus by Dr Afuye Olubunmi OlusolaAlade Olubunmi
Neonatal tetanus is an infectious disease caused by contamination of wounds from the bacteria Clostridium tetani, or the spores they produce that live in the soil, and animal faeces.
Tetanus Presentation
77 slides
Including drip rates of muscle relaxants
PDF : http://www.mediafire.com/download/k00ciibf73d7y6p/
For more, visit www.medicalgeek.com
Kayachkitsa – Fever Part 2 -- By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
• This PPT includes most useful Information of Topic Fever ,which is syllabus Topic from Kayachikitsa syllabus of 4th BAMS . Paper 1 Part B --- Fever.This PPT includes Types of Fevers like 1) Infuenza
• 2) Mumps 3) Tetanus 4) Yellow Fever 5) Plague 6) Anthrax
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Phone – 9226810630
Tetanus is explained in very simple wording and style by the help of a scenario. Easy to memorize and present due to related pictures. Helpful for medical students, and knowledge seekers.
Tetanus |Causes | Signs and symptoms| All aspects - medical discussion martinshaji
this is a brief study regarding almost all aspects of tetanus .Tetanus is a condition caused by a nerve toxin produced by the bacteria Clostridium tetani, which may also cause fatal condition too.
please comment
thank you
IT IS UPLOADED TO HELP NURSING AND PARAMEDICS EDUCATOR TO TEACH THEIR STUDENTS REGARDING NEW BORN CARE. IT ALSO HELPS TO CREATE AWARENESS AMONG GENERAL PUBLIC ABOUT THE NEW BORN CARE.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
2. Case presentationCase presentation
A 5 days old newborn presented to nurseryA 5 days old newborn presented to nursery
with complaints of:with complaints of:
1.1. Generalized body stiffness.Generalized body stiffness.
2.2. Unable to suck.Unable to suck.
3.3. FeverFever
3. Case presentationCase presentation
The baby was delivered through NVD inThe baby was delivered through NVD in
home by a dai ,and the umbilicus was cuthome by a dai ,and the umbilicus was cut
by some instrument present in the home.by some instrument present in the home.
Some medicine & ghee was applied to itSome medicine & ghee was applied to it
after cutting.after cutting.
The mother was not vaccinated againstThe mother was not vaccinated against
any disease during pregnancy.any disease during pregnancy.
4. Case presentationCase presentation
On Examination:On Examination:
1.1. Generalized body spasms, precipitatedGeneralized body spasms, precipitated
by sound, touch, light & procedures suchby sound, touch, light & procedures such
as IV cannulation.as IV cannulation.
2.2. Lock jaw.Lock jaw.
3.3. Tense abdomenTense abdomen
4.4. Umbilicus contaminated with soil & bloodUmbilicus contaminated with soil & blood
7. DefinitionDefinition
Tetanus is acuteTetanus is acute
spastic paralyticspastic paralytic
illness historicallyillness historically
called LOCK JAWcalled LOCK JAW
that is caused by thethat is caused by the
neurotoxin producedneurotoxin produced
by Clostridium tetani.by Clostridium tetani.
8. Etiology of TetanusEtiology of Tetanus
The primary cause ofThe primary cause of
Neonatal tetanus isNeonatal tetanus is
the result of:the result of:
Infection with C-Infection with C-
Tetani, a motile, gramTetani, a motile, gram
positive, sporepositive, spore
forming obligateforming obligate
anaerobe, present inanaerobe, present in
soil, house dust andsoil, house dust and
animal feces.animal feces.
9. Etiology of TetanusEtiology of Tetanus
Tetanus occurs after introduced sporesTetanus occurs after introduced spores
germinate, multiply, and produce tetanusgerminate, multiply, and produce tetanus
toxin at the infected injury site.toxin at the infected injury site.
The incubation period is usually 2-14The incubation period is usually 2-14
days.days.
Tetanus toxin binds at the neuromuscularTetanus toxin binds at the neuromuscular
junction and enters the motor nerve byjunction and enters the motor nerve by
endocytosis after which it undergoesendocytosis after which it undergoes
retrograde axonal transport to theretrograde axonal transport to the
cytoplasm of motoneurons.cytoplasm of motoneurons.
