Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in several key ways. Prokaryotes are smaller, lack membrane-bound organelles, and have circular chromosomes, while eukaryotes are generally larger with organelles like the nucleus and mitochondria and contain linear chromosomes. Another major difference is that prokaryotes reproduce through binary fission while eukaryotes undergo mitosis or meiosis. Examples of prokaryotes include bacteria while eukaryotes include animals, plants, and fungi.
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Algal cell structuregkumarimahesh
Every science student must be aware of the Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic algal cell structure when they start their studies. This slide will be very helpful for knowing about the pro and Eu characteristics.
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Algal cell structuregkumarimahesh
Every science student must be aware of the Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic algal cell structure when they start their studies. This slide will be very helpful for knowing about the pro and Eu characteristics.
Bergey's Manual and it's classification. A brief concised presentation prepared for taking seminar and classes.
Volume II (Edition 2) described more in detail.
Structure and function of plasma membrane 2ICHHA PURAK
The presentation consists of 72 slides,describes following heads
DEFINITION : STRUCTURE OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
COMPONENTS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE ( (BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES)
LIPID BILAYER
PROTEINS
CARBOHYDRATES
CHOLESTEROL
MODELS EXPLAINING STRUCTURE OF BIO MEMBRANE
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
MOBILITY OF MEMBRANE
GLYCOCALYX : GLYCOPROTEINS AND GLYCOLIPIDS
TRANSPORT OF IONS AND MOLECULES ACROSS PLASMA MEMBRANE
FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
DIVERSITY OF CELL MEMBRANES
SITE OF ATPASE ION CARRIER CHANNELS AND PUMPS-RECEPTORS
contains detailed information about classification of life system
in particular three domains of classification sytem of living organism
into prokarya archea eukarya
Detail about Basidiomycetes.In this detail about its Ecosystem Relationship,Symbiotic Relationships,General characters,Basidiospores,Life cycle and its Fruiting body.
Contact Email: mzeeshan_93@yahoo.com
The lichens are slow growing, long living organisms.
Theophrastus was first to use the word lichen.
Lichens are formed by close association of two different partners,
A) Phycobiont or photobiont: The algal component of lichens is called phycobiont.
It mostly belong to Chlorophyceae(green algae)
Or cyanobacteria ( blue green algae)
B) Mycobiont: The fungal component of the lichens is called mycobiont. It belongs to ascomycetes and rearly Basidomycetes or Deuteromycetes.
Bryophytes are small, non-vascular plants, such as mosses, liverworts and hornworts. They play a vital role in regulating ecosystems because they provide an important buffer system for other plants, which live alongside and benefit from the water and nutrients that bryophytes collect.
Meristematic Tissues: Characteristics, Classification & Function. ... Meristematic tissue is group of immature cells that has capacity of division and redivision. The term meristem was coined by Nageli (1858). Meristemsin plants are found in apex of stem, root, leaf primordia, vascular cambium, cork cambium, etc.
Describe how bacterial cells compare to onion cells.SolutionPl.pdfarrowmobile
Describe how bacterial cells compare to onion cells.
Solution
Plants cells are multi-cellular organisms composed of eukaryotic cells, while bacteria are single-
cell prokaryotic organisms. Each eukaryotic cell of a plant or animal includes a central nucleus
containing DNA and membrane-bound organelles, such as endoplasmic reticulum and
mitochondria. A bacterial cell has no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. prokaryotes have
circular DNA, which is exposed to the cytosol fluid of the cellular environment and concentrates
in an area known as the nucleoid. Within the cytosol environment of both eukaryotes and
prokaryotes are ribosomes, which are responsible for producing the polypeptide chains of
proteins. In bacterial cells, ribosomes are 70s, while eukaryotic plant and animal cells have
larger, 80s ribosomes. These 80s ribosomes float within the cytosol of the cell and adhere to the
rough endoplasmic reticulum unique to eukaryotes. The mitochondria of eukaryotes do contain
70s ribosomes within their mitochondria. a prokaryotic bacterium invaded an early-form
eukaryotic cell, which gave rise to mitochondria. Bacteria cells divide by way of binary fission
and are asexual. Eukaryotes, however, divide cellularly via mitosis and reproduce sexually
through the process of meiosis. An onion is a multicellular (consisting of many cells) plant
organism. As in all plant cells, the cell of an onion peel consists of a cell wall, cell membrane,
cytoplasm, nucleus and a large vacuole. The nucleus is present at the periphery of the cytoplasm.
The vacuole is prominent and present at the centre of the cell. It is surrounded by cytoplasm. The
presence of a cell wall and a large vacuole are indicators that help identify plant cells, such as
seen in the onion peel..
Bergey's Manual and it's classification. A brief concised presentation prepared for taking seminar and classes.
