- Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1901 through experiments mixing red blood cells and serum between colleagues. - The Rh blood group system was discovered in 1937 by Landsteiner and Alexander Wiener who believed it involved a similar antigen found in rhesus monkeys. - Landsteiner's rule states that individuals develop antibodies to ABO blood group antigens that they do not possess, which is critical to understanding blood group compatibility.

2. HISTORY
• Discovered by Kral landsteiner
• Discovered the ABO blood grouping system in 1901.
• He and his five co-workers began mixing each others
red cells and serum together and inadvertently
performed the first forward and reverse ABO
groupings

3. HISTORY
• It was discovered in 1937 by Karl Landsteiner and
Alexander S.Wiener who, at the time, believed it
to be a similar antigen found in rhesus
monkey(Rh) red blood cells.

4. LANDSTEINER’S RULE
• Individual’s will form immune antibodies to
ABO blood group antigens they do not possess.
• Critical for understanding compatibility
between ABO blood groups.

5. GROUP OF BLOOD
• Type AB:
(Universal Recipient)
• RBC’s have both A and B antigens.
• Cen receive from A, B, AB, and O types.
• Can donate to AB type only.
• Type O: (Universal Donor)
• RBC’s have NO antigens.
• Can receive from O type only.
• Can donate to A, B, AB and O types.

6. GROUP OF BLOOD
• Type A:
• RBC’s have A antigens only.
• Can receive from A and O types.
• Can donate to A and AB types.
• Type B:
• RBC’s have B antigens only.
• Can receive from B and O types.
• Can donate to B and AB types.

7. GROUP OF BLOOD

8. ANTIGENS & ANTIBODIES
• Membranes of RBC’s contain unique I.D.
Tags (Antigens)
• Antigens are membrane proteins
• Unique antigens bind with Unique antibodies
• Antibody: Protein produced to bind with
foreign cells to stimulate immune response
of lymphocytes.

9. H-ANTIGEN
• The H gene codes for an enzyme that adds
the sugar fucose to the terminal sugar of a
precursor substance (PS)
• The precursor substance (proteins and
lipids) is formed on an oligosaccharide
chain (the basic structure)

10. NATURE OF ANTIBODIES
• Non-red blood cell stimulated
• ABO antibodies
• Red blood cell stimulated
• Antibodies formed as a result of transfusion, etc.
• Usually Ig G
• Active at 37°C
• Can occur in groupO (may occur in groupA or B)
• These antibodies also occur in the other Blood Group Systems

11. AGGLUTINATION
• Agglutination - Binding of antigens with
antibodies.
• Causes a clumping of factors.
• Looks like a thickening of blood.
• When blood-cell antigens bind with their
matching antibodies….. AGGLUTINATION!

12. Rh ANTIGENS
• Makes the BloodType “Positive” or
“Negative”
• Agglutination with RhD Serum = Positive
• No Agglutination with RhD Serum = Negative

13. BOMBAY BLOOD GROUP
• This blood phenotype was first discovered in
Bombay, now known as Mumbai, in India, by
Dr.Y. M. Bhende in 1952.
• It is also called the HH group.The peculiarity
is that they do not express the H antigen. As
a result they cannot formA antigens or B
antigens on their red blood cells.Thus they
can donate blood to anybody with
ABOgrouping but can receive blood only
from Bombay blood group people.

14. Who the blood is for