Superbug (Pseudomonas putida)
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Super bug
This document summarizes a presentation about a genetically engineered microorganism called a "super bug" developed to degrade hydrocarbons in petroleum waste. The super bug was constructed by Anand Chakrabarty et al. in 1979 through conjugative transfer of plasmids containing genes from Pseudomonas putida strains that degrade various hydrocarbons like camphor, octane, xylene, and naphthalenes. This created a strain with three plasmids allowing it to break down multiple pollutants. The super bug was selected and mass cultured, then used to treat oil spills by applying inoculated straw to spread the bacteria and degrade the oil over time.
Media for industrial fermentation
Media for industrial fermentation process, substrates used as carbon, nitrogen sources, growth factors, inducers
Degradative plasmids & superbug for oil spills
The document discusses the development of a "superbug" bacterium for oil spill cleanup. It describes how researchers genetically engineered Pseudomonas putida by transferring plasmids containing genes for degrading various hydrocarbons. This created a strain that could break down compounds like camphor, octane, xylene and naphthalene. The superbug was the first genetically engineered microorganism to be patented. While genetically engineered microbes show promise for bioremediation, they also risk disturbing ecosystems if released.
Screening of industrial microorganisms
This document discusses screening techniques used to isolate microorganisms of interest from a population. It describes primary screening as an initial process to discard many non-useful microbes while detecting a small percentage that may have industrial applications. Secondary screening further tests the capabilities of these isolated microorganisms to determine their real potential value. Some primary screening techniques mentioned include using crowded plates, detecting organic acid production, and screening for antibiotic production. The document also discusses improving crowded plate techniques and the goals and approaches of secondary screening to evaluate a microorganism's potential for industrial use.
Screening
This document summarizes screening techniques for industrially important microorganisms. It discusses primary and secondary screening. Primary screening involves isolating microorganisms of interest from environmental samples using selective media and techniques like dye indicators or crowded plates. Secondary screening further evaluates isolates for commercial value by identifying useful metabolites and determining optimal growth conditions. Examples provided are screening for organic acid, antibiotic, and extracellular metabolite producers. Secondary screening of antibiotic-producing Streptomyces involves measuring inhibition zones against test organisms.
Application of computer in fermentation
This document summarizes the application of computers in fermentation. It discusses the initial use of computers in the 1960s for modeling fermentation processes. Computers are now used for logging process data, analyzing the data, and controlling fermentation processes. Sensors are used to monitor important factors like temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and mineral/nutrient levels to provide data inputs for computer control and modeling of fermentation.
Microbial polysaccharides
Polysaccharides produced by microorganism during their growth and especially at the stationary phase of growth when there is excess of carbon source in the medium.
High molecular weight carbohydrate polymers mainly produced by bacteria and fungi.
Microbial polysaccharides are of two types:
Storage polysaccharides like glycogen, inulin etc.
Exopolysaccarides like xanthans, dextrans, levans which are secreted by the cells.
Media formulation
This document discusses the key components required for microbial growth and fermentation, including carbon, nitrogen, minerals, vitamins and oxygen. It outlines the goals of optimizing fermentation media to maximize product yield while minimizing undesirable byproducts. Finally, it examines various carbon sources, nitrogen sources, minerals, trace elements and antifoaming agents used in fermentation media formulation.
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Super bug
This document summarizes a presentation about a genetically engineered microorganism called a "super bug" developed to degrade hydrocarbons in petroleum waste. The super bug was constructed by Anand Chakrabarty et al. in 1979 through conjugative transfer of plasmids containing genes from Pseudomonas putida strains that degrade various hydrocarbons like camphor, octane, xylene, and naphthalenes. This created a strain with three plasmids allowing it to break down multiple pollutants. The super bug was selected and mass cultured, then used to treat oil spills by applying inoculated straw to spread the bacteria and degrade the oil over time.
Media for industrial fermentation
Media for industrial fermentation process, substrates used as carbon, nitrogen sources, growth factors, inducers
Degradative plasmids & superbug for oil spills
The document discusses the development of a "superbug" bacterium for oil spill cleanup. It describes how researchers genetically engineered Pseudomonas putida by transferring plasmids containing genes for degrading various hydrocarbons. This created a strain that could break down compounds like camphor, octane, xylene and naphthalene. The superbug was the first genetically engineered microorganism to be patented. While genetically engineered microbes show promise for bioremediation, they also risk disturbing ecosystems if released.