Volume II (Edition 2) described more in detail.
Structure and function of plasma membrane 2ICHHA PURAK
The presentation consists of 72 slides,describes following heads
DEFINITION : STRUCTURE OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
COMPONENTS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE ( (BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES)
LIPID BILAYER
PROTEINS
CARBOHYDRATES
CHOLESTEROL
MODELS EXPLAINING STRUCTURE OF BIO MEMBRANE
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
MOBILITY OF MEMBRANE
GLYCOCALYX : GLYCOPROTEINS AND GLYCOLIPIDS
TRANSPORT OF IONS AND MOLECULES ACROSS PLASMA MEMBRANE
FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
DIVERSITY OF CELL MEMBRANES
SITE OF ATPASE ION CARRIER CHANNELS AND PUMPS-RECEPTORS
contains detailed information about classification of life system
in particular three domains of classification sytem of living organism
into prokarya archea eukarya
Detail about Basidiomycetes.In this detail about its Ecosystem Relationship,Symbiotic Relationships,General characters,Basidiospores,Life cycle and its Fruiting body.
Contact Email: mzeeshan_93@yahoo.com
The lichens are slow growing, long living organisms.
Theophrastus was first to use the word lichen.
Lichens are formed by close association of two different partners,
A) Phycobiont or photobiont: The algal component of lichens is called phycobiont.
It mostly belong to Chlorophyceae(green algae)
Or cyanobacteria ( blue green algae)
B) Mycobiont: The fungal component of the lichens is called mycobiont. It belongs to ascomycetes and rearly Basidomycetes or Deuteromycetes.
Bryophytes are small, non-vascular plants, such as mosses, liverworts and hornworts. They play a vital role in regulating ecosystems because they provide an important buffer system for other plants, which live alongside and benefit from the water and nutrients that bryophytes collect.
Meristematic Tissues: Characteristics, Classification & Function. ... Meristematic tissue is group of immature cells that has capacity of division and redivision. The term meristem was coined by Nageli (1858). Meristemsin plants are found in apex of stem, root, leaf primordia, vascular cambium, cork cambium, etc.
Describe how bacterial cells compare to onion cells.SolutionPl.pdfarrowmobile
Describe how bacterial cells compare to onion cells.
Solution
Plants cells are multi-cellular organisms composed of eukaryotic cells, while bacteria are single-
cell prokaryotic organisms. Each eukaryotic cell of a plant or animal includes a central nucleus
containing DNA and membrane-bound organelles, such as endoplasmic reticulum and
mitochondria. A bacterial cell has no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. prokaryotes have
circular DNA, which is exposed to the cytosol fluid of the cellular environment and concentrates
in an area known as the nucleoid. Within the cytosol environment of both eukaryotes and
prokaryotes are ribosomes, which are responsible for producing the polypeptide chains of
proteins. In bacterial cells, ribosomes are 70s, while eukaryotic plant and animal cells have
larger, 80s ribosomes. These 80s ribosomes float within the cytosol of the cell and adhere to the
rough endoplasmic reticulum unique to eukaryotes. The mitochondria of eukaryotes do contain
70s ribosomes within their mitochondria. a prokaryotic bacterium invaded an early-form
eukaryotic cell, which gave rise to mitochondria. Bacteria cells divide by way of binary fission
and are asexual. Eukaryotes, however, divide cellularly via mitosis and reproduce sexually
through the process of meiosis. An onion is a multicellular (consisting of many cells) plant
organism. As in all plant cells, the cell of an onion peel consists of a cell wall, cell membrane,
cytoplasm, nucleus and a large vacuole. The nucleus is present at the periphery of the cytoplasm.
The vacuole is prominent and present at the centre of the cell. It is surrounded by cytoplasm. The
presence of a cell wall and a large vacuole are indicators that help identify plant cells, such as
seen in the onion peel..
Molecular different between Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell By KK Sahu SirKAUSHAL SAHU
SYNOPSIS
Introduction to cell
Historical Aspects
Cell Diversity
Types Of Cell Diversity
Cell Diversity In Origin
Cell Diversity In size
Cell Diversity In Shape
Some Other Types
5) Differentiation And Specialisation Of Cell Diversity
6) Conclusion
7) References
Structure of prokariyotic and eukariyotic cells By KK Sahu SirKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Origin
Prokaryotic cell structure
Eukaryotic cell structure
Comparision of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Special points
Conclusion
The invention of electron microscope lead to the detailed study of cells.
