1. The document discusses the production of biodiesel from waste cottonseed oil through transesterification and its use as a fuel in compression ignition engines. Different blends of biodiesel (B10, B20, B30) were tested in a diesel engine and their performance was compared to petrodiesel.
2. Biodiesel production parameters like reaction temperature, catalyst percentage, and alcohol percentage were optimized. Fuel properties of the biodiesel like density, viscosity, and flash point were determined and found to be close to diesel standards.
3. Engine tests showed that while biodiesel blends had slightly lower performance than petrodiesel, B10 and B20 bl
An Experimental Investigation on Performance and Emission Parameters using WT...Working as a Lecturer
this ppt for the Dissertation work for the An Experimental Investigation on Performance and Emission Parameters using WTO – Diesel blend with Additives in a Diesel Engine,contain all detail anlysis with result.
Performance and Emissions Characteristics of a C.I. Engine Fuelled with Diffe...idescitation
In this research work, waste mustard biodiesel-diesel fuel blends as alternative
fuels for diesel engines were studied. An experimental investigation has been carried out to
evaluate the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with waste
mustard biodiesel-diesel blends (10%, 15% and 20%) and important fuel properties have
also been determined. The performance parameters analyzed include brake power, brake
thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, and exhaust gas temperature whereas
exhaust emissions include unburnt hydrocarbons (UHC), carbon monoxide (CO) and oxides
of nitrogen (NO x). The results of the experiment in each case were compared with baseline
data of diesel fuel. Significant improvements have been observed in the performance
parameters of the engine as well as exhaust emissions. The waste mustard biodiesel-diesel
fuel blends were tested in a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine. Engine
performance and exhaust emissions were measured while the engine running at no, part and
full load condition. This paper investigates the scope of utilizing waste mustard oil blends
with diesel fuel. It concluded that B10 blend of waste mustard biodiesel act as best
alternative fuel among all tested fuel at full load condition. The objective of the present
research was to explore technical feasibility of waste mustard oil in direct injection C.I.
engine without any substantial modifications in the engine design..
An Experimental Analysis of Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteris...IJMER
The use of biodiesel, the methyl esters of vegetable oils are becoming popular due to their
low environmental impact and potential as a green alternative fuel for diesel engine. With this objective,
the present work has focused on the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine using
rice bran oil and its blends with diesel. In this investigation, the blends of varying proportions of rice
bran biodiesel with diesel (RB20, RB40, RB60, RB80 & RB100) were prepared, analyzed, and compared
the performance and exhaust emission with diesel using 5.2 kW Single cylinder, 4stroke diesel engine.
The performance and emission characteristics of blends are evaluated at variable loads and constant
rated speed of 1500 rpm and found that the performance of RB20 blend of rice bran oil gives result, that
is near to the diesel and also found that the emission CO, CO2, HC, smoke & NOX of this blend is less
than the diesel.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Performance, Combustion and Emission Evaluation of Fish and Corn Oil as subst...IDES Editor
The indiscriminate usage of fossil fuels in many
countries has led to an increased interest in the search for
suitable alternative fuels. Methyl Esters of Vegetable oils and
Animal fats are found to be good alternative, renewable and
environmental friendly fuels for C.I. engines.
This paper presents the results of investigation carried
out in studying the properties and behavior of methyl esters
of corn seed oil, fish oil and its blends with diesel fuel in a C
I Engine. Engine tests have been carried out to determine the
performance, emission and combustion characteristics of the
above mentioned fuels.
The tests have been carried out in a 4-stroke,
computerized, single cylinder, constant speed, direct injection
diesel engine at different loads. The loads were varied from
0% to 100% of the maximum load in steps of 25%. The Methyl
Ester blends of 10%, 20% and 30% by volume with diesel were
used. The engine test parameters were recorded with the help
of engine analysis software and were studied with the help of
graphs.
The results showed that the properties of the above mentioned
oils are comparable with conventional diesel. The 20% blend
performed well in running a diesel engine at a constant speed
of 1500 rpm. It substantially reduced the emissions with
acceptable efficiency. Hence the oils can be used as suitable
additives for diesel in compression ignition engine.
An Experimental Investigation on Performance and Emission Parameters using WT...Working as a Lecturer
this ppt for the Dissertation work for the An Experimental Investigation on Performance and Emission Parameters using WTO – Diesel blend with Additives in a Diesel Engine,contain all detail anlysis with result.
Performance and Emissions Characteristics of a C.I. Engine Fuelled with Diffe...idescitation
In this research work, waste mustard biodiesel-diesel fuel blends as alternative
fuels for diesel engines were studied. An experimental investigation has been carried out to
evaluate the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with waste
mustard biodiesel-diesel blends (10%, 15% and 20%) and important fuel properties have
also been determined. The performance parameters analyzed include brake power, brake
thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, and exhaust gas temperature whereas
exhaust emissions include unburnt hydrocarbons (UHC), carbon monoxide (CO) and oxides
of nitrogen (NO x). The results of the experiment in each case were compared with baseline
data of diesel fuel. Significant improvements have been observed in the performance
parameters of the engine as well as exhaust emissions. The waste mustard biodiesel-diesel
fuel blends were tested in a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine. Engine
performance and exhaust emissions were measured while the engine running at no, part and
full load condition. This paper investigates the scope of utilizing waste mustard oil blends
with diesel fuel. It concluded that B10 blend of waste mustard biodiesel act as best
alternative fuel among all tested fuel at full load condition. The objective of the present
research was to explore technical feasibility of waste mustard oil in direct injection C.I.
engine without any substantial modifications in the engine design..
An Experimental Analysis of Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteris...IJMER
The use of biodiesel, the methyl esters of vegetable oils are becoming popular due to their
low environmental impact and potential as a green alternative fuel for diesel engine. With this objective,
the present work has focused on the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine using
rice bran oil and its blends with diesel. In this investigation, the blends of varying proportions of rice
bran biodiesel with diesel (RB20, RB40, RB60, RB80 & RB100) were prepared, analyzed, and compared
the performance and exhaust emission with diesel using 5.2 kW Single cylinder, 4stroke diesel engine.
The performance and emission characteristics of blends are evaluated at variable loads and constant
rated speed of 1500 rpm and found that the performance of RB20 blend of rice bran oil gives result, that
is near to the diesel and also found that the emission CO, CO2, HC, smoke & NOX of this blend is less
than the diesel.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Performance, Combustion and Emission Evaluation of Fish and Corn Oil as subst...IDES Editor
The indiscriminate usage of fossil fuels in many
countries has led to an increased interest in the search for
suitable alternative fuels. Methyl Esters of Vegetable oils and
Animal fats are found to be good alternative, renewable and
environmental friendly fuels for C.I. engines.
This paper presents the results of investigation carried
out in studying the properties and behavior of methyl esters
of corn seed oil, fish oil and its blends with diesel fuel in a C
I Engine. Engine tests have been carried out to determine the
performance, emission and combustion characteristics of the
above mentioned fuels.
The tests have been carried out in a 4-stroke,
computerized, single cylinder, constant speed, direct injection
diesel engine at different loads. The loads were varied from
0% to 100% of the maximum load in steps of 25%. The Methyl
Ester blends of 10%, 20% and 30% by volume with diesel were
used. The engine test parameters were recorded with the help
of engine analysis software and were studied with the help of
graphs.
