The document summarizes the key anatomical structures of the eye, including the outer protective layers like the eyelids, sclera, and cornea. It describes the inner layers like the iris, ciliary body, choroid, retina, and optic nerve. It explains the functions of various parts like tear production, intraocular fluid circulation, and the conversion of light to neural signals in the retina.
The document summarizes key anatomical structures of the eye. It describes that the eye is surrounded by the bony orbit formed by 7 bones. It also describes key structures like the lacrimal system, extraocular muscles, conjunctiva, cornea, sclera, uvea including the iris and ciliary body, lens, aqueous humour, vitreous, and retina. The cornea refracts light and has 5 layers while the sclera is a collagenous outer coat perforated by blood vessels and nerves. The uvea provides nutrients to the retina and the lens focuses light onto the retina.
The document describes the anatomy of the eye and its structures. It discusses the orbits, eyeball, lacrimal apparatus, extraocular muscles, visual pathway, and vascular supply. It provides details on the layers of the cornea, anatomy of the iris, ciliary body, lens, aqueous humor, choroid, vitreous body, and retina. Key structures like the macula and optic disc are also mentioned.
The document provides information on the anatomy of the eye and drug absorption through the eye. It describes the three layers that make up the wall of the eyeball - fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, and retina. It details the external structures like eyelids, cornea, iris, and pupil. Internally, it outlines the choroid, ciliary body, lens, vitreous chamber, and retina. It explains how drugs can be absorbed through the cornea or non-corneally across the conjunctiva and sclera. Factors like precorneal constraints, corneal barrier properties, and ion transport systems influence trans corneal penetration and absorption in the eye.
The document provides information about the anatomy of the eye and drug absorption. It discusses the three layers that make up the eyeball - fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, and retina. The external structures of the eye like eyelashes, eyelids, cornea, sclera, conjunctiva, and iris are described. The internal structures such as choroid, ciliary body, lens, vitreous chamber, and retina are also summarized. Key parts of the eye involved in vision like photoreceptors, blind spot, and fovea are highlighted in less than 3 sentences.
This document summarizes key information about the anatomy and physiology of the human eye. It discusses the main parts of the eye and their functions, including the sclera, choroid, retina, lens, cornea, iris, and extraocular muscles. It also describes the eye's blood supply and innervation, as well as common eye pathologies and vision problems. Imaging modalities for examining the eye, such as x-ray, ultrasound, CT, MRI, are also summarized.
This is an educational presentation on Anatomy of Eyeball. This presentation includes different layers of eyeball with their blood and nerve supply.
Here, is a link of a presentation on contents of orbit-
https://www.slideshare.net/AyshahHashimi1/contents-of-orbit
The eye has several structures that work together to focus light and create images. The cornea and lens bend light to focus images onto the retina. The retina contains light-sensitive cells that convert the image into nerve signals sent to the brain. Accessory structures like the eyelids, conjunctiva, and lacrimal glands help protect and lubricate the eye. Fluids inside the eye, such as aqueous humor and vitreous humor, help maintain the shape of the eye and provide nutrients to tissues.
The document summarizes the key structures and functions of the human eye. It describes the eyelid, tear film, cornea, aqueous humor, iris, lens, vitreous, retina, choroid, intraocular muscles, optic nerve and their roles in vision. The tear film lubricates the eye and the cornea refracts light, while the iris controls the pupil size. The lens focuses light and the retina converts it to neural signals. Various muscles control eye movement and the optic nerve transmits signals to the brain.
The document summarizes key anatomical structures of the eye. It describes that the eye is surrounded by the bony orbit formed by 7 bones. It also describes key structures like the lacrimal system, extraocular muscles, conjunctiva, cornea, sclera, uvea including the iris and ciliary body, lens, aqueous humour, vitreous, and retina. The cornea refracts light and has 5 layers while the sclera is a collagenous outer coat perforated by blood vessels and nerves. The uvea provides nutrients to the retina and the lens focuses light onto the retina.
The document describes the anatomy of the eye and its structures. It discusses the orbits, eyeball, lacrimal apparatus, extraocular muscles, visual pathway, and vascular supply. It provides details on the layers of the cornea, anatomy of the iris, ciliary body, lens, aqueous humor, choroid, vitreous body, and retina. Key structures like the macula and optic disc are also mentioned.
