Chloroplast
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Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and algae that contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis. They have an outer and inner membrane that enclose sac-like structures called thylakoids, which are stacked to form grana. Inside the membranes is the stroma, a fluid that contains enzymes for the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis. Chloroplasts were first observed by Antony van Leeuwenhoek and are essential for converting the sun's energy into carbohydrates that plants use for food.
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Ultrastructure of chloroplast
The document summarizes key components and structures of chloroplasts. It discusses the chloroplast envelope/peristomium, which is a double membrane that surrounds and protects the chloroplast. Inside are the stroma, which is a gel-like fluid containing enzymes, DNA, and starch grains; grana, which are stacks of thylakoid membranes where light reactions take place; and intergrana lamellae that connect grana and transport materials. Thylakoids contain pigment molecules and enzymes for photosynthesis. Quantasomes on thylakoid membranes each contain 230-250 pigment molecules. Prokaryotes lack chloroplasts and contain thylakoid membranes that form the photosynthetic apparatus called chromat
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Nucleus
The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that houses the cell's genetic material. It was first observed by Anton van Leeuwenhoek in the 17th century and further described by Robert Brown in the 19th century. The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope and contains chromatin fibers, nucleoplasm, and one or more nucleoli. It controls cell functions and stores the cell's genetic information in the form of DNA.
Chloroplasts[1]
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plants and algae that carry out photosynthesis. They have an outer and inner membrane, with an intermembrane space between them. Inside the inner membrane is the stroma, which contains thylakoids that are arranged in stacks called grana. Chloroplasts contain their own genome and divide independently. According to the endosymbiotic theory, chloroplasts originated from cyanobacteria that were engulfed by other cells but not destroyed. Chloroplasts import most proteins from the cytosol through translocation complexes in their membranes. Their main functions are to carry out the light reactions and dark reactions of photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide using energy from sunlight
Chloroplast
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and algae that conduct photosynthesis. They have their own DNA and can synthesize some of their own proteins, making them semi-autonomous. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and carotenoids which capture light energy. Their internal structure includes an envelope, stroma, and thylakoids where the light reactions take place. It is believed that chloroplasts originated through endosymbiosis between cyanobacteria and eukaryotic cells. The two main stages of photosynthesis are the light reactions on the thylakoid membranes which produce ATP and NADPH, and the dark reactions in the stroma that use these products to fix carbon into sugars.
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Nucleus
The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that houses the cell's genetic material. It was first observed by Anton van Leeuwenhoek in the 17th century and further described by Robert Brown in the 19th century. The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope and contains chromatin fibers, nucleoplasm, and one or more nucleoli. It controls cell functions and stores the cell's genetic information in the form of DNA.
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chloroplast
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DISTRIBUTION/LOCATION OF LYSOSOME
ORIGIN/ SYNTHESIS OF LYSOSOME
SHAPE AND SIZE OF LYSOSOME
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Similar to Chloroplast
Chloroplast
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and algae that are responsible for photosynthesis. They have a double membrane and internal thylakoid membranes that form stacks called grana. The thylakoids contain chlorophyll and protein complexes that absorb light energy and convert it chemically during photosynthesis. Chloroplasts have their own DNA and encode approximately 30 proteins involved in photosynthesis, including the important RuBisCO protein. They are similar to mitochondria in that they both generate energy and contain their own genetic material.
Structure of chloroplast
Chloroplasts are oval cell organelles found in plant cells that contain chlorophyll, a green pigment. They are the site of photosynthesis and have a double membrane envelope. Inside the membranes is the stroma, which contains DNA, ribosomes, and other organic substances. Within the stroma are flattened sac-like structures called thylakoids that are piled into grana, connected by stroma lamellae. Chloroplasts play an important role in photosynthesis by using light energy to synthesize sugars from carbon dioxide and water.
Chloroplast
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant and algal cells that conduct photosynthesis. They contain their own DNA and can replicate independently. Chloroplasts have a double membrane structure and a thylakoid membrane system within a protein-rich stroma. They vary in shape and number per cell depending on the plant species. Chloroplasts capture sunlight using chlorophyll and convert it to chemical energy through photosynthesis, and also perform other functions like amino acid synthesis.
Structure of chloroplast
Chloroplasts are oval cell organelles found in plant cells that contain chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis. They have a double membrane envelope and contain thylakoids, which are flattened membranous sacs that pile up into structures called grana, as well as a living matrix called the stroma. Thylakoids within the chloroplast perform the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
Plastids
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and algae that conduct photosynthesis. They have a complex structure with double and triple membrane systems that divide the chloroplast into compartments. Chloroplasts contain pigments like chlorophyll that capture light energy during photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds like sugars. This process occurs through light-dependent and light-independent reactions. In addition to their primary role in photosynthesis, chloroplasts also synthesize other biomolecules like proteins, lipids, and fatty acids.
