2014 students presentation

1. SOAP
&
DETERGENT
Nur Syahirah Abdul Karim Groups’ 5ST2 2014

2. INTRODUCTION
THE MEANING OF SOAP AND DETERGENT
PREPARATION OF SOAP AND DETERGENT
CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP AND DETERGENT
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CLEANSING ACTION OF
SOAP AND DETERGENT

3. SOAP
IS THE SALT FORMED WHEN A
FATTY ACID IS NEUTRALISED BY
AN ALKALI

4. SOAP IS A SODIUM SALT IF THE ALKALI USED IS SODIUM HYDROXIDE
SOAP IS A POTASSIUM SALT IF THE ALKALI USED IS POTASSIUM
HYDROXIDE
THE GENERAL FORMULA- RCOONa or RCOOK
EXAMPLE OF SOAP- 1) SODIUM PALMITATE, CH3(CH2)14COOH-Na+
2) SODIUM STEARATE, CH3(CH2)16COOH-Na+
3) SODIUM LAURATE, CH3(CH2)10COOH-Na+

5. FORMED FROM NEUTRALIZATION BETWEEN:
FATTY ACID + ALKALI
FOR EXAMPLE: SODIUM PALMITATE
CH3(CH2)14COOH + NaOH CH3(CH)14COONa + H2O
PALMITIC ACID SODIUM
HYDROXIDE
SODIUM PALMITATE
SOAP

6. PREPARATION OF SOAP

7. OIL & FAT FORMED FROM GLYCEROL &
FATTY ACID
ESTER
SOAP CAN BE PREPARED THROUGH-
SAPONIFICATION PROCESS
IS THE HYDROLYSIS OF AN ESTER. THE CATALYST IS AN
ALKALI

8. MANUFACTURING OF SOAP CAN BE DIVIDED INTO 2 STAGE
STAGE
THE TWO PARTS OF THE OIL OR FAT MOLECULES ARE SEPARATED BY
HEATING THE OIL WITH ALKALINE SOLUTION THROUH HYDROLYSIS
PROCESS.
IN THIS PROCESS, THE ESTER MOLECULE IS BROKEN UP INTO FATTY
ACID AND GLYCEROL BY WATER IN THE PRESENCE OF ALKALI
WHICH ACT AS CATALYST.
SAPONIFICATION OF OILS
AND FATS

9. ESTER + WATER FATTY ACID +GLYCEROL
HYDROLYSIS
ALKALI ACT AS CATALYST

10. STAGE
NEUTRALIZATION OF FATTY ACIDS
FATTY ACID THAT IS RELEASED IN STAGE 1 REACTS WITH ALKALI TO FORM
SODIUM SALT OF FATTY ACID WHICH IS SOAP
FATTY ACID SODIUM SALT OF FATTY
+ ACID (SOAP )
SODIUM HYDROXIDE +
(ALKALI) WATER

11. DETERGENT

12. DETERGENT
SODIUM LAURYL
SULPHATE
EXAMPLE
THE SALT FORMED
WHEN AN ALKYL
HYDROGEN SULPHATE
IS NEUTRALIZED BY AN
ALKALI
MEANING
MANY SUBSTANCES ARE
ADDED TO A DETERGENT
CALLED
ADDITIVES MAKE IT
MORE
EFFECTIVE

13. EXAMPLE OF ADDITIVES
BIOLOGICAL ENZYMEWHITENING AGENTS
MAKES CLOTHES WHITER AND
CLEANER
INCLUDE BLEACHES SUCH AS
SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE AND
SODIUM PERBORATE
AN ORGANIC CATALYST
CATALYST THAT INCREASE THE
DETERGENCY OR CLEANING
POWER OF A DETERGENT

14. PREPARATION
OF
DETERGENT

15. PRODUCTION OF LAURYL HYDROGEN SULPHATE
CH3(CH2)9CH2OH + H2SO4 CH3(CH2)9CH2OSO3H + H2O
LAURYL ALCOHOL SULPHURIC
ACID
LAURYL HYDROGEN
SULPHATE
WATER
NEUTRALIZATION OF LAURYL HYDROGEN SULPHATE
CH3(CH2)9CH2OSO3H +NaOH CH3(CH2)9CH2OSO3Na + H2O
LAURYL HYDROGEN
SULPHATE
SODIUM
HYDROXIDE
SODIUM LAURYL
SULPHATE

16. CLEANSING
ACTION OF
DETERGENT AND
SOAP

17.  WHEN ADDED INTO WATER, SOAP MOLECULE
WILL DISSOCIATE INTO SODIUM OR POTASSIUM
IONS AND SOAP IONS
 SOAP MOLECULE CAN REDUCE THE SURFACE
TENSION OF WATER TO ALLOW IT TO WET A
MATERIAL’S SURFACE BETTER

18. HEAD
TAIL
 CONSISTS OF THE ANION REGION
 IS IONIC
 CALLED THE HYDROPHILIC REGION
 DISSOLVE IN WATER
CONSISTS OF THE HYDROCARBON
REGION
MOLECULE THAT HAS COVALENT
CHARACTERISTICS
CALLED THE HYDROPHOBIC REGION
DISSOLVE IN GREASE OR OIL (DIRT)

19. O-SO3-
HYDROCARBON TAIL
HYDROPHOBIC TAIL
DISSOVLE IN GREASE (DIRT)
 IONIC HEAD
 HYDROPHILIC HEAD
 DISSOVE IN WATER

21. EFFECTIVENESS
OF THE
CLEANSING
ACTION OF

22. HARD WATER CONTAINS A GREAT
AMOUNT OF CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM
IONS.
SOAP CANNOT BE USED IN HARD WATER
BECAUSE THE MAGNESIUM AND CALCIUM
IONS WILL REACT WITH SOAP IONS TO
FORM A NON-SOLUBLE PRECIPITATE IN
WATER THAT IS CALLED A SOAP FILM OR
SCUM. SOAP CANNOT PRODUCE BUBBLE
IN HARD WATER.

23. Properties Soap Detergent
Cleaning power Less powerful More powerful
Ease of rinsing It is difficult to wash away all soap
on clothes. The soap that remains
leave and odour and spoils the
fabrics.
Rinse out well from clothes.
pH Slightly alkaline Can be controlled to suit
the cleaning task
Molecular structure Determined by the fatty acids
found in the oil or fat used to
produce soap.
Can be modified to suit the
cleaning task. For example,
a detergent can be made
specially for cleaning toilet
bowls.
Formation of scum Form scum with hard water Does not form scum with
hard water