This document discusses biofuels and biodiesel production. It defines biofuels as transportation fuels like ethanol and biodiesel that are made from biomass materials. The document outlines the process of biodiesel production, including using vegetable oils or animal fats and an alcohol like methanol through a transesterification process. It discusses important characteristics of biodiesel like viscosity, density, flash point and others. The advantages of biodiesel include being renewable, having lower emissions than diesel, and able to be used in conventional diesel engines. Disadvantages include slightly higher fuel consumption and issues with long term storage.
2014 fallsemester introduction-to_biofuels-ust(dj_suh)Hiền Mira
This document provides an introduction to biofuels, including definitions of biomass and bioenergy. It discusses various biomass sources and conversion pathways to produce biofuels like bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas. The strengths and challenges of different biofuel types are outlined. Key aspects of producing cellulosic bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass are summarized, such as pretreatment methods, hydrolysis, fermentation, and purification processes.
This document discusses plant-based biofuels and their potential for rural community development. It provides background on biofuels and their production. Specifically, it discusses how small-scale biodiesel production through community groups growing crops like jatropha can provide rural electrification, improve agriculture, create jobs, and empower women in developing countries. The document advocates for pilot projects in rural communities that mobilize groups to plant crops and establish small biodiesel plants and microfinance programs.
This document discusses various types of biofuels including first, second, and third generation biofuels. First generation biofuels are made from sugar, starch, vegetable oils or animal fats. Second generation biofuels use non-food feedstocks and different extraction technologies like gasification, pyrolysis, and fermentation. Third generation biofuels are derived from algae. The document also discusses pros and cons of biofuel production such as their renewability but also potential high costs and impacts on food supply.
This document discusses various types of biofuels including ethanol, biodiesel, biogas, and algal biofuel. It provides information on their production processes and advantages and disadvantages. Some key points include:
- Biofuels are fuels produced from biomass such as plants and algae. Common types include ethanol, biodiesel, and biogas.
- Ethanol is typically produced from sugars and starches through fermentation. Biodiesel is made through a chemical process called transesterification of vegetable oils.
- Biogas is produced through anaerobic digestion of organic waste to produce a methane-rich gas.
- Algal biofuel is in research and development with
Biofuels were first used by ancient people and have increased in popularity due to rising oil prices and the need for energy security. Biofuels can be made from biomass sources like sugarcane, maize, jatropha plants, and more. Ethanol is commonly made from sugarcane and is used as fuel in Brazil. Jatropha is a non-edible oilseed plant used to produce biodiesel and grows well in marginal lands. India aims to replace 20% of its diesel with jatropha biodiesel by promoting large-scale jatropha cultivation. Biotechnology advances may enhance biofuel production through genetic modification of energy crops.
Bioethanol is produced through the fermentation of sugars from various agricultural sources like corn, sugarcane, and cellulosic materials. It has benefits as a renewable fuel that can reduce dependence on crude oil and emissions. There are three main steps in production: fermentation of sugars into ethanol, distillation to separate ethanol from water, and dehydration to purify the ethanol. Lignocellulosic materials like wood and crop residues can also be broken down enzymatically to produce fermentable sugars for ethanol production, but this process is more complex than using easily accessible starch sources. Bioethanol shows potential as a cleaner burning alternative fuel but still faces challenges in efficiency and infrastructure compatibility compared to gasoline.
This document discusses biofuels as a renewable energy source. It notes that fossil fuel reserves will eventually be depleted, so scientists are looking at alternatives like biofuels. Biofuels are fuels derived from biological carbon fixation, such as plant biomass or waste. They offer advantages like reducing dependence on fossil fuels and emissions. Common biofuels include ethanol from sugar/starch crops and biodiesel from plant oils, with biodiesel being popular in Europe. While biofuels provide benefits, their production also has some disadvantages like higher costs.
The document discusses biofuels and lignocellulosic biomass processing. It describes:
1) The types and generations of biofuels including ethanol from sugars/starches and lignocellulosic biomass.
2) The composition and pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass to break down lignin and increase accessibility of cellulose and hemicellulose.
3) The enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated biomass into glucose and other sugars and models for consolidated bioprocessing using single or consortia of microbes.
2014 fallsemester introduction-to_biofuels-ust(dj_suh)Hiền Mira
This document provides an introduction to biofuels, including definitions of biomass and bioenergy. It discusses various biomass sources and conversion pathways to produce biofuels like bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas. The strengths and challenges of different biofuel types are outlined. Key aspects of producing cellulosic bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass are summarized, such as pretreatment methods, hydrolysis, fermentation, and purification processes.
This document discusses plant-based biofuels and their potential for rural community development. It provides background on biofuels and their production. Specifically, it discusses how small-scale biodiesel production through community groups growing crops like jatropha can provide rural electrification, improve agriculture, create jobs, and empower women in developing countries. The document advocates for pilot projects in rural communities that mobilize groups to plant crops and establish small biodiesel plants and microfinance programs.
This document discusses various types of biofuels including first, second, and third generation biofuels. First generation biofuels are made from sugar, starch, vegetable oils or animal fats. Second generation biofuels use non-food feedstocks and different extraction technologies like gasification, pyrolysis, and fermentation. Third generation biofuels are derived from algae. The document also discusses pros and cons of biofuel production such as their renewability but also potential high costs and impacts on food supply.
This document discusses various types of biofuels including ethanol, biodiesel, biogas, and algal biofuel. It provides information on their production processes and advantages and disadvantages. Some key points include:
- Biofuels are fuels produced from biomass such as plants and algae. Common types include ethanol, biodiesel, and biogas.
- Ethanol is typically produced from sugars and starches through fermentation. Biodiesel is made through a chemical process called transesterification of vegetable oils.