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This document discusses screening techniques used to isolate microorganisms of interest from a population. It describes primary screening as an initial process to discard many non-useful microbes while detecting a small percentage that may have industrial applications. Secondary screening further tests the capabilities of these isolated microorganisms to determine their real potential value. Some primary screening techniques mentioned include using crowded plates, detecting organic acid production, and screening for antibiotic production. The document also discusses improving crowded plate techniques and the goals and approaches of secondary screening to evaluate a microorganism's potential for industrial use.
Screening
This document summarizes screening techniques for industrially important microorganisms. It discusses primary and secondary screening. Primary screening involves isolating microorganisms of interest from environmental samples using selective media and techniques like dye indicators or crowded plates. Secondary screening further evaluates isolates for commercial value by identifying useful metabolites and determining optimal growth conditions. Examples provided are screening for organic acid, antibiotic, and extracellular metabolite producers. Secondary screening of antibiotic-producing Streptomyces involves measuring inhibition zones against test organisms.
Application of computer in fermentation
This document summarizes the application of computers in fermentation. It discusses the initial use of computers in the 1960s for modeling fermentation processes. Computers are now used for logging process data, analyzing the data, and controlling fermentation processes. Sensors are used to monitor important factors like temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and mineral/nutrient levels to provide data inputs for computer control and modeling of fermentation.
Microbial polysaccharides
Polysaccharides produced by microorganism during their growth and especially at the stationary phase of growth when there is excess of carbon source in the medium.
High molecular weight carbohydrate polymers mainly produced by bacteria and fungi.
Microbial polysaccharides are of two types:
Storage polysaccharides like glycogen, inulin etc.
Exopolysaccarides like xanthans, dextrans, levans which are secreted by the cells.
Media formulation
This document discusses the key components required for microbial growth and fermentation, including carbon, nitrogen, minerals, vitamins and oxygen. It outlines the goals of optimizing fermentation media to maximize product yield while minimizing undesirable byproducts. Finally, it examines various carbon sources, nitrogen sources, minerals, trace elements and antifoaming agents used in fermentation media formulation.
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Batch, fedbatch and continuous fermentation
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- The methylase and restriction enzyme of a bacterial species together form the restriction-modification system, with the methylase protecting the host DNA.
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1. The seminar discusses developing transgenic plants resistant to insects through the transfer of resistance genes from microorganisms, higher plants, and animals into crop plants.
2. Major objectives of plant biotechnology are to develop plants resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses. Resistance to insects has been achieved by introducing genes encoding Bt toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis and other insecticidal proteins.
3. Useful genes have been isolated from microbes like B. thuringiensis, higher plants like beans and tobacco, and animals like mammals. These genes have been successfully used to engineer insect-resistant crops like cotton, potato, tomato, and tobacco.
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Modified M13 vectors have a large number of cloning sites which allow for insertion of foreign DNA. These vectors are derived from the M13 bacteriophage and are commonly used for DNA sequencing, mapping and mutagenesis experiments in molecular biology research. The document appears to be a seminar topic submission about using the M13 phage for biotechnology applications.
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The document discusses strain improvement, which is the process of manipulating microbial strains to enhance their metabolic capacities. The main methods discussed are selection of natural variants, induced mutants, and use of recombinant technology. Key characteristics for improving strains are selecting for stability, resistance to infection/components, favorable morphology, and tolerance to low oxygen. The goal is to develop strains that can be used commercially.
Nucleic acid hybridization
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Metagenomics
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Methanogenesis or biomethanation is the formation of methane by microbes known as methanogens. Organisms capable of producing methane have been identified only from the domain Archaea, a group phylogenetically distinct from both eukaryotes and bacteria, although many live in close association with anaerobic bacteria.
Lamda phage
Lambda phage is a bacteriophage that infects E. coli bacteria. It has two life cycles: a lytic cycle and a lysogenic cycle. In the lytic cycle, the phage genome is transferred into the bacterial cell where it replicates and causes the bacterial cell to burst, releasing new phage particles. In the lysogenic cycle, the phage genome integrates into the bacterial chromosome and replicates with the host DNA without killing the cell. The phage can switch between these two cycles depending on environmental conditions inside the infected bacterial cell.
Batch, fedbatch and continuous fermentation
The document discusses different types of fermentation processes including batch, fed-batch, and continuous fermentation. It explains the key characteristics of each type such as whether the system is open or closed, and how substrates and cells are added or removed. The stages of microbial cell growth including lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase, and death phase are also summarized for batch fermentation.