The document provides information on the anatomy of the eye and drug absorption through the eye. It describes the three layers that make up the wall of the eyeball - fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, and retina. It details the external structures like eyelids, cornea, iris, and pupil. Internally, it outlines the choroid, ciliary body, lens, vitreous chamber, and retina. It explains how drugs can be absorbed through the cornea or non-corneally across the conjunctiva and sclera. Factors like precorneal constraints, corneal barrier properties, and ion transport systems influence trans corneal penetration and absorption in the eye.
The document provides information about the anatomy of the eye and drug absorption. It discusses the three layers that make up the eyeball - fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, and retina. The external structures of the eye like eyelashes, eyelids, cornea, sclera, conjunctiva, and iris are described. The internal structures such as choroid, ciliary body, lens, vitreous chamber, and retina are also summarized. Key parts of the eye involved in vision like photoreceptors, blind spot, and fovea are highlighted in less than 3 sentences.
This document summarizes key information about the anatomy and physiology of the human eye. It discusses the main parts of the eye and their functions, including the sclera, choroid, retina, lens, cornea, iris, and extraocular muscles. It also describes the eye's blood supply and innervation, as well as common eye pathologies and vision problems. Imaging modalities for examining the eye, such as x-ray, ultrasound, CT, MRI, are also summarized.
This is an educational presentation on Anatomy of Eyeball. This presentation includes different layers of eyeball with their blood and nerve supply.
Here, is a link of a presentation on contents of orbit-
https://www.slideshare.net/AyshahHashimi1/contents-of-orbit
The eye has several structures that work together to focus light and create images. The cornea and lens bend light to focus images onto the retina. The retina contains light-sensitive cells that convert the image into nerve signals sent to the brain. Accessory structures like the eyelids, conjunctiva, and lacrimal glands help protect and lubricate the eye. Fluids inside the eye, such as aqueous humor and vitreous humor, help maintain the shape of the eye and provide nutrients to tissues.
The document summarizes the key structures and functions of the human eye. It describes the eyelid, tear film, cornea, aqueous humor, iris, lens, vitreous, retina, choroid, intraocular muscles, optic nerve and their roles in vision. The tear film lubricates the eye and the cornea refracts light, while the iris controls the pupil size. The lens focuses light and the retina converts it to neural signals. Various muscles control eye movement and the optic nerve transmits signals to the brain.
The eyeball has three concentric layers - the outer protective sclera, the middle vascular uvea, and the inner light-sensitive retina. It contains important structures like the cornea, iris, ciliary body, choroid, vitreous humor, and optic nerve. The eye is surrounded by accessory structures including the eyelids, lacrimal apparatus for tear production and drainage, conjunctiva, extraocular muscles to control eye movement, and orbit bone for protection. All of these work together to allow for vision.
The human eye is roughly spherical and resembles a camera. It has three layers: the outer fibrous layer containing the sclera and cornea, the middle vascular layer containing the choroid, ciliary body and iris, and the inner nervous layer containing the retina. The eye contains two chambers - the anterior chamber between the cornea and lens containing aqueous humor, and the posterior chamber between the lens and retina containing vitreous humor. Key parts include the iris, pupil, choroid, ciliary body, lens, retina and optic nerve. The eye receives nourishment from the choroid and ciliary body and sends signals to the brain via the optic nerve to provide vision.
Applied Anatomy of Orbit and Eyeball.pptxMathew Joseph
The eye sits in a protective bony socket called the orbit. Six extraocular muscles in the orbit are attached to the eye. These muscles move the eye up and down, side to side, and rotate the eye.
The extraocular muscles are attached to the white part of the eye called the sclera. This is a strong layer of tissue that covers nearly the entire surface of the eyeball.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the human eye. It discusses the main parts and layers of the eyeball including the outer fibrous layer (sclera, cornea, conjunctiva), middle vascular layer (choroid, ciliary body, iris), and inner retinal layer. It also describes the chambers of the eyeball that contain aqueous humor and vitreous humor. The document explains the process of vision including light refraction in the eye, accommodation of the lens, photo chemical activity in the retina, and visual processing in the brain.
