Strabismus and squint
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This document discusses strabismus and squint, including the anatomy of the extraocular muscles, ocular motility, binocular vision, heterophoria, manifest squint, evaluation and treatment of strabismus. It describes the extraocular muscles, their nerve supply and actions. It defines uniocular and binocular eye movements. It discusses binocular single vision, fusion, stereopsis and anomalies. It defines and classifies heterophoria and manifest squint. Evaluation techniques like cover tests and estimation of angle of deviation are outlined. Causes, symptoms and treatment of heterophoria and manifest squint are described. Surgical techniques for strabismus are also summarized.
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This document discusses refractive errors and myopia. It begins by defining refractive media and refraction. It then discusses the different types of refractive errors including myopia. For myopia, it discusses the etiology, classification, clinical presentation, complications and management. It notes that the main causes of myopia are excessive axial elongation of the eye or increased curvature of the cornea or lens. The main types of myopia are axial myopia, refractive myopia, and curvature or index myopia. Management options for myopia include glasses, contact lenses, and refractive surgery procedures.
Dark room tests in ophthalmology
Dark Room Procedures for undergraduates(MB,BS) in the field of Ophthalmology are explained in simple terms in this presentation. Series of lectures taken at Central Park Medical College Lahore Pakistan.
Cataract Lec.ppt.pdf, define, objective refraction, subjective refraction
This document provides an overview of the lens and cataract. It defines a cataract as any opacity in the lens or lens capsule. The lens is normally transparent and helps refract light. Cataracts are caused by opacification, degeneration or deposition of abnormal materials in the lens. Risk factors include age, trauma, uveitis and medications like steroids. Cataracts can be classified by morphology, age of onset, maturity or etiology. Common symptoms are blurred vision, glare, halos and color changes. Treatment is usually surgical removal of the cataract and implantation of an intraocular lens. Complications may include infection, inflammation or glaucoma if left untreated.
D5 Kyohotic disorder
D5 Kyohotic disorder,
Introduction
Definition
Classification
Clinical feature
Etiology
Nursing management
Prognosis
Conclusion
Risk factors
Ocular motility and gaze
3rd,4th, 6th nerves
Extraocular muscles
How to examine for ocular motility
Ophthalmoplegia
Diplopia and related disorders
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How to examine for gaze
Gaze palsy
Types of eye movements
How to examine for EM
Nystagmus and non nystagmus ocular oscillation
Accommodation and convergence
Accomodation is mechanism by which eye changes refractive power by alternating shape of lens in order to focus objects at variable distances
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This document provides an overview of the anatomy, histology, examination, and interpretation of findings related to the cornea. It describes the layers of the cornea including the epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma, Descemet's membrane, and endothelium. Examination techniques are outlined like slit lamp biomicroscopy, keratometry, and pachymetry. Abnormal findings of the cornea like opacities, deposits, edema, infiltrates, and vascularization are discussed. The interpretation of findings related to shape, curvature, thickness, transparency, sensation, and vascularization is also covered.
strabismus
1. Pseudostrabismus is when there is an appearance of eye misalignment but no actual squint, caused by factors like abnormal angles between the visual and anatomical eye axes.
2. Heterophoria is a latent eye misalignment that becomes manifest when fusion is suspended, and can be esophoria (convergent) or exophoria (divergent).
3. Convergence insufficiency, accommodation insufficiency, divergence insufficiency and near reflex insufficiency are different vergence and accommodation abnormalities that can cause visual symptoms and are treated with exercises and lenses.
Accommodation of eye
This document discusses various theories and anomalies of accommodation. It begins by defining accommodation and related terms. It then discusses several theories of the accommodation mechanism, including Helmholtz's relaxation theory, Gullstrand's mechanical model, and Schachar's, Tsherning's, and Cotenary's theories. It also covers types of accommodation and anomalies such as presbyopia, insufficiency/ill-sustained accommodation, paralysis, excess accommodation, and spasm. Presbyopia is discussed in detail regarding pathophysiology, causes, symptoms, and treatment options like optical correction and surgery. Other anomalies are summarized briefly regarding their etiology, clinical features, and management.
ocular anatomy of eye for optometry and optalomolgy
The document summarizes the key anatomical structures of the eye, including the outer protective layers like the sclera and cornea, middle uveal layer containing the iris and choroid, inner retinal layer containing photoreceptors, and associated structures like the lacrimal system and extraocular muscles. The summary provides a high-level overview of the essential anatomical components and their functions in 3 sentences.
ocular_anatomy.pptx
The document summarizes the key anatomical structures of the eye, including the outer protective layers like the eyelids, sclera, and cornea. It describes the inner layers like the iris, ciliary body, choroid, retina, and optic nerve. It explains the functions of various parts like tear production, intraocular fluid circulation, and the conversion of light to neural signals in the retina.
AC .pptx
The anterior chamber angle structures and aqueous outflow system were summarized. The anterior chamber is bounded anteriorly by the cornea and posteriorly by the iris and lens. It contains aqueous humor and drains through the trabecular meshwork into Schlemm's canal and collector channels. Key angle structures include Schwalbe's line, trabecular meshwork, scleral spur, and ciliary body. Gonioscopy allows visualization and grading of the anterior chamber angle and is important for glaucoma evaluation and treatment planning.
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The document discusses the anatomy of the eyeball, including its dimensions, coats, segments, chambers, muscles, and muscle origins and insertions. It notes that the eyeball has three coats - fibrous, vascular, and nervous - which provide protection, nutrition, and nerve transmission. It also lists the six extraocular muscles - four recti and two oblique muscles - and provides the distances of origin and insertion from the limbus for four of the muscles.
