Structure of chloroplast
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Chloroplasts are oval cell organelles found in plant cells that contain chlorophyll, a green pigment. They are the site of photosynthesis and have a double membrane envelope. Inside the membranes is the stroma, which contains DNA, ribosomes, and other organic substances. Within the stroma are flattened sac-like structures called thylakoids that are piled into grana, connected by stroma lamellae. Chloroplasts play an important role in photosynthesis by using light energy to synthesize sugars from carbon dioxide and water.
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Chloroplast By KK Sahu Sir
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and algae that are responsible for photosynthesis. They have a double membrane structure and contain chlorophyll pigments, as well as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Within the chloroplast are grana, thylakoid membranes that contain the chlorophyll, and stroma, which contains enzymes for carbohydrate and protein synthesis. Chloroplasts convert sunlight to chemical energy through photosynthesis, producing oxygen and synthesizing organic acids to provide food for the plant.
Plasma membrane
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Chloroplast
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant and algal cells that conduct photosynthesis. They contain their own DNA and can replicate independently. Chloroplasts have a double membrane structure and a thylakoid membrane system within a protein-rich stroma. They vary in shape and number per cell depending on the plant species. Chloroplasts capture sunlight using chlorophyll and convert it to chemical energy through photosynthesis, and also perform other functions like amino acid synthesis.
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Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular), known as the power house of the cell that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. Mitochondria generates most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), by a process called
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Chloroplast
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and algae that are responsible for photosynthesis. They have a double membrane and internal thylakoid membranes that form stacks called grana. The thylakoids contain chlorophyll and protein complexes that absorb light energy and convert it chemically during photosynthesis. Chloroplasts have their own DNA and encode approximately 30 proteins involved in photosynthesis, including the important RuBisCO protein. They are similar to mitochondria in that they both generate energy and contain their own genetic material.
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Chloroplast By KK Sahu Sir
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and algae that are responsible for photosynthesis. They have a double membrane structure and contain chlorophyll pigments, as well as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Within the chloroplast are grana, thylakoid membranes that contain the chlorophyll, and stroma, which contains enzymes for carbohydrate and protein synthesis. Chloroplasts convert sunlight to chemical energy through photosynthesis, producing oxygen and synthesizing organic acids to provide food for the plant.
Plasma membrane
The plasma membrane is a 5-10 nm thick bilayer that acts as the boundary of the cell. It is made of phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol. The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as a fluid bilayer with integral and peripheral proteins embedded within. Integral proteins span the membrane while peripheral proteins are attached to either surface. Glycoproteins and glycolipids on the outer surface contain carbohydrates that protect and lubricate the cell. The plasma membrane performs critical functions like protection, ATP synthesis, communication, transport, and endocytosis/exocytosis.
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Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular), known as the power house of the cell that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. Mitochondria generates most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), by a process called
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Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and algae that are responsible for photosynthesis. They have a double membrane and internal thylakoid membranes that form stacks called grana. The thylakoids contain chlorophyll and protein complexes that absorb light energy and convert it chemically during photosynthesis. Chloroplasts have their own DNA and encode approximately 30 proteins involved in photosynthesis, including the important RuBisCO protein. They are similar to mitochondria in that they both generate energy and contain their own genetic material.
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Chloroplasts
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Chloroplast
The chloroplast is an organelle found in plant and algal cells that is the site of photosynthesis. It contains folded membranes that provide a large surface area for photosynthesis reactions to take place. Chloroplasts contain an inner membrane system with stacks of thylakoids that are the site of the light-dependent reactions, as well as a gelatinous stroma containing enzymes and DNA. Chloroplasts play a key role in producing sugars for the cell using energy from sunlight.
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Chloroplast
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Chloroplasts are oval cell organelles found in plant cells that contain chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis. They have a double membrane envelope and contain thylakoids, which are flattened membranous sacs that pile up into structures called grana, as well as a living matrix called the stroma. Thylakoids within the chloroplast perform the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
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Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells that perform photosynthesis. They have an outer and inner membrane that enclose the stroma. Within the stroma are thylakoids which are membranous sacs that contain chlorophyll. Thylakoids are stacked into grana where the light reactions of photosynthesis take place, producing ATP and NADPH. The light-independent reactions then use these products in the stroma to fix carbon and produce sugars through the Calvin cycle. Other structures include the intermembrane space, peripheral reticulum, plastoglobuli, chloroplast ribosomes, and starch granules for short-term storage of sugars.