The results showed that the properties of the above mentioned
oils are comparable with conventional diesel. The 20% blend
performed well in running a diesel engine at a constant speed
of 1500 rpm. It substantially reduced the emissions with
acceptable efficiency. Hence the oils can be used as suitable
additives for diesel in compression ignition engine.
Experimental investigation and optimization study of combustion chamber geome...IJERD Editor
An experimental investigation and optimization study of various piston geometries was conducted
on Greaves single cylinder direct injection compression ignition engine using straight diesel and blends of rice
bran biodiesel. The three combustion chamber geometries used in this study were Standard toroidal piston
(STP), hemispherical bowl piston (HBP) and Shallow toroidal re-entrant piston (STRP) at compression ratios of
18:1, 19.04:1 and 16.4:1 respectively. Rice bran biodiesel was derived by two step trans-esterification process
with an optimum yield of 86% with molar ratio 1:6, 06% of catalyst (KOH), 90 min reaction time and 65oC
reaction temperature. The performance parameters like brake specific energy consumption, brake thermal
efficiency and the emission parameters like carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen
were analysed in detail. It was noticed that the BSEC of STRP was 12.1% with diesel and 14.02% with B100
biodiesel blend. The brake thermal efficiency was also found to be improved with biodiesel blend with STRP on
comparison with STP and HBP. The carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emission was found to decrease with
STRP geometry were as HBP exhibited negative improvement. NOx emission was also found to increase with
STRP.
An Experimental Analysis of Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteris...IJMER
Bio-diesel is one of the most promising alternatives for diesel needs. Use of edible oils may
create shortage of oil for daily food. This required identification of new kinds of non-edible vegetable oil.
With this objective, the present work has focused on the performance, combustion and emission
characteristics of diesel engine using simarouba oil and its blends with diesel. In this investigation, the
blends of varying proportions of simarouba biodiesel with diesel (S20, S40, S60, S80 & S100) were
prepared, analyzed, and compared the performance, combustion and exhaust emission with diesel using
5.2 kW Single cylinder, 4stroke diesel engine. The performance, combustion and emission characteristics
of blends are evaluated at variable loads and constant rated speed of 1500 rpm and found that the
performance of S20 blend of simarouba oil gives result, that is near to the diesel and also found that the
emission CO, HC, & NOX of this blend is less than the diesel.
Performance Analysis of 4 Stroke Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Blend O...IJMER
In current scenario, there are continuously increasing the number of automobiles and
correspondingly increasing the fuel consumption as well as fuel prices. In this regard, biodiesel is
found as an alternative fuel derived from natural fats or vegetable oils and it is considered as an
attractive alternative to replace diesel fuel.
In this work, biodiesel prepared from soya oil by Transesterification process with methyl alcohol.
Processed soya oil is blended with diesel in different proportions as B-10, B-20, B-30, B-40 and B-50.
Thermodynamic analysis of 4stroke single cylinder diesel engine, By using different blends of diesel &
soya oil has been carried out the effect of B-10,B-20,B-30,B-40,B-50 on the Brake Power, Thermal
Efficiency, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption and Total Fuel Consumption has been absorbed. The
experimental result shows that at B-40, the optimum BTE (12.09), maximum BP (1.221) and minimum
BSFC (0.694)
Transesterification of fish oil and performance study on 4 stroke ci engine w...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A REVIEW PAPER ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USI...ijsrd.com
In day today's relevance, it is mandatory to device the usage of diesel in an economic way. In present scenario, the very low combustion efficiency of CI engine leads to poor performance of engine and produces emission due to incomplete combustion. Study of research papers is focused on the improvement in efficiency of the engine and reduction in emissions by adding ethanol in a diesel with different blends like 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by volume. The performance and emission characteristics of the engine are tested observed using blended fuels and comparative assessment is done with the performance and emission characteristics of engine using pure diesel.
Karanja and Rapeseed Biodiesel: An Experimental Investigation of Performance...Er Sandeep Duran
In this research work the detailed investigation on performance and combustion characteristics of four stroke single cylinder engine with karanja and rapeseed biodiesel and its blends with diesel (in proportions of 20% and 50% by volume) under various load i.e. at no load, 25%, 50% and full load was assessed. At full load KB50 (karanja biodiesel blend) has been recorded lowest rate of pressure rise. KB20 has lowest
recorded BSFC as compared to all others of biodiesel for all loading condition even than diesel. The RB20 (rapeseed biodiesel blend) recorded maximum BMEP at full load. KB20 was recorded with maximum brake thermal efficiency at full load. So on the basis of performance and combustion parameters KB20 appears to be best alternative fuel than other blends of karanja biodiesel and rapeseed
biodiesel even than diesel.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Experimental Investigation of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Si...IJMER
Diesel is a fossil fuel that is getting depleted at a fast rate. So an alternative fuel is
necessary and a need of the hour. simarouba oil, which is cultivated in India at large scales, has a
high potential to become an alternative fuel to replace diesel fuel. Direct use of simarouba oil cannot
be done, as its viscosity is more than the diesel fuel, and hence affects the combustion characteristics.
The simarouba oil is esterified to reduce the viscosity and it is blended with diesel on volume basis in
different proportions. The use of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) to increase the combustion
temperature in diesel engines has been pursued for over 20 years. Increased combustion temperature
can increase the efficiency of the engine, decrease. However, TBCs have not yet met with wide success
in diesel engine applications because of various problems associated with the thermo-mechanical
properties of the coating materials. Although, the in-cylinder temperatures that can be achieved by the
application of ceramic coatings can be as high as 850-9000C compared to current temperatures of
650-7000C. The increase in the in-cylinder temperatures helped in better release of energy in the case
of biodiesel fuels thereby reducing emissions at, almost the same performance as the diesel fuel. Here
the effort has been made to determine the performance and emission characteristics of SOME blend
with diesel in conventional engine and LHR engine
Taguchi Analysis of Erosion Wear Maize Husk Based Polymer CompositeIJMER
Amids the growing concern on environmental issues, science is seeking various alternatives to replace the synthetic and non degradable fibers composites with environment friendly biocomposites of comparable characteristics and performance. Visualizing the importance of polymer composites and owing to issue of ecological concerns, this experiment is an attempt to further investigate possibility of bio composites (Particularly maize husk) as an alternative of available synthetic polymer composites. Taking one leap forward the experiment also approximate qualities the effect of individual parameters on erosion by the application of Taguchi Technique. Experimental system were devised and designed to study the erosion rate of maize husk fiber Reinforced Polymer composites at various impingement angles, with profound variables such as particle velocity, fiber content, and particle size (erodent size) To cast the composite epoxy Resin LY 556 with corresponding hardener HY 551 was used. The erodent size was in range of it irregular shape. The tribological performance of sheets was investigated in respect to set of various variable parameters as suggested by L16 series of Taguchi Techniques. The morphological feature before and after the experiments were studies using SEM.