- Biogas is produced through anaerobic digestion of organic waste to produce a methane-rich gas.
- Algal biofuel is in research and development with
Biofuels were first used by ancient people and have increased in popularity due to rising oil prices and the need for energy security. Biofuels can be made from biomass sources like sugarcane, maize, jatropha plants, and more. Ethanol is commonly made from sugarcane and is used as fuel in Brazil. Jatropha is a non-edible oilseed plant used to produce biodiesel and grows well in marginal lands. India aims to replace 20% of its diesel with jatropha biodiesel by promoting large-scale jatropha cultivation. Biotechnology advances may enhance biofuel production through genetic modification of energy crops.
Bioethanol is produced through the fermentation of sugars from various agricultural sources like corn, sugarcane, and cellulosic materials. It has benefits as a renewable fuel that can reduce dependence on crude oil and emissions. There are three main steps in production: fermentation of sugars into ethanol, distillation to separate ethanol from water, and dehydration to purify the ethanol. Lignocellulosic materials like wood and crop residues can also be broken down enzymatically to produce fermentable sugars for ethanol production, but this process is more complex than using easily accessible starch sources. Bioethanol shows potential as a cleaner burning alternative fuel but still faces challenges in efficiency and infrastructure compatibility compared to gasoline.
This document discusses biofuels as a renewable energy source. It notes that fossil fuel reserves will eventually be depleted, so scientists are looking at alternatives like biofuels. Biofuels are fuels derived from biological carbon fixation, such as plant biomass or waste. They offer advantages like reducing dependence on fossil fuels and emissions. Common biofuels include ethanol from sugar/starch crops and biodiesel from plant oils, with biodiesel being popular in Europe. While biofuels provide benefits, their production also has some disadvantages like higher costs.
The document discusses biofuels and lignocellulosic biomass processing. It describes:
1) The types and generations of biofuels including ethanol from sugars/starches and lignocellulosic biomass.
2) The composition and pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass to break down lignin and increase accessibility of cellulose and hemicellulose.
3) The enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated biomass into glucose and other sugars and models for consolidated bioprocessing using single or consortia of microbes.
What is Bio fuel?
Green Diesel
Bio Diesel
Bio fuel Gasoline
Vegetable Oil
Bio ethers
Ethanol
Bio gas and Syngas
Solid Biofuel
Application Of Biofuel
Q&A on Biogas
Biofuels are fuels derived from biological carbon fixation. There are several types and generations of biofuels. First generation biofuels are made from food crops like corn and sugarcane, while second generation are made from non-food sources like grass and municipal solid waste. Third generation use algae as a feedstock. Common biofuels include bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas, and biohydrogen. Ethanol is produced through fermentation and distillation of sugars from crops. Biodiesel is made through transesterification of vegetable oils. Biogas is a product of anaerobic digestion of organic materials. Biohydrogen can be produced through dark fermentation or photobiological methods.
This document discusses various types of biofuels including their production processes and applications. It begins by introducing biofuels and explaining that they are fuels produced from biomass sources. It then discusses different types of biofuels such as bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas, and bio-oil. For each type, it provides details on the production process, feedstocks used, and applications. The document also covers advantages and disadvantages of biofuels compared to fossil fuels and highlights some of the major research needs and issues around biofuels such as potential competition with food production.
Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils and animal fats through a chemical process. It can be used in diesel engines and vehicles alone or blended with petrodiesel. Biodiesel produces lower emissions than petrodiesel, reducing harmful emissions like particulate matter, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and decreasing the carcinogenic properties of diesel. However, biodiesel may increase nitrogen oxide emissions slightly. Biodiesel is more biodegradable than petrodiesel and is considered more environmentally friendly.
This document discusses different types of biofuels and whether they are an environmental solution or problem. It outlines three main types of biofuels: first generation from starch/sugar/vegetable oil which are not sustainable; second generation from non-food crops; and third generation from algae. While biofuels can be used as fuel substitutes and help reduce global warming, first generation biofuels could damage food supplies if used in large quantities. The document also notes biofuels' advantages like being renewable and sourced from waste, but disadvantages include high costs and overuse of fertilizers in crop production.
Samir Khanal, Professor of Biological Engineering Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering at UHM, describes an integrated approach in converting biomass into biofuel and biobased products. Slides from the REIS seminar series at the University of Hawaii at Manoa on 2009-10-22.
This document discusses microbial biodiesel production. It begins with an introduction to biodiesel and its history. It then discusses what biodiesel is and how it is made from vegetable oils, animal fats, or microbes. The rest of the document focuses on biodiesel production using microbes like microalgae, bacteria, fungi and yeast. It discusses the advantages of using microbes, such as their ability to grow rapidly and accumulate high amounts of lipids. It also provides details on the biodiesel production process when using different types of microbes, including lipid extraction and transesterification. In conclusion, while microbial biodiesel production is promising, further improvements are still needed to make it economically competitive with
This document reviews biodiesel production methods using chemical and biological catalysts. Biodiesel can be produced via transesterification, where triglycerides from oils react with alcohol to form esters and glycerol. This reaction is catalyzed by acids, bases, or enzymes. Key process variables that affect conversion rates include the type of catalyst, substrate, temperature, solvent, molar ratios, and glycerol byproduct removal. While base catalysis is most common, acid and enzyme methods allow processing of low-quality feedstocks. Alternative acyl acceptors like methyl acetate and dimethyl carbonate also show promise. Overall, optimizing catalysts, substrates, and process conditions can improve biodiesel
This document discusses bioethanol production technology and its prospects. It begins by defining bioethanol as ethanol derived from agricultural sources rather than petrochemical sources. The document then discusses the benefits of bioethanol such as reduced dependence on crude oil, being a renewable fuel, and reducing air pollution. It describes the raw materials and basic steps involved in bioethanol production. The document provides details on various pretreatment and hydrolysis methods as well as microorganisms used such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and discusses prospects for improving cellulosic ethanol production.