Based on these studies, cells were classified as prokaryotes (Gr,pro-primitve; karyon-nucleus) and eukaryotes (Gr,eu-true; karyon-nucleus)
Based on what you have observed in lab and learned in lecture, commen.pdfarihantelectronics
Based on what you have observed in lab and learned in lecture, comment on the following claim
- \"all multicellular organisms can out-compete and out-survive all unicellular organisms because
they are more complex.\"
Solution
The formation of a living cell from organic molecules has taken a long way. The formation of
life from nonlife has greatest gap in the scientific theories of earth’s history. After the cooling of
earth, some 200 to 300 billion years ago, the water cells similar to modern bacteria were formed
from condensation of organic molecules into proteinoid microspheres under certain conditions.
These are not cells but have some characteristics of living systems. During the course of
evolution first, simple RNA molecules might have formed which later had the characteristics of
self replication, processing of other messenger RNA after transcription, helping in the replication
of DNA, catalyzing the chemical reactions and might have led to formation of systems consisting
of DNA directed protein synthesis.
The micro fossils discovered in the rocks more than 3.5 billion years old were the single celled
prokaryotic organisms resembling the modern bacteria. These must have evolved in absence of
oxygen. Over time, photosynthetic organisms might have evolved increasing the concentration of
oxygen in the atmosphere. This has caused some organisms to extinct because they could not
tolerate the high oxygen levels and some organisms to develop more effective metabolic
pathways to metabolize the oxygen.
The prokaryotic cells evolved earlier were started to develop internal membranes some 2 billion
years ago, due to which the evolution of eukaryotic cells had took place. The eukaryotic
organelles like mitochondria and chloroplast resemble the prokaryotic cells. This has happened
due to establishment of symbiotic relationship between prokaryotes that entered the eukaryotic
cells. Thus, endosymbiotic theory states that the eukaryotic cells are produced from living
communities formed by prokaryotic organisms.
The prokaryotes have small genomes and may contain less than 500 to more than 5000 genes.
The bacteria have a small circular chromosome and show specific variation with other bacterial
species. The bacteria contain extra chromosomal circular DNA called a plasmid. The plasmid is
capable of replicating on its own and often carries the non essential genes that can be transferred
from one cell to another. The bacterial genes are organized in to clusters known as operons that
can be transferred at a time. The genes of the operons contain protein encoding gene as well as
regulatory sequences. The gene density in the prokaryotes is one gene per kilo base.
The bacterial genomes highly differ with eukaryotic genomes in the aspects of gene density and
organization. The bacteria are single celled organism whereas the eukaryotes are multi cellular.
The eukaryotic genomes are large in size than the prokaryotes and may range 10 Mb to over 1
lack Mb. Prokaryo.
Similar to difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes (20)
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
The hemodynamic and autonomic determinants of elevated blood pressure in obes...
difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
1. ASSIGNMENT
INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY
Topic:
Difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell
Submitted To:
Sir ShahidMaqbool
Submitted By:
11.fraz ahmad mazari
12. QuratUlAin17. Sidra Bakhtawar
13. AvimraHaleema18. Sidra Mazhar
14. Iqra Iqbal 19. Mariam Bashir
15. Ruhma 20. Romesa Arshad
M.Sc 1st
Semester (2018-20)
2. 1
Difference between Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
Literal Meaning
The word originate from Greek term “PRO”
means “before”& “KARYO”means “nut or
kernel”.
The word originate from Greek term “EU”
means “true” & “KARYO” means “nut or
kernel”.
Definition
The unicellular organisms which do not
have membrane bound organelles like
nucleus & mitochondria are called
prokaryotes.
The unicellular or multicellular organisms
having membrane bound organelles like
nucleus &mitochondria are called eukaryotes.
Origin
The prokaryotes may have arisen more
than 3.5 billion years ago.
The eukaryotes have first appeared about 1.5
billion years ago.
Evolution
Living things have evolved into three large clusters of closelyrelated organisms called
Domains.
1-Archea 2-Bacteria 3-Eukarya
3. Cell Size
The size of prokaryotic cell is 1-10um. The size of eukaryotic cell is 10-100um.
Membrane Bound Organelles
Membrane bound organelles are absent in
prokaryotes because prokaryotic cell
membrane invaginated (inward folds) to
enclose copies of its genetic material.
Membrane bound organelles are present in
eukaryotes as the invagination in prokaryotic
membrane resulted in the formation of double
membrane bound entities (organelles) in a
single cell which then evolved into the
eukaryotic mitochondrion, nucleus
&2chloroplast.
Nucleus
True nucleus is absent in prokaryotes.
REASON: They lack membrane bound
organelles. Their genomic DNA is
concentrated and localized to a small area
within a cell (nucleoid). Nucleolus &
nuclear membrane are absent.
True nucleus is present in eukaryotes.
REASON: Membrane bound organelles are
evolved in the eukaryotes that’s why nucleus
is present. Nucleolus & nuclear membrane
are present.
Chromosomes
4. 1-They have single circular chromosome
but also contain non-chromosomal DNA in
the form of plasmid.