Punching Shear Strength of High Strength Fibre Reinforced Concrete SlabsIJMER
The experimental study of punching shear behavior of High Strength fiber reinforced
concrete slabs is carried out in the present work. Each of 24 square slabs was simply supported along
four edges and loaded to failure under a concentrated load over a square area at the center. The test
parameters were the effective span to depth aid ratio, volume fraction of 3 types of steel fibers, slab
thickness h, concrete strength fck, and size of load-bearing plate r. Test results indicate that the load
Experimental investigation and optimization study of combustion chamber geome...IJERD Editor
An experimental investigation and optimization study of various piston geometries was conducted
on Greaves single cylinder direct injection compression ignition engine using straight diesel and blends of rice
bran biodiesel. The three combustion chamber geometries used in this study were Standard toroidal piston
(STP), hemispherical bowl piston (HBP) and Shallow toroidal re-entrant piston (STRP) at compression ratios of
18:1, 19.04:1 and 16.4:1 respectively. Rice bran biodiesel was derived by two step trans-esterification process
with an optimum yield of 86% with molar ratio 1:6, 06% of catalyst (KOH), 90 min reaction time and 65oC
reaction temperature. The performance parameters like brake specific energy consumption, brake thermal
efficiency and the emission parameters like carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen
were analysed in detail. It was noticed that the BSEC of STRP was 12.1% with diesel and 14.02% with B100
biodiesel blend. The brake thermal efficiency was also found to be improved with biodiesel blend with STRP on
comparison with STP and HBP. The carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emission was found to decrease with
STRP geometry were as HBP exhibited negative improvement. NOx emission was also found to increase with
STRP.
An Experimental Analysis of Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteris...IJMER
Bio-diesel is one of the most promising alternatives for diesel needs. Use of edible oils may
create shortage of oil for daily food. This required identification of new kinds of non-edible vegetable oil.
With this objective, the present work has focused on the performance, combustion and emission
characteristics of diesel engine using simarouba oil and its blends with diesel. In this investigation, the
blends of varying proportions of simarouba biodiesel with diesel (S20, S40, S60, S80 & S100) were
prepared, analyzed, and compared the performance, combustion and exhaust emission with diesel using
5.2 kW Single cylinder, 4stroke diesel engine. The performance, combustion and emission characteristics
of blends are evaluated at variable loads and constant rated speed of 1500 rpm and found that the
performance of S20 blend of simarouba oil gives result, that is near to the diesel and also found that the
emission CO, HC, & NOX of this blend is less than the diesel.
Performance Analysis of 4 Stroke Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Blend O...IJMER
In current scenario, there are continuously increasing the number of automobiles and
correspondingly increasing the fuel consumption as well as fuel prices. In this regard, biodiesel is
found as an alternative fuel derived from natural fats or vegetable oils and it is considered as an
attractive alternative to replace diesel fuel.
In this work, biodiesel prepared from soya oil by Transesterification process with methyl alcohol.
Processed soya oil is blended with diesel in different proportions as B-10, B-20, B-30, B-40 and B-50.
Thermodynamic analysis of 4stroke single cylinder diesel engine, By using different blends of diesel &
soya oil has been carried out the effect of B-10,B-20,B-30,B-40,B-50 on the Brake Power, Thermal
Efficiency, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption and Total Fuel Consumption has been absorbed. The
experimental result shows that at B-40, the optimum BTE (12.09), maximum BP (1.221) and minimum
BSFC (0.694)
Transesterification of fish oil and performance study on 4 stroke ci engine w...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A REVIEW PAPER ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USI...ijsrd.com
In day today's relevance, it is mandatory to device the usage of diesel in an economic way. In present scenario, the very low combustion efficiency of CI engine leads to poor performance of engine and produces emission due to incomplete combustion. Study of research papers is focused on the improvement in efficiency of the engine and reduction in emissions by adding ethanol in a diesel with different blends like 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by volume. The performance and emission characteristics of the engine are tested observed using blended fuels and comparative assessment is done with the performance and emission characteristics of engine using pure diesel.
Karanja and Rapeseed Biodiesel: An Experimental Investigation of Performance...Er Sandeep Duran
In this research work the detailed investigation on performance and combustion characteristics of four stroke single cylinder engine with karanja and rapeseed biodiesel and its blends with diesel (in proportions of 20% and 50% by volume) under various load i.e. at no load, 25%, 50% and full load was assessed. At full load KB50 (karanja biodiesel blend) has been recorded lowest rate of pressure rise. KB20 has lowest
recorded BSFC as compared to all others of biodiesel for all loading condition even than diesel. The RB20 (rapeseed biodiesel blend) recorded maximum BMEP at full load. KB20 was recorded with maximum brake thermal efficiency at full load. So on the basis of performance and combustion parameters KB20 appears to be best alternative fuel than other blends of karanja biodiesel and rapeseed
biodiesel even than diesel.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Experimental Investigation of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Si...IJMER
Diesel is a fossil fuel that is getting depleted at a fast rate. So an alternative fuel is
necessary and a need of the hour. simarouba oil, which is cultivated in India at large scales, has a
high potential to become an alternative fuel to replace diesel fuel. Direct use of simarouba oil cannot
be done, as its viscosity is more than the diesel fuel, and hence affects the combustion characteristics.
The simarouba oil is esterified to reduce the viscosity and it is blended with diesel on volume basis in
different proportions. The use of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) to increase the combustion
temperature in diesel engines has been pursued for over 20 years. Increased combustion temperature
can increase the efficiency of the engine, decrease. However, TBCs have not yet met with wide success
in diesel engine applications because of various problems associated with the thermo-mechanical
properties of the coating materials. Although, the in-cylinder temperatures that can be achieved by the
application of ceramic coatings can be as high as 850-9000C compared to current temperatures of
650-7000C. The increase in the in-cylinder temperatures helped in better release of energy in the case
of biodiesel fuels thereby reducing emissions at, almost the same performance as the diesel fuel. Here
the effort has been made to determine the performance and emission characteristics of SOME blend
with diesel in conventional engine and LHR engine
Taguchi Analysis of Erosion Wear Maize Husk Based Polymer CompositeIJMER
Amids the growing concern on environmental issues, science is seeking various alternatives to replace the synthetic and non degradable fibers composites with environment friendly biocomposites of comparable characteristics and performance. Visualizing the importance of polymer composites and owing to issue of ecological concerns, this experiment is an attempt to further investigate possibility of bio composites (Particularly maize husk) as an alternative of available synthetic polymer composites. Taking one leap forward the experiment also approximate qualities the effect of individual parameters on erosion by the application of Taguchi Technique. Experimental system were devised and designed to study the erosion rate of maize husk fiber Reinforced Polymer composites at various impingement angles, with profound variables such as particle velocity, fiber content, and particle size (erodent size) To cast the composite epoxy Resin LY 556 with corresponding hardener HY 551 was used. The erodent size was in range of it irregular shape. The tribological performance of sheets was investigated in respect to set of various variable parameters as suggested by L16 series of Taguchi Techniques. The morphological feature before and after the experiments were studies using SEM.
Punching Shear Strength of High Strength Fibre Reinforced Concrete SlabsIJMER
The experimental study of punching shear behavior of High Strength fiber reinforced
concrete slabs is carried out in the present work. Each of 24 square slabs was simply supported along
four edges and loaded to failure under a concentrated load over a square area at the center. The test
parameters were the effective span to depth aid ratio, volume fraction of 3 types of steel fibers, slab
thickness h, concrete strength fck, and size of load-bearing plate r. Test results indicate that the load
A Study on Mathematical Statistics to Evaluate Relationship between AttributesIJMER
The goodness of fit of a statistical model describes how well it fits a set of observations. Measures of
goodness of fit typically summarize the discrepancy between observed values and the values expected under the
model in question. Such measures can be used in statistical hypothesis testing, e.g. to test for normality of
residuals, to test whether two samples are drawn from identical distributions (see Kolmogorov–Smirnov test), or
whether outcome frequencies follow a specified distribution (see Pearson's chi-squared test).
