- Definition of lysosome
- Structure of lysosome
- Discovery of lysosome
- Synthesis of primary and secondary lysosome
- Functions of lysosome
- 4 intracellular processes by lysosome – phagocytosis, exocytosis, endocytosis and autolysis
Describes the plasma membrane in detail, explains the each major component with its functions.
Transport mechanism across the cell is covered with detailed explanation with examples.
by Dr. N.Sivaranjani, MD
The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.
It is of particular importance in processing proteins for secretion, containing a set of glycosylation enzymes that attach various sugar monomers to proteins as the proteins move through the apparatus.
here u will find every detail of golgi.
The plasma membrane, also called the cell membrane, is the membrane found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. . The plasma membrane consists of a lipid bilayer that is semipermeable. The plasma membrane regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell.
- Definition of lysosome
- Structure of lysosome
- Discovery of lysosome
- Synthesis of primary and secondary lysosome
- Functions of lysosome
- 4 intracellular processes by lysosome – phagocytosis, exocytosis, endocytosis and autolysis
Describes the plasma membrane in detail, explains the each major component with its functions.
Transport mechanism across the cell is covered with detailed explanation with examples.
by Dr. N.Sivaranjani, MD
The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.
It is of particular importance in processing proteins for secretion, containing a set of glycosylation enzymes that attach various sugar monomers to proteins as the proteins move through the apparatus.
here u will find every detail of golgi.
The plasma membrane, also called the cell membrane, is the membrane found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. . The plasma membrane consists of a lipid bilayer that is semipermeable. The plasma membrane regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell.
It is a process used by plants & other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can be later used by organisms as a fuel. i.e; energy transformation
The plastid (Greek: πλαστός; plastós: formed, molded – plural plastids) is a major organelle found in the cells of plants and algae. Plastids are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cell. They often contain pigments used in photosynthesis, and the types of pigments present can change or determine the cell's colour. They possess a double-stranded DNA molecule, which is circular, like that of prokaryotes.
Biostatistics Collection of Data and Sampling Techniques SMG.pptxsajigeorge64
Biostatistics : A brief description of collection of data and sampling techniques - Methods of collection of primary and secondary data - census method- sampling methods- merits and demerits of sampling.
LINKAGE AND CROSSING-OVER SMG
A brief description of Linkage - Bateson and Punnett's Experiment on Sweet pea, Lathyrus odoratus, Coupling and Repulsion Theory, Complete and Incomplete Linkage, Significance of Linkage, Crossing-over: Cytological basis, Types, Factors influencing the frequency , Significance, Mitotic crossing-over
A general account of Quantitative (Multiple factor or Polygenic) Inheritance; Examples : Kernel colour in Wheat, Ear size (Cob length ) in Maize(Zea mays) ; Differences between Qualitative and Quantitative Inheritance
Allelic and Non-allelic interactions : Complete dominance; Incomplete dominance-in Four O'clock plant, Mirabilis jalapa and Snapdragon, Antirrhinum majus ; Co-dominance- MN blood group, AB blood group, Roan coat colour in shorthorn breed of cattle; Inheritance of Comb pattern in Poultry; Epistasis -Dominant - Fruit colour in Summer squash, Recessive - Coat colour in mice; Complementary gene interaction -Purple flower colour in Sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus)
Introduction to Genetics - Mendelism SMGsajigeorge64
Introduction to Genetics - Mendelism ; Genetics defenition- heridity and variation - heritable and non-heritable variations; Gregor Johann Mendel - rediscovery of Mendelism- Terminology and symbols; Mendel's experiments , laws
A General account of Plant Peroxisomes - Ultrastructure, Types :Leaf peroxisomes (Leaf -type peroxisomes), Peroxisomes for other special metabolism, unspecialized peroxisomes and Glyoxysomes ; Functions
Changes In Number And Structure Of Chromosomes SMGsajigeorge64
A brief account of the changes in number and structure of chromosomes : Haploidy, Polyploidy, Aneuploidy, Deletion, Duplication, Inversion and Translocation
A general account of special types of chromosomes - Giant chromosomes (Polytene chromosomes or salivary gland chromosomes and Lampbrush chromosomes ) & B chromosomes
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
1. PLASTIDS
Dr. Saji Mariam George
Associate Professor (Retired)
Assumption College Autonomous
Changanacherry
2. PLASTIDS
• Double membrane bound organelles
• Found free in the cytoplasm
• Shape may vary- spherical, disc –shaped,
elongated etc.