10. Etiology of TetanusEtiology of Tetanus
The toxin exits the motoneurons in theThe toxin exits the motoneurons in the
spinal cord and next enters adjacentspinal cord and next enters adjacent
spinal inhibitory interneurons.spinal inhibitory interneurons.
It prevents release of the inhibitoryIt prevents release of the inhibitory
neurotransmitters glycine and GABA.neurotransmitters glycine and GABA.
The autonomic nervous system is alsoThe autonomic nervous system is also
rendered unstable in tetanus.rendered unstable in tetanus.
11. TypesTypes
The disease can show 4 possible types:The disease can show 4 possible types:
-Generalized tetanus can affect all skeletal muscles. It is-Generalized tetanus can affect all skeletal muscles. It is
the most common as well as the most severe form of thethe most common as well as the most severe form of the
four types.four types.
- Local tetanus manifests with muscle spasms at or near- Local tetanus manifests with muscle spasms at or near
the wound that has been infected with the bacteria.the wound that has been infected with the bacteria.
-Cephalic tetanus primarily affects one or several-Cephalic tetanus primarily affects one or several
muscles in the face rapidly (in one to two days) aftermuscles in the face rapidly (in one to two days) after
a head injury or ear infection. Trismus ("lockjaw") maya head injury or ear infection. Trismus ("lockjaw") may
occur. The disease can easily progress to generalizedoccur. The disease can easily progress to generalized
tetanus.tetanus.
-Neonatal tetanus is similar to generalized tetanus-Neonatal tetanus is similar to generalized tetanus
except that it affects a baby that is less than 1 month oldexcept that it affects a baby that is less than 1 month old
(called a neonate).(called a neonate).
12. 1212
Neonatal tetanusNeonatal tetanus
is a form of generalized tetanus that occurs inis a form of generalized tetanus that occurs in
newborn babies. Neonatal tetanus occurs innewborn babies. Neonatal tetanus occurs in
infants born without protective passive immunity,infants born without protective passive immunity,
because the mother is not immune.because the mother is not immune.
It usually occurs through infection of theIt usually occurs through infection of the
unhealed umbilical stump, particularly when theunhealed umbilical stump, particularly when the
stump is cut with an unsterile instrument.stump is cut with an unsterile instrument.
Neonatal tetanus is common in some developingNeonatal tetanus is common in some developing
countries (estimated >270,000 deaths worldwidecountries (estimated >270,000 deaths worldwide
per year)per year)
13. Neonatal tetanusNeonatal tetanus
In 2012, in our department of Pediatrics,In 2012, in our department of Pediatrics,
Total 38 neonates were admitted withTotal 38 neonates were admitted with
tetanus neonatorum.tetanus neonatorum.
Out of them, 24 died and 14 survived.Out of them, 24 died and 14 survived.
Mortality rate was 63%.Mortality rate was 63%.
14. 1414
Neonatal tetanusNeonatal tetanus
Neonatal tetanus presents most oftenNeonatal tetanus presents most often
about the seventh day of life with a shortabout the seventh day of life with a short
history of failure to feed. Spasms arehistory of failure to feed. Spasms are
typical but the diagnosis can be mistakentypical but the diagnosis can be mistaken
for meningitis or sepsis .for meningitis or sepsis .
16. Clinical feaClinical fea tures of neonataltures of neonatal
tetanustetanus
Usually symptoms begins 3-10 days afterUsually symptoms begins 3-10 days after
birth and pattern is generalized.birth and pattern is generalized.
Initial symptom is failure to suck andInitial symptom is failure to suck and
inability to open the mouth known asinability to open the mouth known as
trismus or lockjaw.trismus or lockjaw.