Modeling, Simulation And Implementation Of Adaptive Optical System For Laser ...IJMER
Adaptive Optical System (AOS) for correction of beam jitter in a high power laser source is described. The jitter in a high power laser may results from platform vibrations and dynamically varying in-homogeneities in the lasing medium. The effect of beam jitter on the performance of high power laser in directed energy weapon (DEW) system is discussed. Simulation studies have been carried out to optimize parameters of jitter correction system. An experimental arrangement to stabilize a high power laser beam is described and results are presented.
Education set for collecting and visualizing data using sensor system based o...IJMER
This article presents the issues of the wireless sensor measuring systems design which might
be used in education process of computer science faculty. The work shows the integration of a simple
measuring system, data management system, visual system and the hardware. Education set is designed
to consolidate knowledge in many fields of computer science and the interdependence between them, as
programming techniques, database, Web server, communications protocols, software and hardware.
Presented measuring sensor system consists of a number of measurement nodes, whose role is to
provide information about certain desirable characteristics, warning against natural hazards or
violation of the physical safety. An important part of the sensor system is a measuring subsystem and
the collecting measurement data subsystem. The article presents the temperature measurement sensor
system concepts and measurement data storage and visualization methods
Implementation of Wide Band Frequency Synthesizer Base on DFS (Digital Frequ...IJMER
Wide Band Frequency Synthesizer has become essential components in wireless communication
systems. They are used as frequency synthesizers with precise and convenient digital control in both traditional
electronics, such as televisions and AM/FM radios, and modern consumer products among which cellular
mobile phone is a striking example.
IC fabrication technology advances have made monolithic integration possible. More and more
electronic devices can be put on the same chip to reduce the number of external components and then the costs.
Therefore, on a single chip we can accomplish many functions for which we might need to make several chips
work together a few years ago. A monolithic wide-band PLL is of great interests to wireless communication
applications due to both its low cost and convenience to switch between different communication standards.
The focus of this work is to implement a wide-band Frequency Synthesizer using as few as possible building
blocks and also as simple as possible structure.
Wireless sensor network system for inclination measurement using spirit levelIJMER
Landslide is one of the major sediment disasters causing natural catastrophes frequently.
Monitoring the inclination of land is important to prevent and reduce the negative effects of landslide. While
considering the large scale installation, the monitoring system should be stable and inexpensive. This paper
deals with the development of a new low cost inclination measurement system and its application to a
wireless sensor network for disaster prevention .When tested, inclination with a gradient of 0.002°of
minimum accuracy was noted. Measurement data were compared with the data from commercial
inclinometer.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
Voice over IP (VOIP) Security Research- A ResearchIJMER
This is a work based on a survey of Voice over IP security research.Goal is to provide a
roadmap for researchers seeking to understand existing capabilities and, and to identify gaps in
addressing the numerous threats and vulnerabilities present in VoIP systems. We also briefly discuss the
implications of our findings with respect to actual vulnerabilities reported in a variety VoIP products.
Data and Information Integration: Information ExtractionIJMER
Information extraction is generally concerned with the location of different items in any document, may be textual or web document. This paper is concerned with the methodologies and applications of information extraction. The field of information extraction plays a very important role in the natural language processing community. The architecture of information extraction system which acts as the base for all languages and fields is also discussed along with its different components. Information is hidden in the large volume of web pages and thus it is necessary to extract useful information from the web content, called Information Extraction. In information extraction, given a sequence of instances, we identify and pull out a sub-sequence of the input that represents information we are interested in.
Manual data extraction from semi supervised web pages is a difficult task. This paper focuses on study of various data extraction techniques and also some web data extraction techniques. In the past years, there was a rapid expansion of activities in the information extraction area. Many methods have been proposed for automating the process of extraction. We will survey various web data extraction tools. Several real-world applications of information extraction will be introduced. What role information extraction plays in different fields is discussed in these applications. Current challenges being faced by the available information extraction techniques are briefly discussed along with the future work going on using the current researches is discussed.
Management operation system techniques (MOST) replaces PERT and CPM in constr...IJMER
The Management Operation System Technique (MOST) invented in 1961, replaces PERT and
CPM on construction projects and in program management. Since its inception, MOST has gained
popularity and is now widely used in both large and small construction projects. Its use has been
equally effective on projects ranging from several thousand dollars to $193 million so far. It is a
combination of several traditional and modern planning techniques like bar chart, Gantt chart, CPM
and PERT. The advantages of these have been extracted and disadvantages have been eliminated. Few
of the advantages are: it is very helpful for repetitive works in both real and infrastructure projects and
uses backward integration which helps in knowing the ground realities very easily. It gives the project
manager visibility and identifies potential trouble areas requiring management action. This paper deals
with application of MOST for construction activities of a 25 Kms Road project and drawing of MOST
schedules. In the end the limitations of MOST are mentioned
While many different product protection measures have been developed and established in
recent years, there is still a great risk posed by the leakage of knowledge in production. These risks are
often downplayed by companies, although they directly relate to their own production and engineering
know-how. The various company-specific protection measures in production span a wide range, and
they can be applied both to production relocation (e.g. to China) and to existing facilities. A systematic
approach for identifying critical damage scenarios, and the methodically supported development and
selection of individual protection measures are required for effective protection of critical company
know-how in production
Stability of the Equilibrium Position of the Centre of Mass of an Inextensibl...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Experimental Studies on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Fish Oil ...IJERA Editor
Biodiesel is one of the most versatile alternative fuel options for direct injection CI engine applications. In the recent research of biodiesel in India receives its attention towards fish oil based biodiesel. The present work aimed at production of biodiesel from the fish oil extracted from marine fish species by transesterification process which is used as fuel in direct injection CI engine to evaluate its performance, and emission characteristics at different injection opening pressures of 190bar, 200bar, 210bar. The different blends of fish oil biodiesel with diesel, B10, B20, B30, B40, B50 and B100 were used in the experiments and the results indicate that brake thermal efficiency were higher with B30 blend fuel than that of diesel at 210bar as compared at 190bar and 200bar. The brake specific energy consumption for B30 blend at 210bar shows better results than that of diesel. By considering these two performance parameters B30 blend at 210 bar injection opening pressure is taken as optimum. At full load for B30 fuel at 210bar injection opening pressure the emission results shows that there is increase in NOx and CO2 emission but reduction in CO and HC emissions by 20% and 15.55% respectively with reference to diesel fuel.
Evaluation of Biodiesel as an Alternate Fuel to Compression Ignition Engine a...IJMER
To meet increasing energy requirements, there has been growing interest in alternate fuels like biodiesel to provide a suitable diesel oil substitute for internal combustion engines. Biodiesel offer a very promising alternate to diesel oil since they are renewable and have similar properties. Further it can be used with/without any modifications to the engine. It is an oxygenated fuel and emissions of carbon monoxide are less unlike fossil fuels, the use of biodiesel does not contribute to global warming as CO2 emitted is once again absorbed by the plants grown for vegetable oil/biodiesel production, thus CO2 balance is maintained. In the present work the Honge and Jatropha Curcas oil (Biodiesel) at various blends is used with pure diesel to study its effect on performance and emission characteristics of the engine. The performance of the engine under different operating conditions and blends are compared by calculating the brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption by using pure diesel and adding various blends of Honge and Jatropha Curcas oil to diesel. The exhaust gas analyzers and smoke meters are used to find the percentage of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), Hydrocarbons (HC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions.
