Measles
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A 2-year old boy presents with fever, cough, runny nose and sticky eyes for 4 days. He has now developed a rash around his ears and hairline that is spreading over his body. He is lethargic. Measles is diagnosed based on clinical presentation and history of contact. Measles is highly contagious and caused by an RNA virus. Complications can include encephalitis, eye issues, ear infections and pneumonia. Treatment is supportive with antipyretics, fluids and antibiotics for secondary infections. Prevention involves vaccination at 6-9 months which provides 95% protection.
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Measles is a highly infectious disease of childhood caused by Measles virus. It is characterized by fever, catarrhal symptoms of the upper respiratory tract infections followed by typical rash.
Measles is defined as an acute and highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, runny nose, cough, red eyes and a spreading skin rash.
Causative agent: Rubeola virus, a RNA virus of paramyxoviridae family
Reservoir: Human
Source: Infected Human
Period of Communicability: Approximately 4 days prior and 4 days after the appearance of the rash
Mode of Transmission:
Airborne transmission(virus remains active and contagious in the air or on infected surfaces for up to 2 hours)
Droplet transmission i.e. it is spread by coughing and sneezing, close personal contact or direct contact with infected nasal or throat secretions
Portal of entry: Respiratory tract and Conjunctiva
Incubation Period: 10-15 days
Host:
Children between age of 1 and 5 years
Older children
Malnourished children
Environment: Winter and spring month ,Low socio-economic status .
Clinical manifestations of measles are in three stages:
STAGE 1: Prodromal/ Catarrhal Stage:
starts after 10 days of infection and lasts up to 3-5 days-
- Fever
- Malaise
- Coryza
- Sneezing
- Nasal Discharge
- Brassy Cough
- Redness of eye
- Lacrimation
- Photophobia
- Lymphadenopathy
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Koplik spot – grayish or bluish white spots, fine tiny grain like papules on a faint red base, smaller than the head of pin.
- Spots appear before the appearance of rash
- Found on buccal mucosa opposite to first and second molar
- Usually disappear after the rash, appears a day
Stage 2: Eruptive Stage:
- Typical irregular dusky red macular or maculopapular rash found behind the ears and face first, usually 3-5 days after the onset of disease
- Then it spread to neck, trunk, limbs, palms and soles in the next 3-4 days.
- Anorexia
-Malaise
-Cervical lymphadenopathy
-Fever and rash usually disappear in 4-5 days in the same order of appearance
- Fine shedding of superficial skin of face, trunk and limbs leaving brownish discoloration that persists 2 months or more
Stage 3: Convalescent or Post- Measles Stage:
-Fever and rash disappear
-Child remains sick for number of days and lose weight
- Gradual deterioration into chronic illnesses due to bacterial or viral infections, nutritional and metabolic disturbances or other complications.
prevention- Active Immunization with live attenuated vaccines 0.5 ml subcutaneously in single dose at 9-12 months of age.
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The document discusses several infectious diseases including measles, rubella, chickenpox, diphtheria, meningitis, and dengue hemorrhagic fever. It provides details on the causative agents, modes of transmission, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment for each disease. For dengue hemorrhagic fever specifically, it notes that reported cases in the Philippines were over 24,000 lower in 2011 compared to the previous year, with fewer deaths. Prevention strategies discussed include immunization and controlling the mosquito vector.
Genus morbillivirus
Measles virus is an enveloped virus that causes the highly contagious disease measles. It enters the body through respiratory secretions and multiplies locally before spreading systemically. This causes a characteristic rash and other symptoms. Laboratory diagnosis involves detecting viral antigens, isolating the virus, or detecting antibodies. Vaccination with live attenuated vaccines provides effective long-term protection against measles.
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Measles .pptx
This document discusses measles, an acute viral infection characterized by a maculopapular rash. It covers the etiology (measles virus), epidemiology (endemic worldwide, peak incidence in children 5-10 years old), transmission (highly contagious via respiratory droplets), clinical features (incubation 10-12 days, prodrome of fever and cough, pathognomonic Koplik's spots, spreading rash), diagnosis (clinical features or measles IgM antibodies), and differential diagnosis (must be differentiated from other rashes). Measles is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in developing countries.
Measles .pptx
This document discusses measles, an acute viral infection characterized by a maculopapular rash. It covers the etiology (measles virus), epidemiology (endemic worldwide, high transmission rate), clinical features (incubation 10-12 days, prodrome of fever and cough, pathognomonic Koplik's spots, spreading rash), diagnosis (clinical features, IgM antibodies, virus isolation), and differentiation from other rash-causing illnesses. Measles is highly contagious and can cause severe illness or death, especially in malnourished or unvaccinated children.
Infectious diseases in children
This document provides an overview of several common viral infections, including measles, rubella, roseola infantum, mumps, pertussis, chickenpox, and hepatitis. For each infection, it discusses the causative agent, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, complications, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Key details are provided about the transmission, symptoms and public health importance of controlling these infectious diseases.