• Self replicating organelles since they possess
DNA and 70 S ribosomes.
• Functions – Synthesis of food , storage of
carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.
3. The term plastid was used by Schimper(1885)
and classified plastids into three
i. Chloroplasts
ii. Chromoplasts
iii. Leucoplasts
4. Chloroplasts
• Most important and common plastid- contain
green pigment chlorophyll which can
synthesize starch using CO2 and H2O with the
help of energy derived from sunlight by a
process known as photosynthesis.
• Located mainly in the leaves of higher plants
and in green algae.
• Shape, size, number and distribution vary in
different cells, but are fairly constant for a
given tissue.
16. Chloroplasts…..
Size :
• Average diameter in higher plants – 4 to 6 µm
• Larger in polyploid cells than in diploids
• Chloroplasts of shade plants are larger than
those plants grown in sunlight.
Number :
• Relatively constant in different plants
• Algae often possess a single , large chloroplast
• In higher plants, there are 20 to 40 chloroplasts
per cell.
20. Ultrastructure of Chloroplast :
• Bounded by two unit membranes of
trilaminar composition.
• The membranes are separated by a space –
periplastidal space.
• Inner contents are heterogeneous
21. Matrix or Stroma :
• Fills most of the volume of Chloroplast
• A kind of gel – fluid phase
• Contains 50% of chlorophyll proteins , lipids,
DNA (hence, called semi-autonomous
organelle), 70S ribosomes (Plastidoribosomes),
RNA, Fe, Mn, Mg etc.
• Site of CO2 fixation (Dark reaction of
Photosynthesis) and contains all the enzymes
necessary for it .
22. Thylakoids :
• Consists of flattened vesicles arranged as a
membranous network.
• The outer surface is in contact with the
stroma and its inner surface encloses an
intrathylakoid space.
• The thylakoids may be stacked like a pile of
coins – grana (Sing. Granum) – The number
of thylakoids per granum may vary from a
few to 50 or more – A chloroplast may have
40 to 60 grana .
23. • Algae have a few thylakoids that do not form
grana.
• Thylakoids of adjacent grana are
interconnected by branching, membraneous
tubules – stroma lamellae (Intergranum
lamellae or Frets).
• The thylakoid membrane contains minute
particles – Quantasomes – photosynthetic unit
– 250 molecules of chlorophyll , the minimum
amount found necessary for photosynthesis.
24. Functions of Chloroplasts:
1.Photosynthesis : Most important function .
Hence Chloroplasts are also referred to as
‘Photosynthetic apparatus’.
2. Oxygen supply : Provide Oxygen as a byproduct
of photosynthesis.
3. Starch storage : Temporarily store starch grains
during the day time (in the pyrenoid – in
chloroplasts of Algae).
4. Utilize CO2 : They fix CO2 during photosynthesis
thereby keeping its concentration in the air
normal.
5. Change into chromoplasts - in flowers and fruits
to attract animals.
25. ii) Chromoplasts
• Coloured plastids containing carotenoids and
other pigments – impart colour – yellow,
orange, red etc. to flowers, fruits etc.
• Vary in shape – round , ellipsoidal etc.
• Chloroplasts transform into chromoplasts
during ripening of fruits.
26. Chromoplasts…..
Each red dot is a chromoplast that contains carotenoids
Image : David Webb, University of Hawaii.
https://www.daviddarling.info
34. iii) Leucoplasts
• Colourless plastids found in cells of plant
tissues that are not exposed to light.
• Store carbohydrates , proteins and lipids.
Types :
a) Amyloplasts : The leucoplasts storing starch
– tissues of Potato tuber
b) Proteinoplasts : Leucoplasts storing
proteins- occur in seeds
c) Elaioplasts : Leucoplasts storing lipids (fats
and oils) – found in seeds.