A powerpoint presentation on biofuels . Application , manufacture , advantages and disadvantages of biofuels also included . Presentation based on sustainable devolopment . A useful powerpoint presentation for engineering students . GO GREEN . Thank you .
The document discusses first generation biofuels. First generation biofuels are derived from sources like starch, sugar, vegetable oils, and animal fats using conventional techniques. Some examples given are ethanol, biodiesel from vegetable oils, and biogas. While they provided early alternatives to fossil fuels, first generation biofuels face sustainability challenges as they compete with food production and may not provide significant environmental benefits over fossil fuels. Future research focuses on second and third generation biofuels from non-food sources like lignocellulosic biomass and algae.
The document summarizes various processes for biodiesel production, with a focus on transesterification. It describes four main methods - pyrolysis, micro-emulsification, dilution, and transesterification. Transesterification, which is the reaction of triglycerides with alcohol in the presence of an acid or base catalyst, is identified as the most common industrial process. The key steps of transesterification including catalyst selection, reaction conditions, and separation of biodiesel and glycerol are outlined. Post-production processes like refining, washing, drying and additive treatment are also summarized to purify the biodiesel and meet fuel standards.
This document discusses the production process of bioethanol. Raw materials like grains, corn, sugar cane are broken down into sugars through processes like mashing, cooking and enzymatic hydrolysis. Yeast is then used to ferment the sugars into ethanol through fermentation. The ethanol is then distilled from the mixture. Bioethanol has advantages as a cleaner burning fuel but also disadvantages like lower energy content than gasoline and difficulty in cold starts. Further improvements in efficiency and sustainability are needed for bioethanol to fully replace gasoline.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on producing biodiesel from Jatropha seeds. It introduces Jatropha as a drought-resistant shrub that can grow in poor soils and produce oil-containing seeds for 30-40 years. The objectives are to find an alternative fuel for engines as energy sources are decreasing. The methodology discussed is transesterification, the process used to reduce the viscosity of Jatropha and other vegetable oils to make them suitable for use in diesel engines. The document outlines the processing steps, advantages like providing a renewable domestic fuel, and disadvantages such as current low production levels. It concludes that blending 20% Jatropha biodiesel with diesel could save India 7.3 million tonnes
This document provides an overview of bioethanol, including its production process, feedstocks, fuel properties, advantages, and disadvantages. Bioethanol is produced through sugar fermentation of plants containing sugars and starch, such as corn, sugarcane, or wheat. It is used as a substitute for gasoline in vehicles. While bioethanol production reduces greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on oil, it also requires large amounts of land and water and has lower energy content than gasoline. Brazil is highlighted as the largest producer and user of bioethanol due to its sugarcane crops and government policies supporting ethanol production.
-“Biofuel is an inexhaustible, biodegradable fuel manufactured from Biomass.”
• Renewable energy
• Derived from living materials.
• Pure and the easiest available fuels on planet earth.
Biofuels are fuels produced from biological sources such as agricultural waste, sugarcane, corn, and algae. They include bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas. Biofuels offer advantages like reducing dependence on fossil fuels, lowering greenhouse gas emissions, and reducing foreign oil reliance. However, they also have disadvantages like potentially higher food prices and shortages if too much cropland is used for fuel production rather than food. Common biofuels include bioethanol from sugar cane or corn fermentation, biodiesel from vegetable or animal fats, and biogas from organic waste digestion.
This document discusses biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel. It provides information on their production sources and feedstocks. Ethanol can be produced from starch, sugar, and cellulosic biomass, with major global sources including sugarcane, corn, and cassava. Biodiesel is produced from oilseed crops like soybeans and rapeseed. The document also outlines the history and current state of biofuel production and use globally, particularly in countries like Brazil, the US, Europe, and India. It notes the potential benefits of biofuels in reducing dependence on crude oil and lowering emissions.
The document summarizes the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils through transesterification. It discusses various feedstocks used, the transesterification process, and results from experiments conducted. Key points:
- Soybean, sunflower, and corn oils were most suitable feedstocks, meeting standard diesel properties. Soybean yielded the highest amount of biodiesel at 96% in 9 hours.
- The transesterification process involves reacting vegetable oils with methanol in the presence of a catalyst to form biodiesel and glycerin.
- Results found soybean, sunflower, and corn biodiesel met most standards but others like rice bran were less suitable due to higher viscosity and lower
The document discusses biofuels such as biodiesel, describing them as transportation fuels made from biomass materials like vegetable oils or animal fats through a chemical process. It provides details on the production of biodiesel, including the use of fats and oils, alcohols, and catalysts in the transesterification reaction to produce the fuel. The advantages and disadvantages of biodiesel use are also summarized.
Biofuels such as biodiesel and bio-ethanol are alternative fuels that are produced from biomass or biological materials rather than fossil fuels. Biodiesel is typically made from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled cooking oils through a chemical process called transesterification. Bio-ethanol is made through fermentation of sugars in grains or cellulosic materials. The production of biofuels helps combat energy crisis, reduces greenhouse gas emissions, and lessens dependence on foreign oil. However, biofuels also have disadvantages like higher production costs compared to conventional fuels and potential impacts on food production.
What is Bio fuel?