A short simplified anatomy of eye. it includes explanation of all 3 layers of eyes, sclera, choroid and retina. Anatomy of cornea, conjunctiva, pupil, lens, iris, ciliary body etc. physiology of vision, its process and photochemical activity of eyes are discussed in detail.
The eye consists of three coats - the fibrous outer coat containing the sclera and cornea, the vascular pigmented middle coat containing the choroid, ciliary body and iris, and the inner nervous coat containing the retina. The eyeball also contains refractive media - the aqueous humor in the anterior and posterior chambers, the vitreous body filling the vitreous chamber behind the lens, and the transparent biconvex lens situated between the iris and vitreous body. These structures work together to allow light to enter the eye and be focused on the retina to produce vision.
The eyeball has three concentric layers - an outer fibrous layer, middle vascular layer, and inner neural layer. It is surrounded by protective layers like the conjunctiva and sclera. The sclera provides the eye's shape and strength while the cornea forms its clear outer surface. Inside are the iris, ciliary body, choroid, lens, vitreous cavity, and retina. Various muscles and nerves help control functions like accommodation and visual pathway transmission to the brain. The ciliary ganglion relays parasympathetic fibers to regulate processes like pupil constriction and accommodation.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the eye. It describes the layers of the eyeball including the fibrous coat with the cornea and sclera, the vascular coat with the iris, ciliary body and choroid, and the nervous coat of the retina. It also discusses the lens and segments of the eyeball. Additionally, it outlines the ocular adnexa including the bony orbit, eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus, extraocular muscles and accessory organs of the eye.
The document summarizes the key structures and functions of the human visual system. It describes the eyeball's layers including the sclera, choroid, iris, ciliary body, retina and its structures like the macula and optic disk. It explains how light enters the eye and is refracted by the cornea and lens to form an image on the retina. The roles of the retina's layers and cell types in visual transduction are outlined. Accommodation and errors of refraction are also summarized.
The document summarizes key aspects of eye anatomy in 3 layers:
1) The outer coat includes the cornea and sclera.
2) The middle coat contains the choroid, ciliary body, iris, and lens. It nourishes the retina and controls eye focusing.
3) The inner coat is the retina.
It also briefly describes the orbit, lacrimal system, eyelids, and extraocular muscles.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the eye. It discusses the various layers and structures that make up the eye, including the outer fibrous coat (sclera and cornea), middle vascular coat (choroid, ciliary body, and iris), and inner nervous coat (retina). Key structures like the lens, vitreous humor, optic nerve, and chambers are also described. The roles of various structures like the ciliary muscle and iris in accommodation and pupillary light reflex are covered. Some clinical conditions involving the eye like cataracts, retinal detachment, and glaucoma are also summarized.
The eyeball has three concentric layers - an outer fibrous layer, middle vascular layer, and inner neural layer. It is divided into two segments, the anterior segment in front of the lens and the posterior segment behind the lens. The anterior segment contains the cornea, iris, ciliary body, and two chambers filled with aqueous humour. The posterior segment contains the vitreous, choroid, retina, and optic disc. Within these segments are numerous structures including the tear film, conjunctiva, sclera, limbus, uveal tract, crystalline lens, and vitreous cavity that work together to provide vision.
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the anterior and posterior segments of the eye. The anterior segment includes structures like the iris, cornea, lenses, and aqueous humor-filled chambers. The posterior segment consists of the vitreous humor, retina, choroid, and optic disc. Key structures like the iris, ciliary body, choroid, lens, macula, and optic disc and their functions are also described.
This is a class based presentation presented on Lecture of Shaalakya Tantra guided by Dr. Sadhana Parajuli Mam, H.O.D, Ayurveda Campus & Teaching Hospital, Kirtipur, I.O.M, T.U
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the lens. It begins with the embryological development of the lens from surface ectoderm and describes the formation of the lens placode, pit, and vesicle. It details the anatomical structures of the lens including the capsule, epithelium, fibers, and zonules. The document also discusses the biochemical composition and metabolic processes that maintain lens transparency. Finally, it covers age-related changes to the lens and clinical significance including cataracts.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and structures of the eye and sight. It discusses the three layers that make up the walls of the eye - the outer fibrous layer, middle vascular layer, and inner nervous tissue layer. It describes key internal structures like the iris, lens, retina, as well as surrounding structures like the optic nerve, chiasma and tracts. The eye functions through a complex coordinated system to take in light, focus images, and transmit visual signals through neural pathways to the brain.