Single cell protein
Single cell protein (SCP) refers to protein extracted from pure cultures of microorganisms like yeast, algae, fungi and bacteria. It can be used as a protein supplement for humans and animals. SCP is produced by growing microorganisms on substrates through fermentation. The microbes are then harvested, processed and treated to isolate and purify the protein. SCP has potential advantages as a sustainable protein source but also risks if toxic microbes or byproducts are consumed.
Single Cell Protein - Slideshare PPT
Single cell proteins (SCP) are dried cells of microorganisms that can be used as protein supplements for humans and animals. SCP production was first commercialized in the 1950s using bacteria cultured on methanol. Common microorganisms used for SCP production include fungi, yeast, algae and bacteria. Production involves selecting a suitable microorganism strain, fermenting it under controlled conditions, harvesting the cells, processing them, and isolating the protein. SCP have potential applications as nutritional supplements, health foods, and animal feed due to their protein and nutrient content.
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Methylases
This document discusses methylases, which are enzymes that add methyl groups to DNA. Specifically:
- Methylases transfer methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine to adenine or cytosine bases within their recognition sequence on DNA. This methylation protects the DNA from restriction endonucleases.
- The methylase and restriction enzyme of a bacterial species together form the restriction-modification system, with the methylase protecting the host DNA.
- Methylases are of interest because methylation of some restriction enzyme recognition sites protects the DNA from being cleaved by that enzyme. This allows study of DNA isolated from strains expressing common methylases like Dam or Dcm.
Development of inoculum buildup
This document discusses the development of inoculum for industrial fermentation processes. It defines inoculum as a mixture of cultured microbes and the media they are growing in. The key steps in inoculum development are preparing a suitable growth media, maintaining optimal pH and nutrient levels, and conducting growth in stepwise increasing volumes. Examples of common inoculum media compositions are provided for vitamin and bacterial insecticide production processes. Developing high quality inoculum is important for efficiently adapting cultures to fermentation conditions.
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This document describes the bacteriophages λ and M13, which are commonly used as cloning vectors. λ phage is a temperate phage that infects E. coli and has a double-stranded linear DNA genome. Its genome is organized into regions that encode proteins for the phage head, tail, and lysogeny/lysis functions. M13 is a filamentous phage with a single-stranded circular genome. Both phages can be modified and used to insert and replicate foreign DNA fragments in E. coli for cloning purposes.
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kieselguhr
Diatomaceous earth
natural pigments
Algal pigments
Phycobiliproteins
Carotenoids
β-Carotene
Lutein
Zexantin
Canthaxantin
Astaxanthin
PUFA
nutraceuticals
Dunaleilla
Biogas
Bio plastic
BIO ELECTRICITY
Algal bulb
Dead Zone
Genetic diversity analysis of Candida sp. using RAPD markers
Candida is a yeast and the most common cause of opportunistic mycoses worldwide.
It is also a frequent colonizer of human skin and mucous membranes.
Mycotoxins Presentation
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi in the plants before or after harvest, which are capable of producing acute or chronic toxic effects (e.g. carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic) on animals and probably on humans at the levels of exposure.
Several mycotoxins in agricultural products cause health hazards to people and animals and economical problem. Dangerous mycotoxins are naturally present in foods, feeds and our environment. They are pathologically classified as hepatotoxins, nephrotoxins, vomitoxin and neuromuscular toxin, some of which are potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic. Aflatoxin, for example, is the most potent hepatocarcinogen and mutagen among mycotoxins.
Modern mycotoxicology began with the discovery of Aflatoxin in the early 1960s as the chemical compound responsible for causing “Turkey X” disease. Over 100,000 turkeys died in the United Kingdom after ingesting feed containing contaminated peanut meal from Brazil. The disaster concerned also ducklings, calves, and pigs.
Toxic syndromes, resulting from the intake of Mycotoxins by man and animals, are known as mycotoxicosis. Although mycotoxicosis caused by mould Claviceps purpurea have been known for a very long time.
Similar to Superbug (Pseudomonas putida) (20)
Physical factors affecting the growth of fungi.pptx
Physical factors affecting the growth of fungi.pptx
Genetic diversity analysis of Candida sp. using RAPD markers
Genetic diversity analysis of Candida sp. using RAPD markers
More from ASWESHVARAN R
Single Cell Proteins
This document discusses single cell proteins (SCP) which are dried microbial cells used as a source of protein for humans and animals. It provides background on SCP, describing how they can help address protein deficiency and meet global protein demand. The document outlines various microorganisms used for SCP production such as algae, fungi, bacteria and yeast. It discusses their protein content, substrates used, and factors considered for large scale production of SCP. The nutritional value and potential health benefits of SCP are also summarized.
