Any clinical infection that was neither present nor was in its incubation period when the patient is admitted in a hospital. The term "nosocomial" comes from two Greek words: "nosus" meaning "disease" + "komeion" meaning "to take care of." It is now synonymous with hospital-acquired. Other voice called as health-care-associated infections. In the HAIs infection majorly three types of the can are affected, people Immunocompromised patients, Presence of microorganisms in hospital Environment, Transmission of pathogens between staff and patients and among patients. By the pathogens for bacteria, fungi, virus, and several protozoa. Ex. Bacteria is Superbugs (MRSA), Fungi is Aspergillus spp., Protozoa is Sarcoptes scabiei, and the virus is Enteroviruses. Byways of transmission Contact Airborne, Droplet, Vehicle, Vector, and some Surgical instruments disease can spread. In this pathogens and pathogenicity are caused by Average Incidence - 5% to 10%, but maybe up to 28% in ICU, Bacteraemia, Respiratory tract infection, Skin, and soft tissue infection, Surgical infection, Urinary tract infection, Eye infection. Risk factor for the usage of antibiotics and malnutrition of child and old men, immunosuppression. Diagnostic on the microorganisms is an evaluation of symptoms and signs of infection and Direct smear examination Culture Sensitivity testing (Gram staining, H&E staining and etc.). Treatment for the particular infection’s antibiotic, antifungal, and antiviral drugs or therapy. Prevention for HAIs infection in hand wash for visitor and staff, and Proper means of disinfection of patient equipment, then don’t contaminate for one patient to other patients. Kay word: Nosocomial infection, superbug (MRSA), skin infection, antibiotic, surgical instruments youtube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCSVrOdp3YGzgQQz682IK_Ow

2. Abstract
• Any clinical infection that was neither present nor was in its incubation period when the patient is admitted in a hospital. The term
"nosocomial" comes from two Greek words: "nosus" meaning "disease" + "komeion" meaning "to take care of." It is now
synonymous with hospital-acquired. Other voice called as health-care-associated infections. In the HAIs infection majorly three
types of the can are affected, people Immunocompromised patients, Presence of microorganisms in hospital Environment,
Transmission of pathogens between staff and patients and among patients. By the pathogens for bacteria, fungi, virus, and several
protozoa. Ex. Bacteria is Superbugs (MRSA), Fungi is Aspergillus spp., Protozoa is Sarcoptes scabiei, and the virus is
Enteroviruses. Byways of transmission Contact Airborne, Droplet, Vehicle, Vector and some Surgical instruments disease can
spread. In this pathogens and pathogenicity are caused by Average Incidence - 5% to 10%, but maybe up to 28% in ICU,
Bacteraemia, Respiratory tract infection, Skin, and soft tissue infection, Surgical infection, Urinary tract infection, Eye infection.
Risk factor for the usage of antibiotics and malnutrition of child and old men, immunosuppression. Diagnostic on the
microorganisms is an evaluation of symptoms and signs of infection and Direct smear examination Culture Sensitivity testing (Gram
staining, H&E staining and etc.). Treatment for the particular infection’s antibiotic, antifungal, and antiviral drugs or therapy.
Prevention for HAIs infection in hand wash for visitor and staff, and Proper means of disinfection of patient equipment, then don’t
contaminate for one patient to other patients.
• Kay word: Nosocomial infection, superbug (MRSA), skin infection, antibiotic, surgical instruments

3. NOSOCOMIAL
• Any clinical infection that was neither present nor was in its incubation period
when the patient is admitted in a hospital.
• The term "nosocomial" comes from two Greek words: "nosus" meaning "disease"
+ "komeion" meaning "to take care of." It is now synonymous with hospital-
acquired.

4. Nosocomial infection
Transmission of
pathogens between
staff and patients and
among patients
Immunocompromi
sed patients
Presence of
microorganisms in hospital
Environment

5. The chain of infection

6. Pathogens

7. Nosocomial infection causes
28%
19%
17%
16%
20%
Urinary tract infection Surgical site infection or wound infecton
Pneumonia Blood stream infection
Others - GIT, CNS
• Average Incidence - 5% to 10%, but maybe up to 28% in ICU
• Bacteraemia
• Respiratory track infection
• Skin and soft tissue infection
• Surgical infection
• Urinary track infection
• Eye infection

8. RISK FACTORS

9. Diagnostic
• Evaluation of symptoms and signs of infection.
• Diagnosis by routine bacteriological methods:
• Direct smear examination Culture Sensitivity testing.
• Identification & elimination requires sampling from possible sources of
infections such as hospital personnel, inanimate objects, water, air or food.
• Typing of isolate (phage, bacteriocin): may indicate a causal connection.

10. Treatment
Antifungal therapy
Fluconazole, Caspofungin,
Voriconazole, Amphotericin B
Antiviral therapy (Ganciclovir,
Acyclovir)
2 Antibiotic in combination

11. Preventive measures
• Proper means of disinfection and sterilisation (physical, chemical and biological
tests) .
• Disposable instruments (cost/effectiveness!).
• Separation or/and exclusion of suspect sources (patients, visitors).
• Strict rules in handling the bedclothes, meals and hospital wastes.
• Proper means of disinfection of patient equipment.

12. THANK YOU