Anatomy and physilogy of eye,nose and throatDeeps Gupta
The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the eye, nose, and throat. It details the structures of the eye including the outer fibrous layer, middle vascular layer, and inner nervous tissue layer. The physiology of vision is explained including refraction of light, focusing through accommodation of the lens, convergence of the eyes, photochemical activity in the retina, and processing in the brain. Accessory structures like the lacrimal apparatus, eyelids, conjunctiva, and taste buds are also outlined.
THIS POWER POINT PRESENTATION IS TO GIVE READERS AN OVERVIEW ON THE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYE: STRUCTURES, FUNCTIONS OF EACH PART OF THE EYE, AS WELL AS THE PHYSIOLOGY ON HOW THE IMAGE IS CAPTURED IN THE EYE AND TRANSLATED BY THE BRAIN IN ORDER TO HAVE THE MEANINGFUL VIEW OF THE IMAGE.
This document summarizes the anatomy and function of the eye. It describes the layers of the eye including the sclera, choroid, and retina. It explains how the cornea and crystalline lens refract light and how accommodation allows the eye to focus on near and far objects. The document also outlines the anatomy and function of the tear film, extraocular muscles, visual pathway, and common eye conditions like cataracts.
Slide Presentation for Anatomy of Eyeball. This slide is taken from Medicos Pdf app available in playstore. This app contains many more slides related to clinical science, basi science, nursing, dental and many more. You can download if you want many more slides.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
The eyeball has three concentric layers - the outer protective sclera, the middle vascular uvea, and the inner light-sensitive retina. It contains important structures like the cornea, iris, ciliary body, choroid, vitreous humor, and optic nerve. The eye is surrounded by accessory structures including the eyelids, lacrimal apparatus for tear production and drainage, conjunctiva, extraocular muscles to control eye movement, and orbit bone for protection. All of these work together to allow for vision.
The human eye is roughly spherical and resembles a camera. It has three layers: the outer fibrous layer containing the sclera and cornea, the middle vascular layer containing the choroid, ciliary body and iris, and the inner nervous layer containing the retina. The eye contains two chambers - the anterior chamber between the cornea and lens containing aqueous humor, and the posterior chamber between the lens and retina containing vitreous humor. Key parts include the iris, pupil, choroid, ciliary body, lens, retina and optic nerve. The eye receives nourishment from the choroid and ciliary body and sends signals to the brain via the optic nerve to provide vision.
Applied Anatomy of Orbit and Eyeball.pptxMathew Joseph
The eye sits in a protective bony socket called the orbit. Six extraocular muscles in the orbit are attached to the eye. These muscles move the eye up and down, side to side, and rotate the eye.
The extraocular muscles are attached to the white part of the eye called the sclera. This is a strong layer of tissue that covers nearly the entire surface of the eyeball.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the human eye. It discusses the main parts and layers of the eyeball including the outer fibrous layer (sclera, cornea, conjunctiva), middle vascular layer (choroid, ciliary body, iris), and inner retinal layer. It also describes the chambers of the eyeball that contain aqueous humor and vitreous humor. The document explains the process of vision including light refraction in the eye, accommodation of the lens, photo chemical activity in the retina, and visual processing in the brain.
A short simplified anatomy of eye. it includes explanation of all 3 layers of eyes, sclera, choroid and retina. Anatomy of cornea, conjunctiva, pupil, lens, iris, ciliary body etc. physiology of vision, its process and photochemical activity of eyes are discussed in detail.
The eye consists of three coats - the fibrous outer coat containing the sclera and cornea, the vascular pigmented middle coat containing the choroid, ciliary body and iris, and the inner nervous coat containing the retina. The eyeball also contains refractive media - the aqueous humor in the anterior and posterior chambers, the vitreous body filling the vitreous chamber behind the lens, and the transparent biconvex lens situated between the iris and vitreous body. These structures work together to allow light to enter the eye and be focused on the retina to produce vision.