Green Diesel
Bio Diesel
Bio fuel Gasoline
Vegetable Oil
Bio ethers
Ethanol
Bio gas and Syngas
Solid Biofuel
Application Of Biofuel
Q&A on Biogas
Biofuels are fuels derived from biological carbon fixation. There are several types and generations of biofuels. First generation biofuels are made from food crops like corn and sugarcane, while second generation are made from non-food sources like grass and municipal solid waste. Third generation use algae as a feedstock. Common biofuels include bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas, and biohydrogen. Ethanol is produced through fermentation and distillation of sugars from crops. Biodiesel is made through transesterification of vegetable oils. Biogas is a product of anaerobic digestion of organic materials. Biohydrogen can be produced through dark fermentation or photobiological methods.
This document discusses various types of biofuels including their production processes and applications. It begins by introducing biofuels and explaining that they are fuels produced from biomass sources. It then discusses different types of biofuels such as bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas, and bio-oil. For each type, it provides details on the production process, feedstocks used, and applications. The document also covers advantages and disadvantages of biofuels compared to fossil fuels and highlights some of the major research needs and issues around biofuels such as potential competition with food production.
Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils and animal fats through a chemical process. It can be used in diesel engines and vehicles alone or blended with petrodiesel. Biodiesel produces lower emissions than petrodiesel, reducing harmful emissions like particulate matter, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and decreasing the carcinogenic properties of diesel. However, biodiesel may increase nitrogen oxide emissions slightly. Biodiesel is more biodegradable than petrodiesel and is considered more environmentally friendly.
This document discusses different types of biofuels and whether they are an environmental solution or problem. It outlines three main types of biofuels: first generation from starch/sugar/vegetable oil which are not sustainable; second generation from non-food crops; and third generation from algae. While biofuels can be used as fuel substitutes and help reduce global warming, first generation biofuels could damage food supplies if used in large quantities. The document also notes biofuels' advantages like being renewable and sourced from waste, but disadvantages include high costs and overuse of fertilizers in crop production.
Samir Khanal, Professor of Biological Engineering Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering at UHM, describes an integrated approach in converting biomass into biofuel and biobased products. Slides from the REIS seminar series at the University of Hawaii at Manoa on 2009-10-22.
This document discusses microbial biodiesel production. It begins with an introduction to biodiesel and its history. It then discusses what biodiesel is and how it is made from vegetable oils, animal fats, or microbes. The rest of the document focuses on biodiesel production using microbes like microalgae, bacteria, fungi and yeast. It discusses the advantages of using microbes, such as their ability to grow rapidly and accumulate high amounts of lipids. It also provides details on the biodiesel production process when using different types of microbes, including lipid extraction and transesterification. In conclusion, while microbial biodiesel production is promising, further improvements are still needed to make it economically competitive with
This document reviews biodiesel production methods using chemical and biological catalysts. Biodiesel can be produced via transesterification, where triglycerides from oils react with alcohol to form esters and glycerol. This reaction is catalyzed by acids, bases, or enzymes. Key process variables that affect conversion rates include the type of catalyst, substrate, temperature, solvent, molar ratios, and glycerol byproduct removal. While base catalysis is most common, acid and enzyme methods allow processing of low-quality feedstocks. Alternative acyl acceptors like methyl acetate and dimethyl carbonate also show promise. Overall, optimizing catalysts, substrates, and process conditions can improve biodiesel
This document discusses bioethanol production technology and its prospects. It begins by defining bioethanol as ethanol derived from agricultural sources rather than petrochemical sources. The document then discusses the benefits of bioethanol such as reduced dependence on crude oil, being a renewable fuel, and reducing air pollution. It describes the raw materials and basic steps involved in bioethanol production. The document provides details on various pretreatment and hydrolysis methods as well as microorganisms used such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and discusses prospects for improving cellulosic ethanol production.
A powerpoint presentation on biofuels . Application , manufacture , advantages and disadvantages of biofuels also included . Presentation based on sustainable devolopment . A useful powerpoint presentation for engineering students . GO GREEN . Thank you .
The document discusses first generation biofuels. First generation biofuels are derived from sources like starch, sugar, vegetable oils, and animal fats using conventional techniques. Some examples given are ethanol, biodiesel from vegetable oils, and biogas. While they provided early alternatives to fossil fuels, first generation biofuels face sustainability challenges as they compete with food production and may not provide significant environmental benefits over fossil fuels. Future research focuses on second and third generation biofuels from non-food sources like lignocellulosic biomass and algae.
The document summarizes various processes for biodiesel production, with a focus on transesterification. It describes four main methods - pyrolysis, micro-emulsification, dilution, and transesterification. Transesterification, which is the reaction of triglycerides with alcohol in the presence of an acid or base catalyst, is identified as the most common industrial process. The key steps of transesterification including catalyst selection, reaction conditions, and separation of biodiesel and glycerol are outlined. Post-production processes like refining, washing, drying and additive treatment are also summarized to purify the biodiesel and meet fuel standards.
This document discusses the production process of bioethanol. Raw materials like grains, corn, sugar cane are broken down into sugars through processes like mashing, cooking and enzymatic hydrolysis. Yeast is then used to ferment the sugars into ethanol through fermentation. The ethanol is then distilled from the mixture. Bioethanol has advantages as a cleaner burning fuel but also disadvantages like lower energy content than gasoline and difficulty in cold starts. Further improvements in efficiency and sustainability are needed for bioethanol to fully replace gasoline.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on producing biodiesel from Jatropha seeds. It introduces Jatropha as a drought-resistant shrub that can grow in poor soils and produce oil-containing seeds for 30-40 years. The objectives are to find an alternative fuel for engines as energy sources are decreasing. The methodology discussed is transesterification, the process used to reduce the viscosity of Jatropha and other vegetable oils to make them suitable for use in diesel engines. The document outlines the processing steps, advantages like providing a renewable domestic fuel, and disadvantages such as current low production levels. It concludes that blending 20% Jatropha biodiesel with diesel could save India 7.3 million tonnes
This document provides an overview of bioethanol, including its production process, feedstocks, fuel properties, advantages, and disadvantages. Bioethanol is produced through sugar fermentation of plants containing sugars and starch, such as corn, sugarcane, or wheat. It is used as a substitute for gasoline in vehicles. While bioethanol production reduces greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on oil, it also requires large amounts of land and water and has lower energy content than gasoline. Brazil is highlighted as the largest producer and user of bioethanol due to its sugarcane crops and government policies supporting ethanol production.