2-They contain little amount of repetitive
DNA.
1-They have more than one linear
chromosomes & much more DNA 50 times
more than average prokaryotic cell.
2-They contain large amount of repetitive
DNA.
Ribosomes
Prokarotes have smaller 70S ribosome
made up of 50S & 30S subunit.
REASON: Prokaryotic ribosomes sediment
slower than eukaryotic ribosomes that’s
why they have small ribosome.
Eukaryotes have larger 80S ribosome in their
cytosol made up of 60S & 40S subunit.
REASON: Eukaryotic ribosomes sediment
faster than prokaryotic ribosome therefore,
they have large ribosome.
Mesosomes
Mesosomes in prokaryotes membrane are
areas that fold inward ,they play a role in
cellular respiration & physiological function.
Mesosomes are absent in eukaryotes
because majority of this process occurs in
mitochondria.
Lysosomes
Prokaryotes do not have
lysosomes,therefore, most digestion is
extracellular.They secrete enzymes to
breakdown molecules in the media
surrounding them & then they absorb te
products.
Lysosomes are present in eukaryotes that
contain digestive enzymes.They breakdown
worn-out cellular components or bacteria
engulfed by the cell.
5. Chloroplast
Chloroplast absent in prokaryotes,
chlorophyll scattered in the cytoplasm.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS: Prokaryotic
photosynthetic organisms have infoldings of
plasma membrane for chlorophyll
attachment & photosynthesis.
Chloroplast present in plants& algae having
lipid membranes. Chlorophyll present in
chloroplast. PHOTOSYNTHESIS:Eukaryotic
photosynthetic organisms carry out
photosynthesis in chloroplast.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
ER is absent in prokaryotes because there
is no compartmentalization. Mesosomes
perform function of ER in prokaryotes.
ER present in eukaryotesas they perform
function of biosynthesis & intracellular
transport.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria absent in prokaryotes because
it is membrane bound organelle therefore,
electron transport chain occur in
cytoplasmic membrane.
Mitochondria is present in eukaryotes
because membrane encased organelles are
present in them therefore, electron transport
chain located in the inner membrane of
mitochondria.
Cytoskeleton
All structural filaments containing Tubulin-
related protein & Actin-related protein
present in them, which provide shape and
also support cell division during binary
fission.
Cytoskeleton is present in eukaryotes
containing microtubules, actin microfilaments
& intermediate filament provide shape to cell,
allow movement of organelles within cell,
endocytosis & cell division.
Reproduction
1-Reproduction in prokaryotes is done by
genetic exchange material processes like
conjugation, transformation & transduction.
2-Organisms are haploid contain only a
1-All these processes are absent in
eukaryotes &genectic exchange occur through
sexual reproduction.
2-Organisms are diploid very rarely
6. single copy of genome. polyploids contain two copies of genome one
from each
parent.
Cell Division
Cell division in prokaryotes is done by
fission or budding.
Cell division in eukaryotes is done by mitosis
& meiosis.
Flagella
Submicroscopic in size, composed of only
one fiber.
Microscopic in size, membrane bound usually
arranged as nine doublets surrounding two
singlets.
Movement
Prokaryotes may have flagella each
composed of a single rotating fibril usually
not surrounding by membrane which
provide movement.
Eukaryotes may have flagella or cilia usually
surrounded by membrane (because
eukaryotic cell consist of distinct arrangement
of sliding microtubules) which provide
locomotion.
Cell Membrane
Prokaryotic cell membrane has few
phospholipids & lack cholesterol inside the
hydrophobic core.
Eukaryotic cell membrane has over 6
phospholipids & many other lipids.The
cholesterol is present regulating their fluidity.
Cell Wall
Cell wall in prokaryotes composed of
polysaccharides or peptidoglycan (domain
bacteria).
Reason: It is used to differentiate gram
+ve and gram –ve bacteria.
Cell wall in eukaryotes (if present) composed
of chitin (fungi) or cellulose (plants).Reason:
Gram staining techniques can not be
performed in Eukaryotes.
Gycocalyx
7. Glycocalyx in prokaryotes present as a
capsule or slime layer.
Glycocalyx in eukaryotes is present in
somecells that lack cell wall.
Other Process
1-Endocytosis, phagocytosis cytoplasmic
movement (cyclosis) are absent.
2-Communication system is not well
developed.
1-Endocytosis, phagocytosis &cyclosis are
present.
2-Communication system is well developed.
Examples
Bacteria (E.coli, streptococcus),
cyanobacteria (blue green algae), Archea.
Animals, Plants, algae, protozoans, fungi
(yeasts, molds, mushrooms).
REFERENCES:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryote
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote
www.lucidchart.com/
https://www.quora.com/What-are-prokaryotes-and-eukaryotes