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Chloroplasts are oval cell organelles found in plant cells that contain chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis. They have a double membrane envelope and contain thylakoids, which are flattened membranous sacs that pile up into structures called grana, as well as a living matrix called the stroma. Thylakoids within the chloroplast perform the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
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Chloroplasts are double-membrane organelles found in plant cells and algae that contain chlorophyll and are the sites of photosynthesis. They capture energy from sunlight through chlorophyll and convert it into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH through the light-dependent reactions. The chemical energy is then used to fix carbon dioxide from the air and produce sugars in the Calvin cycle. Chloroplasts have an inner membrane, intermembrane space, and outer membrane and contain stacked structures called thylakoids where photosynthesis takes place and the stroma where the Calvin cycle occurs.
chloroplast in plant cell.......................
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and algae that conduct photosynthesis. They have an outer and inner membrane, with an intermembrane space between them. The inner membrane surrounds the stroma, which contains ribosomes and DNA. Within the stroma are stacks of thylakoid membranes called grana, which perform the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and other pigments that absorb light energy and drive photosynthesis to produce oxygen, ATP, and NADPH from water and carbon dioxide.
Structure and Functions of Different Organelles.pptx
The document summarizes the structure and functions of various organelles in plant and animal cells. It describes the mitochondria as the powerhouse of the cell with an inner and outer membrane. It generates ATP through oxidation. The endoplasmic reticulum helps transport materials and gives structure. The Golgi body packages and modifies products. Lysosomes digest cellular wastes. Ribosomes synthesize protein. Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis to produce food. Vacuoles provide structure, storage and transport.
6920309.ppt
1. A cell is the smallest unit capable of performing life functions and all living things are composed of cells.
2. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells which lack a membrane-bound nucleus and eukaryotic cells which have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.
3. Key cell organelles include the nucleus which houses genetic material, mitochondria which generate energy, the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus which aid in protein transport and modification, and plastids and chloroplasts which perform photosynthesis in plant cells. Together, these organelles allow the cell to carry out all functions necessary for life.
Photosynthesis & chloroplast
It is a process used by plants & other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can be later used by organisms as a fuel. i.e; energy transformation
Ch.1 Cell Structures and Functions
The document summarizes the key parts and organelles of the cell, including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, microtubules, and plastids. It provides detailed descriptions and images of each organelle's structure and function within the cell.
The Fundamental unit of life- Cell, Class 9 Chapter-5
Robert Hooke first discovered cells in 1665 while observing a thin slice of cork under his microscope. He observed that the cork's structure resembled a honeycomb with many small compartments, which he named "cells". A cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things. Cells can be either unicellular, consisting of a single cell, or multicellular, consisting of many cells. All cells contain organelles that allow basic life functions to occur and specialized cells perform unique functions in multicellular organisms.
Chloroplast
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and algal cells that conduct photosynthesis. They have an outer and inner membrane and contain stacks of thylakoids that harbor chlorophyll. During photosynthesis, chloroplasts absorb sunlight and use it to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich glucose to fuel the plant's growth. Chloroplasts vary in shape, size, and number between plant species and cell types. They play a vital role in producing food and oxygen for ecosystems.
Chloroplast genome organisation
Chloroplasts are double-membrane organelles found in plant cells that contain chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis. Chloroplast DNA is circular and ranges in size from 120,000 to 170,000 base pairs. It contains approximately 120 genes, including genes that encode proteins involved in photosynthesis and the transcription and translation machinery. Chloroplast DNA replication is semi-conservative and there are typically multiple copies of the chloroplast genome within each chloroplast.
PLASTIDS SMG
This document discusses the different types of plastids found in plant cells. It begins by describing plastids as double membrane-bound organelles that can vary in shape and contain DNA and ribosomes, allowing them to replicate. Their main functions are food synthesis, carbohydrate and lipid storage. There are three main types of plastids: chloroplasts, which contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis; chromoplasts, which contain carotenoids and give color to flowers and fruits; and leucoplasts, which are colorless and store carbohydrates, proteins or lipids in different plant tissues. The document focuses on describing the structure, components and functions of chloroplasts in detail.
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Structure and Functions of Different Organelles.pptx
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Quiz maker
This quiz covers basic facts about the animal kingdom. It contains 10 multiple choice questions testing knowledge about invertebrate percentages, characteristics of specific animals like planaria and the fire-bellied toad, anatomical structures such as the notochord and tube feet, and physiological features of organisms ranging from earthworms to birds. The answers provided indicate that invertebrates make up 95% of animal species, sea anemones have a diploblastic acoelomic condition, sponges have several pores and skeletons containing spicules, and the sound box of birds is called a syrinx.