-“Biofuel is an inexhaustible, biodegradable fuel manufactured from Biomass.”
• Renewable energy
• Derived from living materials.
• Pure and the easiest available fuels on planet earth.
Biofuels are fuels produced from biological sources such as agricultural waste, sugarcane, corn, and algae. They include bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas. Biofuels offer advantages like reducing dependence on fossil fuels, lowering greenhouse gas emissions, and reducing foreign oil reliance. However, they also have disadvantages like potentially higher food prices and shortages if too much cropland is used for fuel production rather than food. Common biofuels include bioethanol from sugar cane or corn fermentation, biodiesel from vegetable or animal fats, and biogas from organic waste digestion.
This document discusses biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel. It provides information on their production sources and feedstocks. Ethanol can be produced from starch, sugar, and cellulosic biomass, with major global sources including sugarcane, corn, and cassava. Biodiesel is produced from oilseed crops like soybeans and rapeseed. The document also outlines the history and current state of biofuel production and use globally, particularly in countries like Brazil, the US, Europe, and India. It notes the potential benefits of biofuels in reducing dependence on crude oil and lowering emissions.
The document summarizes the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils through transesterification. It discusses various feedstocks used, the transesterification process, and results from experiments conducted. Key points:
- Soybean, sunflower, and corn oils were most suitable feedstocks, meeting standard diesel properties. Soybean yielded the highest amount of biodiesel at 96% in 9 hours.
- The transesterification process involves reacting vegetable oils with methanol in the presence of a catalyst to form biodiesel and glycerin.
- Results found soybean, sunflower, and corn biodiesel met most standards but others like rice bran were less suitable due to higher viscosity and lower
The document discusses biofuels such as biodiesel, describing them as transportation fuels made from biomass materials like vegetable oils or animal fats through a chemical process. It provides details on the production of biodiesel, including the use of fats and oils, alcohols, and catalysts in the transesterification reaction to produce the fuel. The advantages and disadvantages of biodiesel use are also summarized.
Biofuels such as biodiesel and bio-ethanol are alternative fuels that are produced from biomass or biological materials rather than fossil fuels. Biodiesel is typically made from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled cooking oils through a chemical process called transesterification. Bio-ethanol is made through fermentation of sugars in grains or cellulosic materials. The production of biofuels helps combat energy crisis, reduces greenhouse gas emissions, and lessens dependence on foreign oil. However, biofuels also have disadvantages like higher production costs compared to conventional fuels and potential impacts on food production.
A Comparative Analysis of Compression Ignition Engine Characteristics Using P...Editor IJMTER
This paper investigate the scope of utilizing biodiesel with high bland (B20 & B40)
developed from the Methyle alcohol from pongamia oils as an alternative diesel fuel. The major
problem of using neat pongamia oil as a fuel in a compression ignition engine arises due to its very
high viscosity. Transesterification with alcohols reduces the viscosity of the oil and other properties
have been evaluated to be comparable with those of diesel. In the present project work, an
experimental investigation is carried out on performance and emission characteristics of preheated
higher blends of pongamia biodiesel with diesel. The higher blends of fuel is preheated at 60, 75, 90
and 110˚C temperature using waste exhaust gas heat in a shell and tube heat exchanger.
Transesterification process is used to produce biodiesel required for the project from raw pongamia
oil. Experiments were done using B20 and B40 biodiesel blends at different preheating temperature
and for different loading. A significant improvement in performance and emission characteristics of
preheated B40 blend was obtained. B40 blend preheated to 110˚C showed maximum 8.72% and
8.97% increase in brake thermal efficiency over diesel and B20 blend respectively at 75% load. Also
the highest reduction in UBHC emission and smoke opacity values are obtained as 79.41% and
80.6% respectively over diesel and 78.12% and 73.54% respectively over B20 blend for B40 blend
preheated to 110˚C at 75% load. Thus preheating of higher blends of diesel and biodiesel at higher
temperature improves the viscosity and other properties sharply and improves the performance and
emission.
Biodiesel production in middle east opportunities and challenges jordan as ex...Ibrahim Farouk
Biodiesel production in middle east opportunities and challenges jordan as example jec edama 3rd nov. 2015
feel free to call us at info@biorotterdam.com
Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that can be an alternative to petroleum-based diesel. It is made through a chemical process where vegetable oils or animal fats react with alcohol to form esters. Biodiesel has advantages like being less toxic and producing fewer emissions than conventional diesel. Potential disadvantages include potential issues with older engines and a slight increase in nitrogen oxide emissions. The document discusses how biodiesel is made from various feedstocks like vegetable oils, waste cooking grease, and how it can help increase energy security and sustainability.
There are four main methods to produce biodiesel from vegetable oils and animal fats: direct use and blending, transesterification, pyrolysis, and microemulsions. Transesterification is the most common process, which uses a catalyst like sodium hydroxide to react triglycerides with alcohol, producing biodiesel and glycerin. Pyrolysis involves thermal cracking of oils at 250-350°C to reduce viscosity. Microemulsions create a stable mixture of oil, water, and surfactant to improve properties. Biodiesel has benefits over petroleum diesel like being renewable, having lower emissions, and similar fuel characteristics.