Emission Analysis of Sapodilla seed oil as bio-dieselIJCMESJOURNAL
The study in made to replace the existing diesel fuel with the bio – fuels, for this fruit like Sapodilla seed oil as bio – diesel is utilized. The main objective of this work is to discuss the impact of biodiesel from Sapodilla fruit seed oil bio-diesel on performance, combustion and emission characteristics diesel. In this study, the effect of bio-diesel from fruit seed oil [Sapodilla seed oil] and its blends on a single cylinder Kirloskar TV-1 diesel engine were investigated. In this work, the performance, combustion and emission analysis were conducted. The tests were performed at steady state conditions with the blend ratio of B25, B50, B75 and B100. These represent the ratio of biodiesel in the blend and the rest diesel. The aim of this investigation was to reformulate the fuel to utilize the biodiesel and its blend to enhance the fuels performance, combustion characteristic and to reduce the pollution from the engine. In this work only Sapodilla seed oil bio-diesel is utilized for the experimental work. The experimental results reveal a marginal decrease in brake thermal efficiency when compared to that of sole fuel. In this investigation, the emission test were done with the help of AVL DI gas analyzer, in which CO, HC and NOx are appreciably reduced on the other hand smoke, CO2 have marginal increased when compared to that of sole fuel. In this work combustion analysis also made with the help of AVL combustion analyzer in which bio diesel blend shows the better result when compared with diesel.
PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTIC OF DI DIESEL ENGINE WITH PREHEATING C...IAEME Publication
In this experimental investigation, the corn oil methyl ester (COME) was prepared by transesterification using corn oil, methyl alcohol and potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst. The fuel properties of bio-diesel such as kinematic viscosity and specific gravity were found within limited of BIS standard. At different preheated temperatures of COME, the performance and exhaust emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with preheated bio-diesel were obtained and
compared with neat diesel.
Experimental investigation of four stroke single cylinder rope brake dynamome...Premier Publishers
The present work is focused on the effects of waste cooking oil based methyl ester and its blends with petrodiesel on a single cylinder, 4 stroke, naturally aspirated, direct injection, water cooled, rope brake dynamometer assisted CI engine at varying loads. The physical and chemical properties of WCO based methyl ester were determined using standard ASTM methods. The suitability of WCO based methyl ester and its blends were evaluated through determining the performance and emission characteristics of CI engine. These results were compared to petrodiesel for validation. By analyzing these results, it was observed that the performance and emission characteristics were shown both satisfactory and unsatisfactory results. This was due to lower calorific value and high viscosity of waste cooking oil methyl ester resulted delay in combustion. From the critical analysis, it was observed that B20 of WCO based methyl ester reserved 32.2% brake thermal efficiency slightly greater than petrodiesel i.e. 32% without any engine modifications. It is concluded that B20 of WCO based methyl ester is suitable with no modification in engine.
performance and emission radiation using of indianIJAEMSJORNAL
The study in made to replace the existing diesel fuel with the bio – fuels, for this fruit like Indian Pomegranate seed oil as bio – diesel is utilized. The main objective of this work is to discuss the impact of biodiesel from Pomegranate fruit seed oil bio-diesel on performance, combustion and emission characteristics diesel. In this study, the effect of bio-diesel from fruit seed oil [Indian Pomegranate seed oil] and its blends on a single cylinder Kirloskar TV-1 diesel engine were investigated. In this work, the performance, combustion and emission analysis were conducted. The tests were performed at steady state conditions with the blend ratio of B25, B50, B75 and B100. These represent the ratio of biodiesel in the blend and the rest diesel. The aim of this investigation was to reformulate the fuel to utilize the biodiesel and its blend to enhance the fuels performance, combustion characteristic and to reduce the pollution from the engine. In this work only Indian Jujube seed oil bio-diesel is utilized for the experimental work. The experimental results reveal a marginal decrease in brake thermal efficiency when compared to that of sole fuel. In this investigation, the emission test were done with the help of AVL DI gas analyzer, in which CO, HC and NOx are appreciably reduced on the other hand smoke, CO2 have marginal increased when compared to that of sole fuel. In this work combustion analysis also made with the help of AVL combustion analyzer in which bio diesel blend shows the better result when compared with diesel.
Experimental Investigation on Performance, Emission and Combustion Character...IJMER
Diesel is a fossil fuel that is getting depleted at a fast rate. So an alternative fuel is necessary
and a need of the hour. Rice bran oil, which is cultivated in India at large scales, has a high potential
to become an alternative fuel to replace diesel fuel. Direct use of mahua oil cannot be done, as its
viscosity is more than the diesel fuel, and hence affects the combustion characteristics. The mahua oil is
esterified to reduce the viscosity and it is blended with diesel on volume basis in different proportions.
The use of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) to increase the combustion temperature in diesel engines
has been pursued for over 20 years. Increased combustion temperature can increase the efficiency of
the engine. However, TBCs have not yet met with wide success in diesel engine applications because of
various problems associated with the thermo-mechanical properties of the coating materials. Although,
the in-cylinder temperatures that can be achieved by the application of ceramic coatings can be as high
as 850-9000C compared to current temperatures of 650-7000C. The increase in the in-cylinder
temperatures helped in better release of energy in the case of biodiesel fuels thereby reducing emissions
at, almost the same performance as the diesel fuel. Here the effort has been made to determine the
performance, emission and combustion characteristics of MOME blend with diesel in conventional
engine and LHR engine.
Production and Application of Bio-diesel in Compression Ignition Engineijsrd.com
The continuous increasing demand for energy and diminishing tendency of petroleum resources has led to the search for alternative renewable and sustainable fuel. Biodiesel seems to be a solution for future and being viewed as a substitute of Diesel. The vegetable oil, fats, grease are source of feedstock for the production of biodiesel. Out of four methods viz. dilution, micro emulsion, thermal cracking and Transesterification, the last one is used to produce biodiesel and reduce viscosity. Biodiesel is more suitable for use as an engine fuel rather than straight vegetable oils for a number of reasons; the more notably is its low viscosity. The aim of the paper at hand is towards the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils viz. Karanja, Jatropha by Transesterification process. Fuels were manufactured by direct blending 5% of biodiesels, namely, Karanja and Jatropha and Rice Bran vegetable oil using Magnetic stirrer. The physical properties of the fuels were also found out. Later, these fuels were run in Compression Ignition engines to test and compare the performance and pollution characteristics of fuels.
