The document studies the preparation and properties of biodiesel for use in diesel engines. It discusses the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from vegetable oils and animal fats, and evaluates the performance, emissions, and efficiency of biodiesel compared to petroleum diesel in a single cylinder diesel engine. The results show that biodiesel has improved efficiency and reduced emissions except for NOx, but higher production costs and infrastructure needs compared to conventional diesel fuel.

1. STUDY OF BIODIESEL
PREPARATION &
PROPERTIES FOR
DIESEL ENGINE
Under the Guidance Of: Presented By:
Mrs. A.J.Patil Rupesh R Mahale
Assistant Professor Roll No : 116
Mechanical Department SKNCOE Class : TE MECH

2. 1.Introduction
•Biodiesel is a non-toxic, biodegradable and renewable fuel with the
potential to reduce engine exhaust emissions. The methyl ester of
palm oil, known as biodiesel, is receiving increasing attention as an
alternative fuel for diesel engines.
•Biodiesel is typically made by chemically reacting Lipids (Ex. Veg.
oil,animal fats) with an Alcohol produces Fatty Acid Esters

3. •Alkyl esters of vegetable oils and animal fats, called biodiesel, hold
promise as fuel alternatives for diesel engines. A number of researchers
[1-10] have shown that biodiesel has fuel properties and provides engine
performance that is very similar to diesel fuel.
•The primary incentive for using biodiesel is that it is a nontoxic,
biodegradable, and renewable fuel. Further advantages over
petroleumbased diesel fuel include a high cetane number, low sulfur,
low aromatics, low volatility and the presence of oxygen atoms in the
fuel molecule.
•These features of biodiesel lead to its greatest advantage, which is its
potential for emission reduction including CO, HC, solid carbon
particles (SOL) and PM. Anumber of research studies have proved the
positive benefits of biodiesel
•on diesel engine emissions.

4. 2. Transesterfication process
•Simple alcohols are used for transesterification and this process is
usually carried out with a basic catalyst (NaOH,KOH) in the
complete absence of water. The bonding of alcohol and organic acid
produces ester.
• An excess of alcohol is needed to accelerate the reaction. With
methyl alcohol glycerol separation occurs readily. If water is present,
soap is the bi-product, which results in decreasing yield of ester. In
the transesterification process alcohol combines with triglyceride
molecule from acid to form glycerol and ester.
•The glycerol is then removed by density separation.
Transesterification decreases the viscosity of oil, making it similar to
diesel fuel in characteristics. A block diagram illustrating the
process of producing biodiesel is given in Figure 1.

6. A 661 CC Kirloskar make TV1 single cylinder 4-Stroke water-cooled
diesel engine having a compression ratio of 17.5: 1 and developing 5.2
kW at a speed of 1500 rev/min was used. An eddy current
dynamometer was used for loading the engine. A high-speed digital
data acquisition system in conjunction with a piezoelectric
transducer was used for obtaining
cylinder pressure versus crank angle data.

7. 3.Results and discussions
•BIODIESEL CHARACTERIZATION- Density, viscosity,
flash point and calorific value of palm oil methyl ester
were determined in the laboratory. The various properties of
palm oil methyl ester and diesel are shown in Table 2.

8. 4.Performance
The variation of brake thermal efficiency with load for various blends of
Palm oil methyl ester is shown in Figure 3. The brake thermal efficiency is
improved as compared to diesel at part and full load for various blends of
palm oil methyl ester. The brake thermal efficiency is increased by 11% at
full load for POME 100 than diesel. This may be attributed to sharp
premixed portion of the heat release which is a desirable feature for
thermal efficiency and complete
combustion because of
Oxygenated fuel.

9. The variation of maximum
cylinder pressure for various
blends of biodiesel and diesel is
seen in Figure 4. Maximum
cylinder pressure is lower with
blends of biodiesel as diesel.
There is a difference of about 0.55
MPa between the peak
pressures with the POME100 and
diesel at full load. This difference
decreases for lower blends of
POME.

10. The variation of exhaust gas temperature for various blends of
biodiesel and diesel is seen in Figure 5. Exhaust gas temperature is
slightly higher with blends of biodiesel as diesel
due to better combustion.

11. The brake specific energy
consumption is the product of
brake specific fuel consumption
and calorific value of fuel.
The brake specific energy
consumption is lower as
compared
to diesel at all loads as shown in
Figure 6. This may be due
to complete combustion because
of oxygenated fuel.

12. 5.Emissions
•In case of various blends of
biodiesel smoke emission is less as
compared to diesel as seen in
Figure 7. The maximum reduction
in smoke emission was observed
by 47 % in case of neat biodiesel
operation as compared to diesel at
full load.
•There is a good reduction in
smoke emission for all blends of
biodiesel at all loads. This is due to
soot free and complete
combustion because of oxygenated
fuel of biodiesel
blends, which is substituted for
diesel. As the POME percentage
increases the smoke emission
decreases at all loads.

13. There is a significant reduction in
HC emission for all blends of
biodiesel as compared to diesel at
part and full loads as shown
Figure 8. The unburned
hydrocarbon emission was
drastically reduced by 57 % for
neat biodiesel operation.
Asthe POME percentage
increases HC emission decreases
at all
loads.

14. Biodiesel leads to higher NOx
levels as compared to diesel as
shown in Figure 9. As the POME
percentage increases the
NOx levels increases for various
loads. The increase in Nox
emission is 12% for POME 100 as
compared to diesel at full load.
This is mainly due to the higher
burning rate of biodiesel and its
blends, which leads to a higher
peak temperature and increased
O2 concentration with POME
fuels.

15. 6.Advantages
•It is non toxic & renewable
•Flash point of biodiesel is high thus biodiesel is an extremly safe
fuel to handle
•Because of absense of sulphur & presence of oxygen ,thus fuel are
considers as promising to reduce pollutants
•Brake thermal efficiency is higher than compared to diesel
•Brake specific energy conzumption is lower compared to diesel
•Fuel reduce rise of co2 in atmoshere

16. 7.Disadvantages
•Biodiesel fuel distribution infrastructure needs improvement,
which is another of the biodiesel fuel disadvantages.
•As Biodiesel cleans the dirt from the engine, this dirt can then get
collected in the fuel filter, thus clogging it. So, filters have to be
changed after the first several hours of biodiesel use.
•Viscocity of biodiesel is higher than diesel
•Calorific value of biodiesel is lower compared diesel
•At present, Biodiesel fuel is bout one and a half times more
expensive than petroleum diesel fuel.

17. British Train Operating company Virgin Train run the UK’s First
Biodiesel train Which was converted to run on B20
The Royal Train completed its first journey on 15 sep. 2007 on
B100 Biodiesel fuel & since 2007 Royal train has operated
successfully on B100 Biodiesel
8.APPLICATION

18. 9.Conclusions
•The viscosity of vegetable oil reduces substantially after
transesterification. The density and viscosity of the Palm oil methyl
ester formed after transesterification were found to be very close to
petroleum diesel oil. The flash point of PME was higher than that of
diesel oil.
•The brake thermal efficiency is higher as compared to diesel at part
and full load. The brake specific energy consumption is lower as
compared to diesel at all loads. Exhaust gas temperature is higher
with blends of biodiesel as diesel. The maximum cylinder gas
pressure is lowerfor biodiesel blends and diesel.
•There is a significant reduction in smoke emission and unburned
hydrocarbon for all blends of biodiesel at part and full loads. Smoke
and HC emission was further reduced with an increase in blending
of POME. Biodiesel leads to higher Nox levels as compared to diesel.