This document discusses biodiesel, which is a liquid fuel produced from vegetable oils or animal fats through a process called transesterification. Transesterification involves exchanging the alkoxy group of an alcohol, often using an acid or base catalyst. The document examines the characteristics and properties of biodiesel, including that it is immiscible with water and has a higher flash point than conventional diesel. Biodiesel can be used alone or blended with conventional diesel in varying percentages. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize biodiesel production from different feedstocks and found that temperature, alcohol-to-oil ratio, and catalyst concentration significantly impacted yields.
Biodiesel is one of the most important biofuels today. It is produced by the process called trans-esterfication. Biodiesel is a green energy that decrease the pollutants to air.
Requirement of alternatives of conventional petrol and diesel is increasing day by day with increase in pollution. To overcome this situation alternative fuel is best way of future fuel - It prevents pollution also clean burning properties as a fuel.
It is Modern Era of Fuel.
This document summarizes research on producing biodiesel from non-edible crude oils and evaluating its performance compared to diesel fuel. Specifically, it discusses how non-edible oils like neem, hemp and castor are converted to biodiesel via a transesterification process. It then compares various physicochemical properties of the resulting biodiesel like viscosity, density, cetane number, and sulfur content to those of diesel fuel. The conclusion is that while biodiesel from non-edible oils has some disadvantages in properties like higher viscosity, it can be used as a substitute for diesel with engine preheating and has benefits like lower emissions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Liquid fuels can be broadly classified into natural and manufactured fuels. Petroleum, obtained by drilling wells, is the largest source of natural liquid fuel and is refined to produce fuels like gasoline, diesel, kerosene and heavy fuel oil. Synthetic liquid fuels can be manufactured from coal, natural gas or biomass through processes like Fischer-Tropsch. Other liquid biofuels include biodiesel, produced from vegetable oils, and alcohol fuels like ethanol produced by fermenting biomass. Each fuel has different properties and characteristics making some more suitable for specific applications like diesel in compression ignition engines.
Biodiesel is a cleaner-burning diesel replacement fuel made from vegetable oils and animal fats through a process called trans-esterification. It can be blended with petroleum diesel up to 20% without engine modifications. Biodiesel reduces emissions compared to petroleum diesel, though nitrogen oxide emissions may increase at higher blend levels. It has similar physical properties as diesel, operating in compression-ignition engines.
The document studies the preparation and properties of biodiesel for use in diesel engines. It discusses the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from vegetable oils and animal fats, and evaluates the performance, emissions, and efficiency of biodiesel compared to petroleum diesel in a single cylinder diesel engine. The results show that biodiesel has improved efficiency and reduced emissions except for NOx, but higher production costs and infrastructure needs compared to conventional diesel fuel.
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1. BIO-FUELS
Dr. Ajay Singh Lodhi
Assistant Professor
College of Agriculture, Balaghat
Jawahar Lal Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur (M.P.)
2. Bio-Fuels
A biofuel is a fuel that is produced through
contemporary biological processes, such as agriculture
and anaerobic digestion, rather than a fuel produced by
geological processes such as those involved in the
formation of fossil fuels, such as coal and petroleum,
from prehistoric biological matter.
Biofuels can be derived directly from plants (i.e. energy
crops), or indirectly from agricultural, commercial,
domestic, and/or industrial wastes.
Renewable biofuels generally involve contemporary
carbon fixation, such as those that occur in plants or
microalgae through the process of photosynthesis.
Other renewable biofuels are made through the use or
conversion of biomass (referring to recently living
organisms, most often referring to plants or plant-
derived materials).
3. “Biofuels” are transportation fuels like ethanol and
biodiesel that are made from biomass materials. These
fuels are usually blended with petroleum fuels namely
with gasoline (petrol) and diesel fuel, but they can also
be used on their own. Ethanol and biodiesel are also
cleaner burning fuels, producing fewer air pollutants.
Ethanol is a alcohol fuel made from the sugars found
in grains such as corn, sorghum, and wheat, as well as
potato skins, rice, sugarcane, sugar beets and yard
clippings by fermentation.
Bio-diesel fuel can be made from renewable vegetable
oils, animal fats or recycled cooking oils by trans
esterification process.
4. THE FOLLOWING ARE SOME OF THE
CHARACTERS FOR THE EFFICIENT BIO-
DIESEL
Kinematic viscosity:
Viscosity represents flow characteristics and the
tendency of fluids to deform with stress. Viscosity
affects injector lubrication and fuel atomization.
Fuels with low viscosity may not provide sufficient
lubrication for the precision fit of fuel injection pumps,
resulting in leakage or increased wear. Fuel atomization
is also affected by fuel viscosity.
Diesel fuels with high viscosity tend to form larger
droplets on injection which can cause poor combustion,
increased exhaust smoke and emissions.
5. Density:
It’s the weight per unit volume. Oils that are denser
contain more energy. For example, petrol and diesel
fuels give comparable energy by weight, but diesel is
denser and hence gives more energy per litre.
Biodiesel is generally denser than diesel fuel with
sample values ranging between 877 kg/m3 to 884 kg/m3
compared with diesel at 835 kg/m3. Thus, density of the
final product depends mostly on the feedstock used.
Calorific Value:
Heat of combustion: Heating Value or Heat of
Combustion, is the amount of heating energy released by
the combustion of a unit value of fuels. One of the most
important determinants of heating value is moisture
content. Liquid biofuels however have bulk densities
comparable to those for fossil fuels.
6. Melt point or Pour point Melt or pour point:
It refers to the temperature at which the oil in solid
form starts to melt or pour. In case where the
temperatures fall below the melt point, the entire fuel
system including all fuel lines and fuel tank will need
to be heated.
Cloud point:
The temperature at which an oil starts to solidify is
known as the cloud point. While operating an engine at
temperatures below an oil’s cloud point, heating will be
necessary in order to avoid waxing of the fuel.