Fertilisation in the flowering plants
Fertilization begins when a pollen grain lands on the stigma of a flower. A pollen tube then grows and carries two male gametes down to the ovule. One male gamete fuses with the egg cell to form a zygote, while the other fuses with the polar nuclei to form the endosperm. This double fertilization process results in the formation of a seed containing an embryo and nourishment in the form of endosperm. After fertilization, the ovary of many flowers swells to become the fruit, protecting the developing seeds inside.
Artificial propagation
This document discusses three artificial methods of vegetative plant propagation: layering, cutting, and grafting. Layering involves bending a stem or branch to the ground and burying part of it so roots develop. Cutting uses small stem, leaf, or root cuttings planted in soil to develop new plants. Grafting combines desirable traits of two plant varieties by cutting the stem of the stock plant and placing a scion cutting from another plant over it, allowing them to fuse together into one plant with qualities of both.
Human urinary system
The human urinary system consists of the kidneys, which filter blood and produce urine, the ureters that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, the bladder which stores urine, and the urethra that passes urine outside the body. The kidneys contain nephrons that filter waste from the blood to form urine, while reabsorbing useful substances back into blood. Urine is composed mainly of water along with urea and minerals. Kidney stones can sometimes form from calcium, phosphate, or uric acid in the urinary system.
How human heart works
The heart has two pumps, one on each side, that work together to circulate blood through the body. The right side receives deoxygenated blood from veins and pumps it to the lungs, and the left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it into arteries throughout the body. Valves between the atria and ventricles and between the ventricles and arteries ensure blood flows in only one direction through this cycle to efficiently deliver oxygenated blood from the lungs to tissues.
Types of blood cells
Red blood cells are disc-shaped and contain hemoglobin which transports oxygen throughout the body. Anaemia occurs when there are not enough red blood cells or low hemoglobin levels, reducing the blood's ability to carry oxygen and causing paleness and fatigue. White blood cells help fight infection by destroying microorganisms and foreign substances. Platelets form clots to stop bleeding from cuts and wounds. The document provides information on red blood cells, anaemia, white blood cells, and platelets including their functions and normal counts per 1,000ml of blood.
Exchange of gases
The alveoli in the lungs increase the surface area for the exchange of gases between the air and blood. Oxygen from the air in the alveoli, which has a higher concentration than in the capillaries, diffuses into the blood capillaries. The oxygen is then carried by hemoglobin in the blood to cells throughout the body, while carbon dioxide produced by cells diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled.
How air enters the lungs
The document discusses the process of inhalation and exhalation. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves down while muscles attached to the ribs pull the ribs outward. This increases the chest cavity size and allows the lungs to expand and inhale oxygen-rich air. During exhalation, the diaphragm and rib muscles relax, decreasing the chest cavity size and causing the lungs to contract and exhale carbon dioxide-rich air out of the body.
Nutrition in amoeba
Amoeba is a single-celled organism that lives in water and feeds on other plants, animals, and organisms using foot-like extensions called pseudopodia to surround food particles and form a food vacuole, where digestive juices inside help break down the trapped food for the cell to absorb and use for growth, repair, and reproduction, excreting undigested waste through other vacuoles, as it follows the basic steps of nutrition like humans but lacks a mouth or anus.
Digestive system of a cow
The digestive system of a cow has four chambers in its stomach. Food enters the first chamber, called the rumen, where bacteria help digest cellulose. The food is then regurgitated and re-chewed before returning to the rumen. It then moves to other chambers where water and minerals are absorbed and digestive juices further break down the food. The partially digested food then enters the small intestine for further digestion with secretions from the liver and pancreas.
Human digestive system
The human digestive system is a long muscular tube known as the alimentary canal that runs from the mouth to the anus. It contains several organs that work together to break down food, extract nutrients, and eliminate waste. Food is digested in stages as it passes through the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. Glands like the salivary glands, liver, and pancreas also secrete substances that aid in digestion.
Health Education
Health is defined by the World Health Organization as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not just the absence of disease. Health education is important as it helps children develop healthy habits and attitudes that can be maintained throughout life. Health education also benefits the community by educating students and parents on health knowledge and practices. Maintaining good health requires proper care of the body through nutrition, cleanliness, exercise, rest, and disease prevention - all of which can be achieved through health education. Factors like social environment, physical environment, individual behaviors and characteristics, income, education, genetics, and access to health services can all impact a person's overall health.