Both the mitochondria and chloroplasts are energy-generating organel.pdf
Both the mitochondria and chloroplasts are energy-generating organelles. Explain how the
structure of their membrane systems is critical for their functions, emphasizing their similarities
and differences.
Solution
Answer:
Cloroplasts and mitochondria share similarities in many aspects.
Chloroplasts are large organelles that, like mitochondria, are bounded by a double membrane. In
addition to the inner and outer membranes of the envelope, chloroplasts have a third internal
membrane system, called the thylakoid membrane. The thylakoid membrane forms a network of
flattened discs called thylakoids, which are frequently arranged in stacks called grana.
The internal organization of chloroplasts is more complex than that of mitochondria. In
particular, their three membranes divide chloroplasts into three distinct internal compartments:
(1) the intermembrane space between the two membranes of the chloroplast envelope
(2) the stroma, which lies inside the envelope but outside the thylakoid membrane
(3) the thylakoid lumen
Mitochondria are surrounded by a double-membrane system- inner and outer mitochondrial
membranes separated by an intermembrane space. The inner membrane forms numerous folds
(cristae) which extend into the interior of the organelle. Each of these components plays distinct
functional roles, with the matrix and inner membrane representing the major working
compartments of mitochondria.
The membranes of chloroplasts have functional similarities with those of mitochondria and the
role of both organelles in the chemiosmotic generation of ATP. The outer membrane of the
chloroplast envelope, like that of mitochondria, contains porins and is therefore freely permeable
to small molecules. In contrast, the inner membrane is impermeable to ions and metabolites,
which are able to enter chloroplasts only via specific membrane transporters.
These properties of the inner and outer membranes of the chloroplast envelope are similar to the
inner and outer membranes of mitochondria. In both cases the inner membrane restricts the
passage of molecules between the cytosol and the interior of the organelle. The chloroplast
stroma is also equivalent in function to the mitochondrial matrix. It contains the chloroplast
genetic system and a variety of metabolic enzymes, including those responsible for the critical
conversion of CO2 to carbohydrates during photosynthesis.
The major difference between chloroplasts and mitochondria, in terms of both structure and
function, is the thylakoid membrane. This membrane is of central importance in chloroplasts,
where it fills the role of the inner mitochondrial membrane in electron transport and the
chemiosmotic generation of ATP.
The inner membrane of the chloroplast envelope (which is not folded into cristae) does not
function in photosynthesis. In contrast, he chloroplast electron transport system is located in the
thylakoid membrane, and protons are pumped across this membrane from the stroma to the
thylakoid lumen.
Chloroplastgee1
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and other eukaryotic organisms that conduct photosynthesis. Chloroplasts are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis. Chloroplasts contain thylakoids, which are stacks of membranes that are the site of photosynthesis. Within the thylakoids are antenna complexes containing light-absorbing pigments like chlorophyll.
Mitochondria Choloropast - Debjit Parui
The document discusses mitochondria and chloroplasts. It provides definitions and descriptions of their structures, functions, and genomes. Mitochondria are organelles that convert food into ATP and are involved in cell death and growth. They have outer and inner membranes that create compartments. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are the sites of photosynthesis. They are bound by outer and inner membranes that create a fluid-filled interior with thylakoid membranes where light reactions occur. Both organelles have semi-autonomous genomes that interact with the cell's nuclear genome.
Thyroid gland
The thyroid gland is located in the neck below the laryngeal prominence. It produces thyroid hormones like T3 and T4 which regulate growth and function of other body systems. Hormone production is regulated by TSH from the pituitary gland and TRH from the hypothalamus. The thyroid begins developing in the embryo as an outpocketing from the tongue, and descends in front of the trachea while sometimes connected by the thyroglossal duct which usually disappears. Remnants of this duct can form thyroglossal cysts or fistulas along the gland's migratory path.
5 - A tour of the cell - Part Two
در روزهای اولیه میکروسکوپ الکترونی، زیست شناسان تصور میکردند که اندامک سلول یوکاریوتی آزادانه در سیتوزول شناور است. اما پیشرفت های انجام شده در تکنولوژی ساخت میکروسکوپهای نوری و الکترونی نشان داده است که شبکهای از فیبرها در سراسر سیتوپلاسم گسترش یافته است و آنها آن را اسکلت سلولی نامیده اند.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
In the early days of electron microscopy, biologists thought that the organelles of a eukaryotic cell floated freely in the cytosol. But improvements in both light microscopy and electron microscopy have revealed that a network of fibers is extended throughout the cytoplasm and they named it the cytoskeleton.
Chloroplast and light reaction
- Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and algae that conduct photosynthesis. They contain chlorophyll and have a double membrane structure.
- The inner membranes of chloroplasts form sac-like structures called thylakoids, which contain the pigments and proteins involved in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. These reactions trap light energy from the sun and use it to convert water to oxygen and produce ATP and NADPH.