7. Flash point (FP) :
The flash point temperature of diesel fuel is the
minimum temperature at which the fuel will ignite
(flash) on application of an ignition source. Flash point
varies inversely with the fuel’s volatility. Minimum flash
point temperatures are required for proper safety and
handling of diesel fuel. The flash point determines the
flammability of the material. Neat biodiesel has a flash
point (150°C) well above the flash point of petroleum
based diesel fuel (±70°C).
Acid value:
The total acid number is an indication of the presence of
free fatty acids formed due to oil degradation and
combustion. It can also result from improper
manufacturing, through remaining catalyst or excessive
neutralization.
8. Iodine value:
It is an index of the number of double bonds in biodiesel,
and therefore is a parameter that quantifies the degree
of unsaturation of biodiesel. It is reported in terms of the
grams of iodine that will react with 100 grams of a fat or
oil under specified condition. It is a value of the amount
of iodine, measured in grams, absorbed by 100 grams of
given oil. It is commonly used as a measure of the
chemical stability properties of different biodiesel fuels
against such oxidation.
Carbon residue:
This indicates the tendency of fuel to form carbon
deposits in an engine. An important indicator of the
quality of biodiesel is the carbon residue, which
corresponds to the content of glycerides, free fatty acids,
soaps, polymers and remaining catalyst.
9. Aniline point/Cetane number (CN):
It is a relative measure of the interval between the
beginning of injection and auto-ignition of the fuel. The
higher the cetane number, the shorter the delay interval
and the greater its combustibility. Fuels with low
Cetane Numbers will result in difficult starting, noise
and exhaust smoke.
In general, diesel engines will operate better on fuels
with Cetane Numbers above 50. Cetane number is
usually measured directly using a test engine. Cetane
tests provide information on the ignition quality of a
diesel fuel.
Diesel fuel usually has a cetane rating between 45 and
50 while vegetable oil is 35 to 45. Biodiesel is usually
have in between 50 to 60.
10. Stability:
Biodiesel ages more quickly than petroleum diesel fuel
due to the chemical structure of fatty acids and methyl
esters present in biodiesel. Typically there are fourteen
types of fatty acid methyl ester in the biodiesel.
The individual proportion of presence of these esters in
the fuel affects the final properties of biodiesel. Poor
oxidation stability can cause fuel thickening, formation
of gums and sediments which in turn can cause filter
clogging and injector fouling.
Biodiesel and biodiesel blends are much more thermally
stable than diesel. Biodiesel and its blends should not be
stored in a storage tank or vehicle tank more than 6
months. Depending upon the storage temperature and
other conditions suggest the use of appropriate
antioxidants.
11. Ash Percentage:
Ash is a measure of the amount of metals contained in the
fuel. High concentrations of these materials can cause
injector tip plugging, combustion deposits and injection
system wear. The ash content is important for the heating
value, as heating value decreases with increasing ash
content.
Ash content for bio-fuels is typically lower than for most
coals, and sulphur content is much lower than for many fossil
fuels.
Sulfur percentage :
The percentage by weight, of sulfur in the fuel sulfur content
is limited by law to very small percentages for diesel fuel
used in on-road applications. First use vegetable oil and
animal fat based biodiesel has less than 15 ppm sulphur.
Many researchers claim that pure biodiesel is essentially
sulphur free and therefore biodiesel is an ultra-low sulphur
fuel.
12. BIODIESEL PRODUCTION
Biodiesel is a liquid biofuel obtained by chemical
processes from vegetable oils or animal fats and an
alcohol that can be used in diesel engines, alone or
blended with diesel oil.
ASTM International (originally known as the American
Society for Testing and Materials) defines biodiesel as a
mixture of long-chain mono-alkylic esters from fatty
acids obtained from renewable resources, to be used in
diesel engines.
Blends with diesel fuel are indicated as ‘‘Bx’’, where ‘‘x’’
is the percentage of biodiesel in the blend. For instance,
‘‘B5’’ indicates a blend with 5% biodiesel and 95% diesel
fuel; in consequence, B100 indicates pure biodiesel.
13. FEEDSTOCKS USED IN BIODIESEL PRODUCTION
The primary raw materials used in the production of
biodiesel are vegetable oils, animal fats, and recycled greases.
These materials contain triglycerides, free fatty acids, and
other contaminants depending on the degree of pretreatment
they have received prior to delivery.
Since biodiesel is a mono-alkyl fatty acid ester, the primary
alcohol used to form the ester is the other major feedstock.
Most processes for making biodiesel use a catalyst to initiate
the esterification reaction. The catalyst is required because
the alcohol is sparingly soluble in the oil phase. The catalyst
promotes an increase in solubility to allow the reaction to
proceed at a reasonable rate.
The most common catalysts used are strong mineral bases
such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. After
the reaction, the base catalyst must be neutralized with a
strong mineral acid.
14. Typical proportions for the chemicals used to make
biodiesel are:
Reactants •Fat or oil (e.g. 100 kg soybean oil)
•Primary alcohol (e.g. 10 kg methanol)
Catalyst •Mineral base (e.g. 0.3 kg sodium
hydroxide)
Neutralizer •Mineral acid (e.g. 0.25 kg sulfuric
acid)
15. ADVANTAGES OF THE USE OF BIODIESEL
Renewable fuel, obtained from vegetable oils or animal
fats.
Low toxicity, in comparison with diesel fuel.
Degrades more rapidly than diesel fuel, minimizing the
environmental consequences of biofuel spills.
Lower emissions of contaminants: carbon monoxide,
particulate matter, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,
aldehydes.
Lower health risk, due to reduced emissions of
carcinogenic substances.
No sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions.
Higher flash point.