Molecular methods
Molecular methods are used to detect viruses that cannot be cultured in vitro by detecting their nucleic acids. Techniques like PCR and nucleic acid-based amplification are used to detect viral genomes. Other techniques include dot blot, Southern blot, Northern blot, and in situ hybridization. Newer techniques include PCR, ligase chain reaction, branched DNA, and nucleic acid-based amplification. Nucleic acid probes are short labeled DNA strands that anneal to complementary target DNA strands through base pairing. Southern blotting separates DNA fragments by size and transfers them to a filter for detection. Northern blotting separates mRNA and transfers it to a filter. Western blotting separates proteins by size and transfers them to a filter for immunodetection.
History of industrial microbiology
The practice of industrial microbiology has its roots in ancient times, when microorganisms were used to produce foods like bread, beer, wine, cheese, and vinegar dating back to 7000 BC. Important developments included the Egyptians discovering yeast could leaven bread around 4000 BC, and distillation of alcoholic spirits originating in China or the Middle East around the 14th century. In the 19th century, Pasteur's work proved the presence of microbes and discredited the theory of spontaneous generation, establishing the field of fermentation microbiology. The history of industrial microbiology is divided into five phases from pre-1900 focusing on products like alcohol to post-1979 utilizing genetic engineering for improved microbial and animal cell strain selection.
Clostridium tetani
C. tetani bacteria can live for years in soil and animal feces. When they enter the body through a wound in anaerobic conditions, they produce a toxin that causes tetanus. The toxin blocks inhibitory neurotransmitters in the spinal cord and brain, leading to painful muscle spasms and contractions. Symptoms include lockjaw, back and abdominal muscle stiffness, facial muscle contractions, and spasms that can interfere with breathing. Tetanus is diagnosed based on symptoms and lab tests can identify the bacteria. Treatment involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria, antitoxin shots to neutralize the toxin, muscle relaxants, and managing breathing. The tetanus vaccine uses a formaldehyde-inactivated toxin and
Nosocomial infection (HAIs)
Any clinical infection that was neither present nor was in its incubation period when the patient is admitted in a hospital. The term "nosocomial" comes from two Greek words: "nosus" meaning "disease" + "komeion" meaning "to take care of." It is now synonymous with hospital-acquired. Other voice called as health-care-associated infections. In the HAIs infection majorly three types of the can are affected, people Immunocompromised patients, Presence of microorganisms in hospital Environment, Transmission of pathogens between staff and patients and among patients. By the pathogens for bacteria, fungi, virus, and several protozoa. Ex. Bacteria is Superbugs (MRSA), Fungi is Aspergillus spp., Protozoa is Sarcoptes scabiei, and the virus is Enteroviruses. Byways of transmission Contact Airborne, Droplet, Vehicle, Vector, and some Surgical instruments disease can spread. In this pathogens and pathogenicity are caused by Average Incidence - 5% to 10%, but maybe up to 28% in ICU, Bacteraemia, Respiratory tract infection, Skin, and soft tissue infection, Surgical infection, Urinary tract infection, Eye infection. Risk factor for the usage of antibiotics and malnutrition of child and old men, immunosuppression. Diagnostic on the microorganisms is an evaluation of symptoms and signs of infection and Direct smear examination Culture Sensitivity testing (Gram staining, H&E staining and etc.). Treatment for the particular infection’s antibiotic, antifungal, and antiviral drugs or therapy. Prevention for HAIs infection in hand wash for visitor and staff, and Proper means of disinfection of patient equipment, then don’t contaminate for one patient to other patients.
Kay word: Nosocomial infection, superbug (MRSA), skin infection, antibiotic, surgical instruments
youtube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCSVrOdp3YGzgQQz682IK_Ow
Bombay blood group
This document discusses the history and science of blood types, including the discovery of antigens and antibodies in blood and their role in determining blood compatibility. It specifically examines the rare Bombay blood type, which can receive blood from any type but can only donate to other Bombay individuals. The document stresses the importance of blood donation and registration to help those with rare blood types.
Plastic Biodegradation
This document discusses biodegradation of plastics like PET and the enzymes that enable this process. It notes that biodegradation is the breakdown of materials by microorganisms like bacteria and fungi. It then discusses the discovery of the PETase enzyme in 2016 in Ideonella sakaiensis bacteria found near a PET bottle recycling site. PETase breaks down PET plastic into MHET and other compounds. A second enzyme, MHETase, then further breaks down MHET into its monomers of terephthalate and ethylene glycol. Research is exploring using these enzymes to aid in the recycling of plastic waste.