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Measles
Measles is a highly contagious viral illness that spreads through the air. It begins with fever, runny nose, cough, red eyes, and small white spots inside the mouth. A rash develops 3-7 days later that spreads from the face to the rest of the body. While most people recover without complications, measles can sometimes cause pneumonia, brain swelling, or even death. The measles virus is preventable through vaccination with the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine.
Fever and rash by Dr.Uma
This document discusses diseases that present with fever and rash, focusing on measles, rubella, and hand, foot, and mouth disease. It describes the etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of each condition. Measles is caused by a specific RNA virus and presents with a maculopapular rash. Rubella rash appears as pinpoint lesions and is generally milder than measles. Hand, foot, and mouth disease is common in children under 10 and caused by intestinal viruses, presenting with sores in the mouth and a non-itchy rash on the hands and feet.
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- 1. MEASLES Dr. Zaid Bin Tariq Paeds Unit 1 AHF
- 2. CASE: • A 2 year old boy presents with fever, cough, blocked runny nose(coryza) and sticky eyes (conjuctivitis) for 4 days. Now, he has developed a maculopapular rash around his ears and hairline. Rash is continuing to spread over most of his body. He is lethargic for the last 5 days. On examination, temperature is 104 ‘’F. There is no respiratory distress but he is coughing. Pharynx is red. He has conjunctivitis.
- 3. ORGANISM: • Measles is an RNA virus. • Present in Nasopharyngeal secretions, Blood and urine during the prodromal stage for short time. • Highly contagious.
- 4. CLINICAL STAGES: • Incubation Stage. • Prodromal Stage / Catarrhal stage. • Maculopapular rash Stage.
- 5. • Incubation period is 10-12 days. • Prodromal stage Koplik spot and Mild Symptoms. • Prodromal phase usually last 3-5 days and is characterized by high fever and lassitude, which persists and is accompanied by cough , coryza and conjunctivitis over next 3 days. • These almost always precede Koplik spots,which are present on intensely red base on the buccal mucosa and tend to occur opposite the lower molars.They disappear within 12-18 hours. posterior cervical lymphadenopathy may accompany these early manifestation. this phase is also called catarrhal phase.
- 6. MACULOPAPULAR STAGE: • Temperature rises abruptly and reaches 104’-105’F. • The rash usually starts as faint macules on the face behind the ears and along the hairline. • The lesions become increasingly maculopapular as the rash spreads to the trunk and limbs. • As it finally reaches the legs and feet on the second or third day it begins to fade on the face. • The fading of rash proceeds downwards in the same sequence as its appearance. • Posterior cervical lymphadenopathy may be present. • There may be abdominal pain due to mesenteric lymphadenopathy.
- 7. Koplik’s Spot Maculopapular Rash
- 8. COMPLICATIONS: • Encephalitis Encephalitis SSPE • Eye • Otitis Media • Respiratory system Giant cell pneumonia Pneumonia (Bacterial) • Heart • GIT complications • Hemorrhagic (black) measles • Thrombocytopenia • Miscellaneous
- 9. DIAGNOSIS: • Diagnosis is primarily clinical. • History of contact with the patient of measles can usually be elicited. • Diagnosis the prodromal stage, multinucleated giant cells can.be demonstrated in smears of nasal mucosa. • Virus can be isolated in tissue culture or antibody titer can be detected in serum.. • White blood cell count is low with relative lymphocytosis. • Lumbar puncture in encephalitis shows an increase in protein and a small increase in lymphocytes.
- 10. TREATMENT: • Treatment is mainly supportive. • Good nursing care is essential. • There is no specific antiviral therapy. • Antipyretics for high fever, relief of cough, maintenance of clear nasal passages, sedatives, bed rest and adequate fluid intake are essential. • Humidification of the room may relieve the irritating cough by making the room comfortably warm. • Bacterial superinfections should be treated with antimicrobial therapy. • Vitamin A • Once daily for two days. • 200,00 IU (for children 12 months of age or older) • 100,000 IU for infants 6 months through 11 months of age. • 50,000 IU for infants younger than 6 months of age. • In Children with sign and symptoms of vitamin A deficiency, a 3rd dose according to age is recommended 2- 4 weeks after the 2nd dose.
- 11. SSPE • CASE: A 10 year old boy presents with deteriorating school performance and psychological withdrawal for last 8 months. There are episodes of abnormal behavior. On examination, he has hypertonia, sluggish reflexes and myoclonic jerks. There is suppression burst pattern on EEG.
- 12. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: • Measles • Scarlet fever • Kawasaki disease • Meningococcemia • Rubella • Drug Rash
- 13. PREVENTION: Pre Exposure: • Attenuated measles vaccine gives 95% of protection • Immunity appears to be life long • Attenuated vaccine should be administered at 6-9 months Post Exposure: • If vaccine is given up to 3 days after exposure to natural disease It can be prevented • If exposure has occurred , then measles immune globulin 0.25ml/kg and vaccinate 6-8 weeks later