16. May be blended with diesel fuel at any proportion; both
fuels may be mixed during the fuel supply to vehicles.
Excellent properties as a lubricant.
It is the only alternative fuel that can be used in a
conventional diesel engine, without modifications.
Used cooking oils and fat residues from meat processing
may be used as raw materials.
17. DISADVANTAGES OF THE USE OF BIODIESEL
Slightly higher fuel consumption due to the lower calorific value
of biodiesel.
Slightly higher nitrous oxide (NOx) emissions than diesel fuel.
Higher freezing point than diesel fuel. This may be inconvenient
in cold climates.
It is less stable than diesel fuel, and therefore long-term storage
(more than six months) of biodiesel is not recommended.
May degrade plastic and natural rubber gaskets and hoses
when used in pure form, in which case replacement with Teflon
components is recommended.
It dissolves the deposits of sediments and other contaminants
from diesel fuel in storage tanks and fuel lines, which then are
flushed away by the biofuel into the engine, where they can
cause problems in the valves and injection systems. In
consequence, the cleaning of tanks prior to filling with biodiesel
is recommended.
It must be noted that these disadvantages are significantly
reduced when biodiesel is used in blends with diesel fuel.
18. Fats and Oils:
Choice of the fats or oils to be used in producing
biodiesel is both a process chemistry decision and an
economic decision. With respect to process chemistry,
the greatest difference among the choices of fats and oils
is the amount of free fatty acids that are associated with
the triglycerides. Other contaminants, such as color and
odor bodies can reduce the value of the glycerin
produced, and reduce the public acceptance of the fuel if
the color and odor persist in the fuel.
Most vegetable oils have a low percentage of associated
free fatty acids. Crude vegetable oils contain some free
fatty acids and phospholipids. The phospholipids are
removed in a “degumming” step and the free fatty acids
are removed in a “refining” step. Oil can be purchased
as crude, degummed, or refined. The selection of the
type of oil affects the production technology that is
required.
19. The options for the triglyceride choice are many. Among
the vegetable oils sources are soybean, canola, palm, and
rape. Animal fats are products of rendering operations.
They include beef tallow, lard, poultry fat, and fish oils.
Yellow greases can be mixtures of vegetable and animal
sources. There are other less desirable, but also less
expensive triglyceride sources such as brown grease and
soap stock.
The free fatty acid content affects the type of biodiesel
process used, and the yield of fuel from that process. The
other contaminants present can affect the extent of
feedstock preparation necessary to use a given reaction
chemistry.
20. Alcohol:
The most commonly used primary alcohol used in biodiesel
production is methanol, although other alcohols, such as
ethanol, iso-propanol, and butyl, can be used. A key quality
factor for the primary alcohol is the water content. Water
interferes with transesterification reactions and can result in
poor yields and high levels of soap, free fatty acids, and
triglycerides in the final fuel. Unfortunately, all the lower
alcohols are hygroscopic and are capable of absorbing water
from the air.
Many alcohols have been used to make biodiesel. As long as
the product esters meet ASTM 6751, it does not make any
chemical difference which alcohol is used in the process.
Other issues such as cost of the alcohol, the amount of alcohol
needed for the reaction, the ease of recovering and recycling
the alcohol, fuel tax credits, and global warming issues
influence the choice of alcohol. Some alcohols also require
slight technical modifications to the production process such
as higher operating temperatures, longer or slower mixing
times, or lower mixing speeds.
21. Catalysts and Neutralizers:
Catalysts may either be base, acid, or enzyme materials.
The most commonly used catalyst materials for
converting triglycerides to biodiesel are sodium
hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and sodium methoxide.
Most base catalyst systems use vegetable oils as a
feedstock. If the vegetable oil is crude, it contains small
amounts (<2%) of free fatty acids that will form soaps
that will end up in the crude glycerin. Refined
feedstocks, such as refined soy oil can also be used with
base catalysts.
The base catalysts are highly hygroscopic and they form
chemical water when dissolved in the alcohol reactant.
They also absorb water from the air during storage. If
too much water has been adsorbed the catalyst will
perform poorly and the biodiesel may not meet the total
glycerin standard.
22. Although acid catalysts can be used for
transesterification they are generally considered to be
too slow for industrial processing.
Acid catalysts are more commonly used for the
esterification of free fatty acids. Acid catalysts include
sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid.
Solid calcium carbonate is used as an acid catalyst in
one experimental homogeneous catalyst process. The
acid catalyst is mixed with methanol and then this
mixture is added to the free fatty acids or a feedstock
that contains high levels of free fatty acids. The free
fatty acids convert into biodiesel. The acids will need
neutralization when this process is complete, but this
can be done as base catalyst is added to convert any
remaining triglycerides.
23. There is continuing interest in using lipases as
enzymatic catalysts for the production of alkyl fatty acid
esters. Some enzymes work on the triglyceride,
converting them to methyl esters; and some work on the
fatty acids. The commercial use of enzymes is currently
limited to countries like Japan, where energy costs are
high, or for the production of specialty chemicals from
specific types of fatty acids. The commercial use of
enzymes is limited because costs are high, the rate of
reaction is slow, and yields to methyl esters are typically
less than the 99.7% required for fuel-grade biodiesel.
Enzymes are being considered for fatty acid conversion
to biodiesel as a pretreatment step, but this system is
not commercial at this time.
24. Neutralizers are used to remove the base or acid
catalyst from the product biodiesel and glycerol. If you
are using a base catalyst, the neutralizer is typically an
acid, and visa versa. If the biodiesel is being washed,
the neutralizer can be added to the wash water. While
hydrochloric acid is a common choice to neutralize base
catalysts, as mentioned earlier, if phosphoric acid is
used, the resulting salt has value as a chemical
fertilizer.