- The products of the light reactions, ATP and NADPH, are used in the light-independent Calvin cycle which occurs in the chloroplast stroma. The Calvin cycle converts carbon dioxide into glucose using the energy from ATP and NADPH.
Chloroplast
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and algal cells that conduct photosynthesis. They have an outer and inner membrane and contain stacks of thylakoids that harbor chlorophyll. During photosynthesis, chloroplasts absorb sunlight and use it to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich glucose to fuel the plant's growth. Chloroplasts vary in shape, size, and number between plant species and cell types. They play a vital role in producing food and oxygen for ecosystems.
Cell and functions
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. It is the smallest unit of life. There are approximately 37.2 trillion cells in the human body. Cells have various internal structures that carry out specific functions necessary for life. The structures include the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, ribosomes, and plasma membrane.
Cell structure
The document summarizes cell structure and organelles. It describes that cells are the basic unit of life and contain organelles that carry out specific functions. The key organelles discussed include the nucleus, which houses genetic material, chloroplasts which conduct photosynthesis in plant cells, and vacuoles which store waste and maintain pressure.
Ultrastructure and functions of Chloroplast.pptx
Chloroplasts are membrane-bound organelles found in plant cells and algae that contain chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis. They have an outer and inner membrane, with an intermembrane space between. Inside is the stroma, which contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and the thylakoid system of membranes where photosynthesis occurs. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and other pigments like carotenoids and absorb light to drive the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, producing ATP and NADPH for the Calvin cycle to fix carbon and produce sugars. Their primary function is photosynthesis to produce food for plants.
Cell structure and function
Cell is the structural and functional basic unit of life. One who wishes to understand a living organism, should start with its building blocks, aka, cell.
This presentation gives you a general overview in concise manner.
Chloroplast.pptx
Chloroplasts are double-membrane organelles found in plant cells that contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis. They have an inner membrane, intermembrane space, and outer membrane, and contain stacked structures called grana that are made of disc-shaped thylakoids where chlorophyll is located. Chloroplasts are able to convert sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis, producing oxygen and synthesizing sugars from carbon dioxide and water.
Fundamental unit of_life_ppt
The document discusses the history and components of cells. It notes that cells were first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 and that the cell theory, stating that cells are the fundamental unit of life, was developed by biologists Schleiden and Schwann in 1838-1839. The document then describes the main parts of plant and animal cells, including the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and various organelles such as chloroplasts, mitochondria, and lysosomes. It explains the functions of these cellular components such as the nucleus controlling cell functions and chloroplasts facilitating photosynthesis.
11 chap 4 (the cell) f.sc 1st year biology helping notes the college study
This document provides a summary of key concepts about cells from a biology textbook chapter. It begins with short question and answer explanations of chloroplasts, their components, grana interconnectivity, nucleus shape and contents. It then discusses other organelles like thylakoids, when the nucleus is visible, cell wall composition, diseases like Tay-Sachs, peroxisome enzymes, glyoxisomes, and more. The document aims to help students understand the basic structures and functions of organelles and other cellular components.
Chloroplast_structure_function_evolution
Chloroplasts are double-membrane organelles found in plant cells and algae that contain chlorophyll and are the sites of photosynthesis. They capture energy from sunlight through chlorophyll and convert it into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH through the light-dependent reactions. The chemical energy is then used to fix carbon dioxide from the air and produce sugars in the Calvin cycle. Chloroplasts have an inner membrane, intermembrane space, and outer membrane and contain stacked structures called thylakoids where photosynthesis takes place and the stroma where the Calvin cycle occurs.
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Chloroplast
- 1. Chloroplast
- 2. What is Chloroplast ? • Chloroplast is a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place. • The name Chloroplast came Greek words “chloros”, which means green, and “plastes” which means “the one who forms”. • It was identified by a scientist named Antony van Leeuwenhock. • Chloroplast is an elongated or disc-shaped organelle containing chlorophyll.
- 3. 3D view of Chloroplast
- 4. Structure of Chloroplast •It’s membranes composed of two layers. 1. The outer chloroplast membrane 2. The inner chloroplast membrane •Thylakoids : Inside the chloroplast there is a three systems of membranes, forming many tiny flattened sacs called thylakoids. • Granum : Stacked thylakoids called granum.
- 5. Structure of Chloroplast • Stroma : Inside the outer and inner chloroplast membranes is the chloroplast stroma. A semi-gel-like fluid. It makes up much of a chloroplast's volume. In the the stroma the thylakoid system floats. • Lamella : Grana are interconnected by inter- granal lamellae.
- 6. 2D view of Chloroplast
- 7. Function of Chloroplast • Thylakoids contain Chlorophyll and other accessory pigments which are necessary for “light reaction”. • Stroma contains differernt enzymes which is important for light independent reactions or the dark reactions.