Ocular injuries
The document discusses ocular injuries, their common causes, examination, and treatment. It covers various types of anterior segment trauma including corneal foreign bodies, abrasions, recurrent epithelial erosions, hyphema, traumatic uveitis, iris trauma, and lid and orbital injuries. Common causes are abrasion, foreign bodies, penetrating injuries, blunt trauma, and chemicals. Examination involves assessing visual acuity, lids, conjunctiva, cornea, anterior chamber, iris, lens, and intraocular pressure. Treatment depends on the type of injury but may include removal of foreign bodies, antibiotics, patching, lubricants, steroids, bed rest, and surgery to repair lacerations or reattach tissues.
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diabetes treatment
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The document outlines the main structures of the eye including the lids and conjunctiva, cornea, iris, lens, retina, choroid, and sclera. It also lists the extraocular muscles that control eye movement including the lateral and medial rectus, superior and inferior rectus, and superior and inferior oblique muscles. Finally, it notes that the third cranial nerve activates the pupil, levator muscle, and some of the extraocular muscles.
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anatomy of eyeball
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Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
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Strabismus and squint
- 1. Strabismus and squint DNYANESHWAR B. POTFODE OPHTHALMIC OFFICER
- 2. Extraocular muscles • Medial rectus : 5.5 mm • Inferior rectus : 6.5 mm • Lateral rectus : 6. 9 mm • Superior rectus : 7.7 mm • superior oblique muscle • inferior oblique muscle
- 4. Origin of the rectus muscles and the superior oblique muscle
- 5. Nerve supply • Oculomotor- superior, medial, inferior recti and inferior oblique muscles. • Trochlear- Superior oblique • Abducent- Lateral rectus muscle.
- 6. Action of the extraocular muscles
- 7. Action of the extraocular muscles
- 8. OCULAR MOTILITY • Uniocular movements- ‘ductions’ • Binocular movements- versions vergences.
- 9. Uniocular movements- ‘ductions’ • 1. Adduction • 2. Abduction • 3. Supraduction. • 4. Infraduction • 5. Incycloduction • 6. Excycloduction
- 10. Binocular movements- Versions • 1. Dextroversion • 2. Levoversion. • 3. Supraversion • 4. Infraversion • 5. Dextrocycloversion. • 6. Levocycloversion
- 11. Binocular movements- Vergences • 1. Convergence • 2. Divergence
- 13. BINOCULAR SINGLE VISION • Grades of binocular single vision • Grade I — Simultaneous perception • Grade II— Fusion. • Grade III— Stereopsis.
- 15. Fusion
- 16. stereopsis
- 17. Anomalies of binocular vision Suppression, Amblyopia Abnormal retinal correspondence (ARC), Confusion Diplopia.
- 18. STRABISMUS • A misalignment of the visual axes of the two eyes is called squint or strabismus.
- 19. Classification of strabismus • I. Apparent squint or pseudostrabismus. • II. Latent squint (Heterophoria) • III. Manifest squint (Heterotropia) 1. Concomitant squint 2. Incomitant squint.
- 20. HETEROPHORIA •Heterophoria also known as ‘latent strabismus’, is a condition in which the tendency of the eyes to deviate is kept latent by fusion.
- 21. Types of heterophoria • 1. Esophoria • i Convergence • ii Divergence • 2. Exophoria • 3. Hyperphoria • 4. Cyclophoria
- 22. Etiology 1. Orbital asymmetry. 2. Abnormal interpupillary distance (IPD) 3. Faulty insertion of extraocular muscle. 4. A mild degree of extraocular muscleweakness. 5. Anomalous central distribution ofthe tonic innervation of the two eyes 6. Anatomical variation in he position of the macula
- 24. Abnormal interpupillary distance (IPD)
- 25. Symptoms • 1. Symptoms of muscular fatigue. • 2. Symptoms of failure to maintain binocular single • 3. Symptoms of defective postural sensations cause
- 26. Examination of a case of heterophoria • 1. Testing for vision and refractive error • 2. Cover-uncover test. • 3. Prism cover test • 4. Maddox rod test • 5. Maddox wing test. • 6. Measurement of convergence and accommodation • 7. Measurement of fusional reserve
- 28. Maddox rod.
- 29. Maddox rod test
- 30. Treatment • 1. Correction of refractive error • 2. Orthoptic treatment • 3. Prescription of prism in glasses • 4. Surgical treatment
- 31. Manifest squint
- 32. Etiology • Refractive errors, • Prolonged use of incorrect spectacles, • Anisometropia, • Corneal opacities, • Lenticular opacities, • Diseases of macula (e.g., central chorioretinitis), • Optic atrophy, and • Obstruction in the pupillary area due to congenital ptosis.
- 34. DIVERGENT SQUINT
- 35. EVALUATION OF A CASE OF CONCOMITANT STRABISMUS • I. History • II. Examination • 1. Inspection • 2. Ocular movements. • 3. Pupillary reactions • 4. Media and fundus examination. • 5. Testing of vision and refractive error • 6. Cover tests • i. Direct cover test • ii. Alternate cover test • 7. Estimation of angle of deviation • i. Hirschberg corneal reflex test • ii. The prism and cover test • iii. Krimsky corneal reflex test.
- 36. Hirschberg corneal reflex test.
- 38. TREATMENT • 1. Spectacles with full correction of refractive error • 2. Occlusion therapy • 3. Preoperative orthoptic exercises • 4. Squint surgery
- 39. Surgical techniques • 1. Muscle weakening procedures • 2. Muscle strengthening procedures • 3. Procedures that change direction of muscle action