The eyeball has three concentric layers - an outer fibrous layer, middle vascular layer, and inner neural layer. It is surrounded by protective layers like the conjunctiva and sclera. The sclera provides the eye's shape and strength while the cornea forms its clear outer surface. Inside are the iris, ciliary body, choroid, lens, vitreous cavity, and retina. Various muscles and nerves help control functions like accommodation and visual pathway transmission to the brain. The ciliary ganglion relays parasympathetic fibers to regulate processes like pupil constriction and accommodation.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the eye. It describes the layers of the eyeball including the fibrous coat with the cornea and sclera, the vascular coat with the iris, ciliary body and choroid, and the nervous coat of the retina. It also discusses the lens and segments of the eyeball. Additionally, it outlines the ocular adnexa including the bony orbit, eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus, extraocular muscles and accessory organs of the eye.
The document summarizes the key structures and functions of the human visual system. It describes the eyeball's layers including the sclera, choroid, iris, ciliary body, retina and its structures like the macula and optic disk. It explains how light enters the eye and is refracted by the cornea and lens to form an image on the retina. The roles of the retina's layers and cell types in visual transduction are outlined. Accommodation and errors of refraction are also summarized.
The document summarizes key aspects of eye anatomy in 3 layers:
1) The outer coat includes the cornea and sclera.
2) The middle coat contains the choroid, ciliary body, iris, and lens. It nourishes the retina and controls eye focusing.
3) The inner coat is the retina.
It also briefly describes the orbit, lacrimal system, eyelids, and extraocular muscles.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the eye. It discusses the various layers and structures that make up the eye, including the outer fibrous coat (sclera and cornea), middle vascular coat (choroid, ciliary body, and iris), and inner nervous coat (retina). Key structures like the lens, vitreous humor, optic nerve, and chambers are also described. The roles of various structures like the ciliary muscle and iris in accommodation and pupillary light reflex are covered. Some clinical conditions involving the eye like cataracts, retinal detachment, and glaucoma are also summarized.
The eyeball has three concentric layers - an outer fibrous layer, middle vascular layer, and inner neural layer. It is divided into two segments, the anterior segment in front of the lens and the posterior segment behind the lens. The anterior segment contains the cornea, iris, ciliary body, and two chambers filled with aqueous humour. The posterior segment contains the vitreous, choroid, retina, and optic disc. Within these segments are numerous structures including the tear film, conjunctiva, sclera, limbus, uveal tract, crystalline lens, and vitreous cavity that work together to provide vision.
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the anterior and posterior segments of the eye. The anterior segment includes structures like the iris, cornea, lenses, and aqueous humor-filled chambers. The posterior segment consists of the vitreous humor, retina, choroid, and optic disc. Key structures like the iris, ciliary body, choroid, lens, macula, and optic disc and their functions are also described.
This is a class based presentation presented on Lecture of Shaalakya Tantra guided by Dr. Sadhana Parajuli Mam, H.O.D, Ayurveda Campus & Teaching Hospital, Kirtipur, I.O.M, T.U
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the lens. It begins with the embryological development of the lens from surface ectoderm and describes the formation of the lens placode, pit, and vesicle. It details the anatomical structures of the lens including the capsule, epithelium, fibers, and zonules. The document also discusses the biochemical composition and metabolic processes that maintain lens transparency. Finally, it covers age-related changes to the lens and clinical significance including cataracts.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and structures of the eye and sight. It discusses the three layers that make up the walls of the eye - the outer fibrous layer, middle vascular layer, and inner nervous tissue layer. It describes key internal structures like the iris, lens, retina, as well as surrounding structures like the optic nerve, chiasma and tracts. The eye functions through a complex coordinated system to take in light, focus images, and transmit visual signals through neural pathways to the brain.
Anatomy and physilogy of eye,nose and throatDeeps Gupta
The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the eye, nose, and throat. It details the structures of the eye including the outer fibrous layer, middle vascular layer, and inner nervous tissue layer. The physiology of vision is explained including refraction of light, focusing through accommodation of the lens, convergence of the eyes, photochemical activity in the retina, and processing in the brain. Accessory structures like the lacrimal apparatus, eyelids, conjunctiva, and taste buds are also outlined.