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
The proposal of this paper is to present Spring Framework which is widely used in
developing enterprise applications. Considering the current state where applications are developed using
the EJB model, Spring Framework assert that ordinary java beans(POJO) can be utilize with minimal
modifications. This modular framework can be used to develop the application faster and can reduce
complexity. This paper will highlight the design overview of Spring Framework along with its features that
have made the framework useful. The integration of multiple frameworks for an E-commerce system has
also been addressed in this paper. This paper also proposes structure for a website based on integration of
Spring, Hibernate and Struts Framework.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
In this paper we introduce and characterize some new generalized locally closed sets
known as
δ
ˆ
s-locally closed sets and spaces are known as
δ
ˆ
s-normal space and
δ
ˆ
s-connected space and
discussed some of their properties
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
"Natural language processing" here refers to the use and ability of systems to process
sentences in a natural language such as English, rather than in a specialized artificial computer
language such as C++. The systems of real interest here are digital computers of the type we think of as
personal computers and mainframes. Of course humans can process natural languages, but for us the
question is whether digital computers can or ever will process natural languages. We have tried to
explore in depth and break down the types of ambiguities persistent throughout the natural languages
and provide an answer to the question “How it affects the machine translation process and thereby
machine learning as whole?” .
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
The focus of this paper is on implementation of Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) protocol
following slave module for no data loss. In this paper, the principle and the operation of I2C bus protocol
will be introduced. It follows the I2C specification to provide device addressing, read/write operation and
an acknowledgement. The programmable nature of device provide users with the flexibility of configuring
the I2C slave device to any legal slave address to avoid the slave address collision on an I2C bus with
multiple slave devices. This paper demonstrates how I2C Master controller transmits and receives data to
and from the Slave with proper synchronization.
The module is designed in Verilog and simulated in ModelSim. The design is also synthesized in Xilinx
XST 14.1. This module acts as a slave for the microprocessor which can be customized for no data loss.
Application of Parabolic Trough Collectorfor Reduction of Pressure Drop in Oi...IJMER
Pipelines are the least expensive and most effective method for the oil transportation.
Due to high viscosity of crude oil, the pressure drop and pumping power requirements are very high.
So it is necessary to bring down the viscosity of crude oil. Heated pipelines are used reduce the oil
viscosity by increasing the oil temperature. Electrical heating and direct flame heating are the common
method used for heating the oil pipeline. In this work, a new application of Parabolic Trough Collector
in the field of oil pipeline transport is introduced for reducing pressure drop in oil pipelines. Oil
pipeline is heated by applying concentrated solar radiation on the pipe surface using a Parabolic
Trough Collector in which the oil pipeline acts as the absorber pipe. 3-D steady state analysis is
carried out on a heated oil pipeline using commercial CFD software package ANSYS Fluent 14.5. In
this work an effort is made to investigate the effect of concentrated solar radiation for reducing
pressure drop in the oil pipeline. The results from the numerical analysis shows that the pressure drop
in oil pipeline is get reduced by heating the pipe line using concentrated solar radiation. From this
work, the application of PTC in oil pipeline transportation is justified.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Study of Performance of Different Blends of Biodiesel Prepared From Waste Cottonseed Oil
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 4 | Apr. 2014 | 15 |
Study of Performance of Different Blends of Biodiesel Prepared
From Waste Cottonseed Oil
Singh Harpreet1
, Mangla Arunish2
, Singh Jaspreet3
1,3
Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab.
2
(Lala lajpat rai institute of engineering and technology, Moga, Punjab
I. INTRODUCTION
With self-sufficiency as the most important national energy goal, the options are easily broken down
into two fuel types: renewable and non-renewable. Using a combination of the two, that goal is in fact readily
achievable. Biodiesel is gaining more and more importance as an attractive fuel due to the depleting fossil fuel
resources. Chemically biodiesel is mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from renewable feed stock
like vegetable oils and animal fats. It is produced by transesterification in which, oil or fat is reacted with a
monohydric alcohol in presence of a catalyst to give the corresponding mono-alkyl esters. The alkali-catalyzed
transesterification of vegetable oils proceeds faster than the acid-catalyzed reaction [1]. For an alkali catalyzed
transesterification, the triglycerides should have lower free fatty acid (FFA) content, and the alcohol must be
anhydrous to render soap formation. Soap formation lowers the yield of esters and renders the separation of
esters and glycerol [3, 4, and 5]. Up to about 5% FFA, the reaction can be catalyzed using an alkali catalyst [6].
The extent of transesterification and side reactions depends upon the type of feedstock, catalyst formulation,
catalyst concentration, alcohol to-oil ratio, reaction temperature and reaction time [7, 8]. Cottonseed oil was
converted into biodiesel by alkali-catalyzed transesterification reaction at different factors. It was found that
catalyst concentration 0.75%, temperature 650
C, methanol to oil molar ratio 6:1 and agitation intensity 600 rpm
provided optimum condition producing excellent yield (96.9%) of cottonseed methyl ester. [9] The increased
viscosity and low volatility of vegetable oils lead to severe engine deposits, injector chocking and piston ring
sticking [10]. However, these effects can be reduced or eliminated through transesterification of vegetable oil to
form methyl ester [11-14]. Transesterification provides a fuel viscosity that is close to that of No. 2 diesel fuel.
Transesterification has shown good potential for reducing engine problems associated with vegetable oils.
Transesterification is the process of reaction of a triglyceride with an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to
produce glycerol and fatty acid esters.
The molecular weight of the ester molecule is roughly one-third that of a neat vegetable oil molecule
and the ester has a viscosity approximately twice that of diesel fuel [15]. Yamane et al. [20] found that with
unwashed biodiesel fuel, the engine is unstable and shows higher exhaust emissions compared with those of
washed biodiesel fuel. In the present investigation different parameters for biodiesel production have been
investigated and then engine emissions have been studied with neat diesel fuel and the biodiesel mixtures. Here
the 100% biodiesel is termed as biodiesel and the different blends of biodiesel with diesel fuel are termed as
biodiesel mixtures in the following. The effects of reaction temperature, catalyst percent-ages, alcohol
percentages and reaction time for optimum biodiesel production have been studied. The biodiesel from CSO is
termed as CSOME. Finally exhaust gas emissions with biodiesel mixtures have been investigated and compared
with those of neat diesel fuel.
Abstract : The use of biodiesel is rapidly expanding around the world, making it imperative to fully
understand the impacts of biodiesel on the diesel engine combustion process and pollutant formation.
Biodiesel was made by the well-known transesterification process. Waste cottonseed oil was selected for
biodiesel production. Three different blends of biodiesel were prepared i.e. B10, B20 and B30. These three
blends were fuelled in a compression ignition (C.I.) engine. A maximum of 77% biodiesel was produced
with 20% methanol in presence of 0.5% sodium hydroxide. Different parameters for the optimization of
biodiesel production were investigated in the first phase of this study, while in the next phase of the study
performance test of a diesel engine with neat diesel fuel and biodiesel mixtures are to be carried out. The
performance characteristics like brake power (B.P.), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake
thermal efficiency. This performance was then compared with that of petro diesel.
Keywords: Alternative fuel; Vegetable oil; Biodiesel; Viscosity; Transesterification; Methanol.