Spasm of the facial muscles immobilizesSpasm of the facial muscles immobilizes
the jaw and produces a fixed sardonic grinthe jaw and produces a fixed sardonic grin
called risus sardonicuscalled risus sardonicus
17. Clinical feaClinical fea tures of neonataltures of neonatal
tetanustetanus
With in 12-24 hours after the 1With in 12-24 hours after the 1stst
symptom,symptom,
generalized tonic muscular convulsionsgeneralized tonic muscular convulsions
occur producing flexion & adduction of theoccur producing flexion & adduction of the
arms, clenching of fists & extension of thearms, clenching of fists & extension of the
lower extremities.lower extremities.
Initially spasms are mild but later becomeInitially spasms are mild but later become
severe with spasms of the glottis &severe with spasms of the glottis &
respiratory muscles.respiratory muscles.
18. Clinical feaClinical fea tures of neonataltures of neonatal
tetanustetanus
Abdominal muscles become rigid andAbdominal muscles become rigid and
spasms of the muscles of the back mayspasms of the muscles of the back may
result in opisthotonus.result in opisthotonus.
Spasms may be precipitated by touch,Spasms may be precipitated by touch,
noise or bright light.noise or bright light.
Baby remains conscious and allert.Baby remains conscious and allert.
19. ManagementManagement
The aims of treatment are:The aims of treatment are:
Remove the source of exotoxinRemove the source of exotoxin
Neutralize the remaining circulating toxinsNeutralize the remaining circulating toxins
Provide supportive care until toxin isProvide supportive care until toxin is
metabolized.metabolized.
20. ManagementManagement
Specific measures:Specific measures:
Washing and debridment of the infectedWashing and debridment of the infected
site, and administeration of antibioticssite, and administeration of antibiotics
such as Benzyl penicillin or Metronidazole.such as Benzyl penicillin or Metronidazole.
Anti-toxinAnti-toxin
1)Anti-tetanus serum -(50,000-100,000 U)1)Anti-tetanus serum -(50,000-100,000 U)
2)Human tetanus immunoglobulin (3000-2)Human tetanus immunoglobulin (3000-
6000 u)6000 u)
23. ManagementManagement
Nursing care:Nursing care:
Clean the umbilicus/woundClean the umbilicus/wound
Isolate the baby in dark silent roomIsolate the baby in dark silent room
Change the postureChange the posture
Cardiorespiratory monitoringCardiorespiratory monitoring
25. ComplicationsComplications
Aspiration pneumoniaAspiration pneumonia
Lacerations of mouth & tongueLacerations of mouth & tongue
Intramuscular hematomas orIntramuscular hematomas or
rhabdomyolysis leading to hemoglobinuriarhabdomyolysis leading to hemoglobinuria
& renal failure.& renal failure.
Vertebral fractures.Vertebral fractures.
Decubitus ulcerations.Decubitus ulcerations.
Autonomic disturbances.Autonomic disturbances.
26. PreventionPrevention
Immunize the mother during pregnancyImmunize the mother during pregnancy
Clean & safe deliveryClean & safe delivery
Care of umbilical cordCare of umbilical cord
Avoid early circumcission in male babies.Avoid early circumcission in male babies.
Immunize the baby after disease.Immunize the baby after disease.
Training of daisTraining of dais
27. PrognosisPrognosis
Fatality rate mainly depends upon qualityFatality rate mainly depends upon quality
of supportive care.of supportive care.
Main causes of death are respiratoryMain causes of death are respiratory
failure and pneumonia.failure and pneumonia.
MR is 60% or more for neonatal tetanus &MR is 60% or more for neonatal tetanus &
20-50% in children.20-50% in children.
28. Good prognostic factorsGood prognostic factors
Incubation period moreIncubation period more
than 8-10 days.than 8-10 days.
Progression longer thanProgression longer than
60 hrs.60 hrs.
Absence of fever.Absence of fever.
Local disease.Local disease.
Survival for 10 days.Survival for 10 days.
29. Poor prognostic factorsPoor prognostic factors
Duration betweenDuration between
injury and onset ofinjury and onset of
trismus less than 7trismus less than 7
days.days.
Duration betweenDuration between
trismus and the onsettrismus and the onset
of generalized tetanicof generalized tetanic
spasms less than 3spasms less than 3
days.days.