THIS POWER POINT PRESENTATION IS TO GIVE READERS AN OVERVIEW ON THE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYE: STRUCTURES, FUNCTIONS OF EACH PART OF THE EYE, AS WELL AS THE PHYSIOLOGY ON HOW THE IMAGE IS CAPTURED IN THE EYE AND TRANSLATED BY THE BRAIN IN ORDER TO HAVE THE MEANINGFUL VIEW OF THE IMAGE.
This document summarizes the anatomy and function of the eye. It describes the layers of the eye including the sclera, choroid, and retina. It explains how the cornea and crystalline lens refract light and how accommodation allows the eye to focus on near and far objects. The document also outlines the anatomy and function of the tear film, extraocular muscles, visual pathway, and common eye conditions like cataracts.
Slide Presentation for Anatomy of Eyeball. This slide is taken from Medicos Pdf app available in playstore. This app contains many more slides related to clinical science, basi science, nursing, dental and many more. You can download if you want many more slides.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2. Acknowledgement
• Photographs included in the presentation are courtesy of
Dr.Jonathan.J.Dutton and Dr.Thomas.G.Waldrop
(Atlas of Clinical and Surgical Orbital Anatomy)
3. Learning Objectives
At the end of this class students shall be able to
• Identify various structures of the eye
• Have a basic understanding of the structure and functions of various
parts of the eye
4. • Orbit
Lodges the eyeball
• Eye lids –
• Cover and protect
• Lacrimal system-
Secretes and drain tears
• Extraocular muscles-
for ocular movements
• Layers of eyeball-
perform various functions
9. Lid structure and movement
● The levator muscle extends from
an attachment at the orbital apex
to attachments at the tarsal
plate and skin.
● The lids are securely attached at
either end to the bony orbital
margin by medial and lateral
palpebral ligaments.
10. Innervation
- Sensory innervation is from the trigeminal (fifth) cranial nerve, via
the ophthalmic division (upper lid) and maxillary division (lower lid).
- The orbicularis oculi is innervated by the facial (seventh) nerve.
- The levator muscle in the upper lid is supplied by the oculomotor
(third) nerve.
11. Blood supply
Network of blood vessels which form an anastomosis
between branches derived from the external carotid artery
via the face and from the internal carotid artery via the orbit.
12. Lymphatics
• Lymphatic fluid drains into the preauricular and submandibular
nodes.
• Preauricular lymphadenopathy is a useful sign of infective eyelid
swelling (especially viral).
14. Tear production
• The lacrimal gland secretes
most of the aqueous
component of the tear film
• Location: superotemporal
part of the anterior orbit
• Innervation :
parasympathetic fibres
carried by the facial nerve.
21. Nerve supply of Extra Ocular Muscles
• Three Cranial Nerves supply the Extra Ocular Muscles
• CN 3rd-Oculomotor-MR, IR, SR, IO
• CN 4th-Trochlear—SO
• CN 6th- Abducens--- LR
23. Conjunctiva
• The conjunctiva is a mucous
membrane lining the eyelids.
Covers the anterior eyeball
up to the edge of the cornea.
• At the upper and lower
reflections between eyeball
and eyelid, conjunctiva forms
two sacs, the superior and
inferior fornices .
24. Cornea and sclera
The cornea and sclera form a
spherical shell which makes up
outer wall of eyeball.
25. Cornea and sclera
• The sclera is :
- principally collagenous,
- avascular (apart from some vessels on its surface)
- relatively acellular.
It is perforated posteriorly by the optic nerve, and by sensory and
motor nerves and blood vessels to the eyeball.
The cornea and sclera merge at the corneal edge (the limbus).
26. Limbus
• Juncture between the cornea and the sclera
• Nourishes peripheral cornea
• Assists in corneal wound healing
• Pathway for aqueous outflow (contains trabecular meshwork and
canal of schlemm)
27. Corneoscleral limbus
• Transition zone:
• anterior:bowman`s terminal-Descemet’s terminal
• posterior:scleral spur/iris root
• 1.5~2.0mm width
• Appearance
• Semitransparant zone
• White sclera
• Angle of AC
28. The chief functions of the cornea
• Protection against invasion of microorganisms into the eye
• Transmission and focusing (refraction) of light.