2. Study of Performance of Different Blends of Biodiesel Prepared From Waste Cottonseed Oil
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 4 | Apr. 2014 | 16 |
Nomenclature
B.S.E.C Brake Specific Energy Consumption
B.S.F.C Brake Specific Fuel Consumption
B.T.D.C Before Top Dead Center
B.T.E Brake Thermal Efficiency
B10 10% Biodiesel + 90% Diesel
B100 100% Biodiesel
B20 20% Biodiesel + 80% Diesel
B30 30% Biodiesel + 70% Diesel
BD Biodiesel
BMEP Brake Means Effective Pressures
BP Brake Power
CA Crank Angle
CI Compression Ignition
CR Compression Ratio
CSO Cotton Seed Oil
CSOME Cottonseed Oil Methyl Ester
DI Direct Injection
EL Engine Load
FAME Fatty Acid Methyl Ester
FFA Fat Free Acid
HC Hydrocarbon
IMEP Indicated Mean Effective Pressure
KOH Potassium Hydroxide
M Mass Flow Rate (Kg/S)
NA Naturally Aspirated
Naoh Sodium Hydroxide
NOx Nitrogen Oxide
P Power (Kw)
p Pressure (Kpa) (Mpa)
Pm Particulate Matter
II. PURPOSES OF THIS WORK
The purposes of this work were as follows:
1. To produce test quantities of methyl ester (biodiesel) from waste CSO.
2. To determine the fuel properties of the biodiesel fuel.
3. To compare the performances of a diesel engine using neat diesel fuel and biodiesel mixtures separately.
Lots of research works on biodiesel production have been carried out so far, but data on the effect of reaction
temperature, effect of catalyst, influence of alcohol on biodiesel production form CSO have not been
investigated so far. The authors have an academic interest to investigate different parameters, like reaction
temperature, catalyst percentage and alcohol percentage for optimum biodiesel production and the influence of
biodiesel on engine Performance.
III. MEASUREMENT OF PROPERTIES OF THE BIODIESEL
Fuel properties of biodiesel such as density, viscosity, flash point and ester etc. of waste cottonseed oil
content were determined using the standard test methods. After producing the biodiesel the properties of the
biodiesel were determined by using various methods. The following properties were tested:-
Table 0-1 Apparatus used for calculating the properties
Property Apparatus used
Density Weighing balance
Kinematic viscosity Redwood viscometer
Flash point Flash and fire point apparatus
Fire point Flash and fire point apparatus
Cloud point Cloud and pour point apparatus
Pour point Cloud and pour point apparatus
The observations measured by above methods of bio-diesel B100 fuel properties are compared with the standard
petro-diesel fuel properties in the following table.
Table 0-2 Comparative properties of the petro-diesel and biodiesel
Property of oil ASTM Diesel Standard
Biodiesel B100 (from Waste
CSO)
Density (300
C), kg/m3
- 850 910
Kinematic viscosity, cSt <5 2.049 3.6
FFA, % <2.5 - 3.6
Cloud point, 0
C -3 TO 12 <10 -3
Pour Point, 0
C -15 TO 10 -6 -8
Flash point, 0
C >130 78 160
Fire point, 0
C >53 83 165
3. Study of Performance of Different Blends of Biodiesel Prepared From Waste Cottonseed Oil
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 4 | Apr. 2014 | 17 |
IV. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND PROCEDURE OF EXPERIMENTATION
4.1 Testing of biodiesel in engine
A four stroke, single cylinder variable compression ratio diesel engine is employed for the present
study. The detail specification of the engine used is given in table 4.1 below and experimental set up as shown
below. The performance tests are carried out on the C.I. engine using various blends of biodiesel and diesel as
fuels. The tests are conducted at the constant speed of 1500 rpm at various loads. The experimental data
generated are documented and presented here using appropriate graphs. These tests are aimed at optimizing the
concentration of ester to be used in the biodiesel-diesel mixture for 1 hr. engine test operation. In each
experiment, engine parameters related to thermal performance of engine such as brake power, brake thermal
efficiency, break specific fuel consumption.
4.2 Specifications of the engine
The performance characteristics were carried out on variable compression diesel engine. The
specifications of the engine are as stated as below.
Table 4-1 Specifications of the engine
Engine 4 stroke, Variable compression diesel engine
No. of cylinders Single cylinder
Cooling media Water cooled
Rated capacity 3.5 kW @ 1500 RPM
Cylinder diameter 87.5 mm
Stroke length 110 mm
Connecting rod length 234 mm
Compression ratio 12:1-18:1
Orifice diameter 20 mm
Dynamometer Eddy current dynamometer
Dynamometer arm length 145 mm
4.3 Experimentation Methodology
First the experimentation is performed with diesel (for getting the base line data of the engine) and then
cotton seed oil methyl ester and also its different blends. The performance of the engine is evaluated in terms of
brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption. It also found out economic viability. An eddy
current dynamometer, a piezoelectric transducer and digital PT-100 type temperature sensor was calibrated and
used in the setup by Apex Innovations. Following parameters were measured from the experimental CI engine
setup.
1. Brake power (BP)
2. Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC)
3. Cooling water temperature (inlet and outlet)
4. brake thermal efficiency
5. Speed of the engine
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.1 Performance Parameters
Worldwide, biodiesel is largely produced by methyl transesterification of oils. The recovery of ester as
well as its kinematic viscosity is affected by the transesterification process parameters such as catalyst
concentration, reaction temperature and reaction time. The above parameters were standardized to obtain methyl
ester of waste cotton seed oil with lowest possible kinematic viscosity and highest level of recovery. The engine
performance parameters and exhaust gas emission characteristics of B10, B20, B30 and diesel were compared.
5.1.1 Brake Power (BP)
Graph of the brake power (BP) as a function of load obtained during engine operation on different
blends of biodiesel i.e. B10, B20 and B30 with diesel (petro diesel) at compression ratio of 18:1 has been shown
in Figure 5.1. Brake power of the engine increases with increase in the load on the engine. Brake power is the
function of calorific value and the torque applied. Diesel has more calorific value than the biodiesel, so diesel
has the highest brake power among the different blends of biodiesel. Due to the more calorific value of B10
blend of biodiesel than B20 and B30, it has the more brake power as shown in figure 5.1.
4. Study of Performance of Different Blends of Biodiesel Prepared From Waste Cottonseed Oil
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 4 | Apr. 2014 | 18 |
Fig 5-1 Variation in brake power with change in load
It can also be seen that as we increases the load, torque increases and thus there is an increase in brake power
with the load.
5.1.2 Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC)
Graph of the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) as a function of load obtained during engine
operation on different blends of biodiesel i.e. B10, B20 and B30 with diesel (Petro-diesel) at compression ratio
of 18:1 has been shown in Figure 5.2.
Fig.5-2 Variation in brake specific fuel consumption with change in load
For all blends and petro diesel tested, BSFC decreased with increase in load. One possible explanation for this
reduction is the higher percentage of increase in brake power with load as compared to fuel consumption. It can
be seen from the figure 5.2 that in case of biodiesel mixtures, the BSFC values were determined to be higher
than those of neat diesel fuel. This trend was observed owing to the fact that biodiesel mixtures have a lower
heating value than does neat diesel fuel, and thus more biodiesel mixtures was required for the maintenance of a
constant power output. It is well known that brake specific fuel consumption is inversely proportional to the
brake thermal efficiency. So diesel has the lowest brake specific fuel consumption. Among the three different
blends of biodiesel B10 has the lowest value of brake specific fuel consumption.