Ebola virus
The Ebola virus first appeared in 1976 near the Ebola River in Africa and is a severe and often fatal infectious disease in humans and primates. It causes bleeding inside and outside the body and is transmitted through contact with bodily fluids of infected animals or people. The virus lives in bats and other animals in Africa and people can contract it by handling or eating sick animals. There is no licensed specific treatment for Ebola, though supportive care such as rehydration is given and new drug therapies are being evaluated.
Clostridium botulinum.pdf
Botulism is caused by a toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. The earliest recorded human outbreak was in Germany in 1793. Several nations weaponized botulism toxin beginning in the 1930s. The toxin works by blocking nerve impulses at neuromuscular junctions, causing muscle weakness. Clinical presentation includes blurred/double vision, drooping eyelids, and difficulty swallowing. Treatment focuses on antitoxin administration and supportive care like ventilation until the toxin clears the body.
Clostridium botulinum
Botulism is caused by a toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. The earliest recorded outbreak was in Germany in 1793. Several nations weaponized botulism toxin beginning in the 1930s. The toxin works by blocking nerve impulses at neuromuscular junctions, causing muscle weakness. Clinical presentation includes blurred vision, drooping eyelids, and difficulty swallowing. Treatment focuses on antitoxin administration and supportive care like ventilation until the toxin clears the body.
Blood grouping
- Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1901 through experiments mixing red blood cells and serum between colleagues.
- The Rh blood group system was discovered in 1937 by Landsteiner and Alexander Wiener who believed it involved a similar antigen found in rhesus monkeys.
- Landsteiner's rule states that individuals develop antibodies to ABO blood group antigens that they do not possess, which is critical to understanding blood group compatibility.
More from ASWESHVARAN R (11)
Recently uploaded
SAR of Medicinal Chemistry 1st by dk.pdf
In this presentation include the prototype drug SAR on thus or with their examples .
Syllabus of Second Year B. Pharmacy
2019 PATTERN.
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
原版制作(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
(Work in progress.)
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,kP,Pakistan
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsThe binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Recently uploaded (20)
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
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Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
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The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
Superbug (Pseudomonas putida)
- 2. HISTORY OF SUPERBUG • Prof. Ananda mohan chakraborty et al. (1980) developed and patented a “superbug” that degraded petroleum (camphor, octane, xylene, and naphthalene) by plasmid transfers. • Transformed pseudomonas putida with plasmids derived for four different bacteria involved in the hydrocarbon degradation.
- 3. SUPERBUG SPECIES • Organism by pseudomonas putida. • It is Gram negative, Rod shaped, Saprotrophic, Soil bacteria. • It is for wild type. • Based on 16s rRNA analysis • Pseudomonas species (sensu stricto) • Size 0.7-1.1 / 2.4 µm
- 4. ECOLOGY & PATHOGENICITY • Isolated soil, water & clinical sample (rarely) • Saprophytic or opportunistic pathogen. • Septicemia and septic arthritis in immunocompromised patients were reported.
- 6. MECHANISM OF DEGRADATION • The degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons can be mediated by specific enzyme system oxygenases, cytochrome p450 alkane hydroxylases. • Attachment of microbial cells to the substrates • Production of biosurfactants- surface enhance solubilization and removal of contaminants. Biodegradation is also enhanced by surfactants due to increased bioavailability of pollutants.
- 7. INFECTION OF BACTERIA • Pseudomonas infections are diseases caused by a bacterium from the genus pseudomonas. The bacteria are found widely in the environment, such as in soil, water, and plants. They usually do not cause infections in healthy people. If an infection does occur in a healthy person, it is generally mild. • These include ear infections and skin rashes, especially after exposure to water. Pseudomonas bacteria cause well-known conditions such as hot tub rash, a red and itchy skin rash resulting from contaminated water, and swimmer's ear.
- 8. USAGE OF SUPERBUG • BIOCONTROL - P. Putida has demonstrated potential biocontrol properties, as an effective antagonist of damping off diseases such as pythium and fusarium. • BIOREMEDIATION - The diverse metabolism of wild-type strains of P. Putida may be exploited for bioremediation; for example, it has been shown in the laboratory to function as a soil inoculant to remedy naphthalene-contaminated soils. P. Putida is capable of converting styrene oil into the biodegradable plastic PHA. This may be of use in the effective recycling of polystyrene foam, otherwise thought to be not biodegradable. • It is degraded also plastic
- 9. CONCLUSION • IT IS USED TO DEGRADE THE PLASTIC AND MORE WORDING THE GENETIC MATERIALS.
- 10. THANK YOU!