Current problems of Indian Education
This document discusses the current problems facing Indian education at the primary, secondary, and higher levels. At the primary level, key issues include apathy of parents, overpopulation, lack of resources, and wastage/stagnation of students. Secondary education struggles with heavy curriculum, rigid timetables, high costs, and an exam-oriented approach. For higher education, the document notes problems like expensive and inefficient colleges, low student effort, low graduation rates, potential issues with online education, campus violence, teaching quality, financing, and educated unemployment. Suggested remedies include improving teacher training, curriculum, examinations, parental attitudes, and providing preferential treatment and vocational options.
Current problems of Indian Education---philosophy S2 ppt
This document discusses the current problems facing the Indian education system at the primary, secondary, and higher levels. At the primary level, key issues include apathy of parents, overpopulation, lack of resources, and wastage/stagnation of students. Secondary education struggles with heavy curriculum, rigid timetables, high costs, and an exam-oriented approach. For higher education, the document notes problems like expensive and inefficient colleges, low student effort, high dropout rates, teaching quality issues, and financing challenges. Suggested remedies include improving teacher training, making curriculum more flexible and child-centered, reforming exams, and addressing socioeconomic barriers to education.
General Techniques Of Assessment
This document discusses various techniques for assessing student learning, including observation, projects, assignments, and worksheets. Observation allows assessing practical skills but requires time and can be subjective. Projects promote higher-order thinking but are not suitable for all subjects. Assignments develop important skills but take time to grade. Worksheets are efficient but not for collaboration. Overall, different techniques are suited to different purposes and content areas when evaluating student understanding.
computer simulation,blended learning, educational podcasts
The document discusses computer simulation, blended learning, and educational podcasts. It provides definitions and examples of each. Computer simulation uses models and equations to represent real systems on a computer. Blended learning combines online and in-person learning, with various models including face-to-face instruction augmented by online tools. Educational podcasts allow audio and video to be shared for teaching, and have advantages like accessibility and creating an archive of lessons.
computer simulation, blended learning,educational podcasts
The document discusses computer simulation, blended learning, and educational podcasts. It provides definitions and examples of each. Computer simulation uses models and equations to represent real systems on a computer. Blended learning combines online and in-person learning, with various models including face-to-face instruction augmented by online tools. Educational podcasts allow audio and video to be shared for teaching, and have advantages like accessibility and creating an archive of lessons.
role of education to curb social evils
This document discusses the role of education in curbing social evils like corruption. It defines corruption as the misuse of public power for private gain. Some of the key causes of corruption mentioned include the emergence of self-interested political elites, economic policies controlled by government that enable corruption, and changes in moral values. The document argues that education can help curb corruption by teaching children values like honesty, kindness, and respect through character education. It states that moral education should be integrated throughout schooling to develop good moral character and solve ethical issues in society long-term. Teachers play an important role in fighting corruption by exemplifying integrity and commitment to truth themselves.
Optional S1 ppt
This document summarizes the lives and contributions of several important scientists: Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection; Louis Pasteur made breakthroughs in germ theory and pasteurization; Gregor Mendel founded the science of genetics through his work on inheritance; Har Gobind Khorana was the first to synthesize nucleotides and showed how they control protein synthesis; M.S. Swaminathan helped avert famine in India through his high-yield wheat varieties that sparked the Green Revolution. These scientists made seminal discoveries and advances in biology, genetics, and agriculture through careful experimentation and observation.
Double fertilisation in the flowering plant
When a pollen grain lands on the stigma of a flower, a pollen tube grows and carries two male gametes down to the ovule. One male gamete fuses with the female gamete or egg cell to form a zygote through fertilization. The pollen tube also delivers a second male gamete that fuses with two polar nuclei in the ovule to form the endosperm through double fertilization. After fertilization, the ovary of the flower develops into a fruit containing seeds with embryos inside.
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Structure of chloroplast
- 2. Photosynthesis may be defined as the synthesis of simple sugars(glucose) from carbon dioxide and water by the cells of green plants containing chlorophyll by using light energy.
- 3. Chloroplasts are sites of photosynthesis. They contain a green pigment called chlorophyll. These are minute, microscopic, oval cell organelles. WHAT ARE CHLOROPLASTS?
- 4. STRUCTURE OF CHLOROPLAST Each chloroplast is differentiated into three parts: MEMBRANES STROMA THYLAKOIDS
- 5. MEMBRANES • Double membrane envelope. • Made up of lipoproteins. • Selectively permeable • In between two membranes is a narrow space called periplastidial space. STROMA • Living matrix or ground substance of chloroplast. • Contains ribosomes, circular naked DNA and phosphoglobules and other organic substances. THYLAKOIDS • Flattened, membranous sac- like structures lying in the stroma. • Present like piles of coins called grana. • Grana are connected each other by stroma lamellae or frets.