29. Cornea
• Made up of 5 layers
• Specialized Transparent Tissue
• No blood vessels
• Primarily responsible for refracting light (43-44 diopters)
• More nerve endings than anywhere else in the body
• Protection to the eye
• The only part of the eye that is transplanted from one person to
another
36. • The uvea comprises the
• iris and ciliary body anteriorly
• choroid posteriorly
UVEA
37. Iris
• Consists of connective tissue
containing muscle fibres, blood
vessels and pigment cells.
Its posterior surface is lined by a
layer of pigment cells.
At its centre is an aperture, the
pupil.
The main function of pupil:
Control light entry to the retina and
to reduce intraocular light scatter.
38. Ciliary body
• The ciliary body is a specialised structure uniting the iris with the
choroid.
• Secretes aqueous humour
• Anchors the lens via the zonules, through which it modulates lens
convexity.
• The posterior part of the ciliary body merges into the retina at the ora
serrata.
39. Choroid
• The choroid, consisting of blood vessels, connective tissue and
pigment cells, is sandwiched between the retina and the sclera.
• It provides oxygen and nutrition to the outer retinal layers.
40. Lens
• The discus-like lens comprises
a mass of long cells known as
fibres. Has a hard nucleus
surrounded by less dense
fibres, the cortex.
• Relatively dehydrated
• Transparent.
41. Aqueous humour
• Fills the anterior and posterior chambers.
• The anterior chamber is the space between the cornea and the iris.
• Behind the iris and in front of the lens is the posterior chamber.
They are connected by the pupil.
42. Formation
• The ciliary body forms
aqueous humour
• By ultrafiltration and
active secretion.
43. Drainage
Aqueous circulates from the
posterior to the anterior chamber
through the pupil.
Passes through the trabecular
meshwork (a specialised tissue in
the anterior chamber angle
between the iris and the cornea).
From here aqueous drains into
Schlemm's canal.
44. Vitreous
• A thick, transparent gel like substance that fills the center of
eyeball, giving it form and shape
• The vitreous body is 99% water but, vitally, also contains collagen
fibrils and hyaluronan, which impart cohesion and a gel-like
consistency.
• The vitreous is adherent to the retina at certain points,
particularly at the optic disc and at the ora serrata.
• Volume - 4.5ml
• RI:1.3360≈aqueous humor
45. Retina
• Innermost layer of the eye.
• Converts light energyelectrical energy --->brain via the optic nerve
• Composed of 10 layers.
• Contains Photoreceptors
• Cones-near Center (seeing detail and color)
• Rods- in Periphery (seeing in low light and movement)
47. • Optic disc
• Only optic nerve fibers
• Physiological blind spot
• Macula
• Thinnest
• Point of sharpest vision is
in the fovea located in
the center of the macula
Retina
49. Retina
• The blood supply of the retina is derived from the central retinal
artery and vein, and from the choroid.
• The retinal vessels enter and leave the eye through the optic nerve
and run in the nerve fibre layer.
A major arterial and venous branch, forming an 'arcade', supplies
each of the retinal quadrants .
50. Optic nerve
• The ganglion cell axons in the retinal nerve fibre layer make a right-
angled turn into the optic nerve at the optic disc, which has no
photoreceptors and corresponds to the physiological blind spot.
• Behind the eyeball these axons become myelinated.
• Here the optic nerve is surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid in an
anterior extension of the subarachnoid space and is protected by the
same membranous layers as the brain.
51. Optic Nerve Pathways/Visual Cortex
• Message is carried down the optic
nerve through pathways to
occipital cortex; here vision
becomes sight
• At the optic chiasm, the nasal
nerve fibers cross; temporal nerve
fibers go straight back to cortex;
this arrangement impacts on
visual fields
• Results in visual field losses can be
predicted based on where
damage is located on the optic
nerve
52. Conclusion
• The human eye is lodged inside bony orbit and protected by
eyelids.
• It has an outer protective scleral coat modified anteriorly to
form cornea
• The middle layer or uvea consists of the ciliary body and iris
anteriorly and choroid posteriorly
• The innermost layer is retina containing photoreceptors
which lines the posterior two-thirds of choroid.
• The optic nerve carries visual information to the visual
cortex.