5.1.3 Brake thermal efficiency (BTE)
Graph of the brake thermal efficiency as a function of load obtained during engine operation on
different blends of biodiesel i.e. B10, B20 and B30 with diesel (petro diesel) at compression ratio of 18:1 have
been shown in Fig 5.3. In all cases, brake thermal efficiency increases with an increase in load. This can be
attributed to reduction in heat loss and increase in power with increase in load. It is also observed that diesel
exhibits slightly higher thermal efficiency at most of the loads than CSOME and its blends. The molecules of
bio-diesel (i.e. methyl ester of the oil) contain some amount of oxygen, which takes part in the combustion
process. Test results indicate that when the mass percent of fuel oxygen exceeds beyond some limit, the oxygen
loses its positive influence on the fuel energy conversion efficiency in this particular engine. So the brake
5. Study of Performance of Different Blends of Biodiesel Prepared From Waste Cottonseed Oil
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 4 | Apr. 2014 | 19 |
thermal efficiency of diesel is more than that of biodiesel blends. Among the three different blends of biodiesel,
B10 has higher brake thermal efficiency than B20 and B30.
Fig 5-3 Variation in brake thermal efficiency with change in load
VI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK
6.1 Conclusions
The overall studies based on the production, fuel characterization, engine performance and exhaust
emission of different biodiesel blends of waste cotton seed oil methyl esters were carried out. The following
conclusions can be drawn:
1. The recovery of ester by transesterification of waste cotton seed oil with methanol is affected by process
parameters such as catalyst concentration and reaction temperature.
2. The graphical results show that diesel has better performance characteristics than biodiesel and biodiesel
blends. Among the three different blends of biodiesel, B10 and B20 have the better performance
characteristics than B30 blend of biodiesel when fuelled in an internal combustion engine.so we can fuel
safely B10 and B20 in internal combustion engine without any modification.
3. The kinematic viscosity of diesel, waste cotton seed oil biodiesel were found as 2.049, 3.6 centistokes
respectively at 400
C. The results indicated that the waste cotton seed oil biodiesel had the kinematic
viscosity 75.69 percent more than that of diesel.
4. The calorific value of diesel is 42000 KJ/kg and that of waste cotton seed oil is 40000KJ/kg. So the calorific
value of waste cotton seed biodiesel is 4.76% less than that of mineral diesel.
5. Waste cotton seed oil biodiesel is non-toxic, biodegradable, environment-friendly, renewable fuels and do
not add to global warming.
6.2 Scope of future Work
Biodiesel has distinct advantage as an automotive fuel. Initial cost may be higher but feedstock
diversity and multi-feedstock production technologies will play a .2critical role in reductions in production cost
and making the fuel economically viable.
The following points may be considered before introducing the fuel in India:
1. Biodiesel may be introduced as a diesel fuel extender or blends (B10, B20 and B30) and not as a sole diesel
engine fuel (B100).
2. Government may consider providing support to the activities related to collection of seeds, production of oil
from non-edible sources, production of bio-fuels and its utilization for cleaner environment.
3. Legal framework should be there to enforce regulations on bio-fuels.
4. The blends prepared for this project work were utilized within short time span. Thus, long term stability of
blends was not studied. So there is scope for study of long term stability of blends.
5. Long-term performance and endurance test evaluate the durability of the engine with prolonged operation on
these blends.
6. Energy education on biodiesel program and storing information and database for wider information
dissemination among the public at large should be taken up at a larger scale.
7. Further studies can also be carried out on material compatibility, storage and utilization of by-product from
biodiesel.
6. Study of Performance of Different Blends of Biodiesel Prepared From Waste Cottonseed Oil
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 4 | Apr. 2014 | 20 |
REFERENCES
[1] Vyas Amish P, Verma Jaswant L, Subrahmanyam N. A review on FAME production processes. Fuel 2010;89:1–9.
[2] Demirbas A. Biodiesel production from vegetable oils via catalytic and non-catalytic supercritical methanol
transesterification methods. Prog Energy Combust Sci 2005;31:466–87.
[3] Ma F, Hanna MA. Biodiesel production: a review. Bioresour Technol 1999;70:1–15.
[4] Freedman B, Pryde EH, Mounts TL. Variables affecting the yields of fatty esters from transesterified vegetable oils.
JAOCS 1984;61:1638–43.
[5] Muniyappa PR, Brammer SC, Noureddini H. Improved conversion of plant oils and animal fats into biodiesel and
co-product. Bioresour Technol 1996;56: 19–24.
[6] Gerpan JV. Biodiesel processing and production. Fuel Process Technol 2006;86: 1097–107.
[7] Anh N, Phan TMP. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oils. Fuel 2008;87:3490–6.
[8] Leung Dennis YC, Xuan Wu, Leung MKH. Review on biodiesel production using catalyzed transesterification. Appl
Energy 2010;87:1083–95.
[9] Rashid U, Anwar F, Knothe G. Evaluation of biodiesel obtained from cottonseed oil. Fuel Process Technol
2009;90:1157–63.
[10] G. Velgutth, Performance of vegetable oil and their monsters as fuels for diesel engines, SAE Paper 1983: Paper
Number 831358.
[11] S.J. Clark, L. Wagner, M.D. Schrock, P.G. Piennar, Methyl and ethyl soybean esters as renewable fuels for diesel
engines, JAOCS 61 (10) (1984) 1632–1638.
[12] M.N. Pestes, J. Stanislao, Piston ring deposits when using vegetable oil as a fuel, Journal of Testing and Evaluation
12 (2) (1984) 61–68.
[13] L.A. Perkins, C.L. Peterson, Durability testing transesterified winter rape oil (Brassica napus L.) as fuel in small
bore, multi-cylinder DI diesel engines, SAE Paper, Paper Number 911764, 1991.
[14] Q.M. Zhang Felderman, C.L. Peterson, Diesel engine durability when fuelled with methyl ester of winter rapeseed
oil, ASAE Paper, Paper Number 881562, 1988.
[15] M. Mittlbach, B. Poktis, A. Silberholz, Production and fuel properties of fatty acid methyl esters from used frying
oil, in: Proceedings of an Alternative Energy Conference, Nashville, USA, American Society of Agriculture
Engineers (ASAE), pp. 74–78, 1992.
[16] M.J. Nye, P.H. Southwell, Esters from rapeseed oil as diesel fuel, in: Proceedings from the Vegetable Oil as Diesel
Fuel, Seminar III, Northern Agriculture Energy Center, Peoria, IL, 1983.
[17] C.L. Peterson, D.L. Reece, B. Hammond, J.C. Thompson, S. Beck, Commercialization of Idaho biodiesel (HySEE)
from ethanol and waste vegetable oil, ASAE Paper, Paper Number 6738, 1995.
[18] J.G. Suryawanshi, Performance and emission characteristics of CI engine fueled by coconut oil methyl ester, SAE
Paper, Paper Number 2006-32-0077, 2006.
[19] F. Karaosmanoglu, K.B. Ciginoglu, M. Tuter, S. Ertekin, Investigation of the refining step of biodiesel production,
Energy and Fuels 10 (1996) 890–895.
[20] K. Yamane, T. Kato, H. Okutani, Y. Shimamoto, Effect of refining process in biodiesel fuel production on fuel
properties, diesel engine performance and emissions, SAE Paper, Paper Number 2003-01-1930, 2003.
[21] K. Yamane, A. Ueta, Y. Shimamoto, Influence of physical and chemical properties of biodiesel fuel on injection,
combustion and exhaust emission characteristics in a direct injection compression ignition engine, International
Journal of Engine Research 2 (4) (2001) 249–261.
[22] S. Suryanarayanan, V.M. Janakiraman, G.L.N. Rao, Comparative study of the performance and emission characteristics
of biodiesels from different vegetable oils with diesel, SAE Paper, Paper Number 2008-01-1581, 2008.