Retina exam
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This document discusses symptoms of retinal disease such as blurred vision, visual distortions, and flashes of light. It also outlines examination techniques for evaluating the retina, including using direct and indirect ophthalmoscopes, slit lamps with specialized lenses, retinal photos, ultrasound, and angiography to visualize the retina and assess diseases.
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The document outlines the basic structures and functions of the human eye. It describes the main eye structures including the lids, cornea, iris, lens, retina, choroid, and sclera. It also details the extraocular muscles that control eye movement and their corresponding cranial nerves, as well as layers of the retina such as the pigment epithelium, rods and cones, nerve fiber layer, and optic nerve. Protection of the eyes is provided by surrounding structures like the orbit, lids, sclera, cornea, and tears.
EXAMINATION OF ANTERIOR SEGMENT OF EYE
The document outlines the steps for examining the anterior segment of the eye, including taking a patient history, performing a systematic examination from front to back using magnification, light, and diagnostic drops. Key areas examined are the lids, lacrimal system, orbit, eye movements, pupil reactions, conjunctiva, cornea, anterior chamber, iris, lens, and anterior vitreous, along with refraction and tests for intraocular pressure and visual fields. Photos show examples of pathological findings that may be observed, such as giant papillae on the eyelid and corneal staining.
COMPLICATION OF CATARACT SURGERY
This document summarizes potential complications from cataract surgery, grouped into those occurring at surgery, within a week, and longer term. Complications at surgery include posterior capsule rupture, dropped nucleus, and small pupil. Within a week, potential issues are infection, high eye pressure, corneal swelling, and inflammation. Longer term risks include cystoid macular edema, retinal detachment, and unexpected conditions found on postoperative exam. The document provides examples and treatment approaches for several common complications.
ANATOMY OF CORNEA
The cornea has several layers:
1. The epithelium is the outermost layer consisting of 5-6 layers of stratified squamous cells that renew from stem cells located around the periphery.
2. The stroma makes up 90% of the cornea and contains collagen fibrils for strength and elasticity.
3. Descemet's membrane is the basement membrane of the endothelium and contains collagen and glycoprotein that can regenerate. It shows Henle fibers on its posterior surface.
4. The endothelium is the innermost single cell layer that decreases in cell density with age. Gap junctions allow for fluid regulation to maintain corneal clarity.
anatomy of eyeball
The eyeball has three concentric layers and is approximately 21-26mm in diameter. It is connected to the brain by the optic nerve and protected by the bony orbit and eyelids. The cornea is transparent and located at the center of the eyeball's anterior surface, comprising 5 layers and measuring approximately 12mm by 11mm. The sclera covers the posterior four-fifths of the eyeball and provides attachment points for the extraocular muscles. Six extraocular muscles control eye movement, with the four recti muscles originating from a common tendinous ring and inserting into the sclera, while the two oblique muscles originate from bones in the orbit.
ENUCLEATION WITH CSR
The document describes the procedures for enucleation and corneo-scleral rim excision. Enucleation involves removing the entire eye globe while preserving surrounding structures, usually due to a painful blind eye, staphyloma, or malignancy. The procedure involves aseptic preparation, peritomy, identification and cutting of extraocular muscles and optic nerve, and orbital packing. Corneo-scleral rim excision is done to harvest the cornea and scleral rim for transplantation. It involves peritomy, scleral incision 4mm from the limbus, separating the corneo-scleral rim from underlying uveal tissue, and storing in preservation medium. Both require consent
Strabismus and squint
This document discusses strabismus and squint, including the anatomy of the extraocular muscles, ocular motility, binocular vision, heterophoria, manifest squint, evaluation of strabismus cases, and treatment options. It describes the extraocular muscles, types of eye movements, binocular single vision and anomalies. It also defines and classifies heterophoria and manifest squint, discusses their etiology, symptoms, examination and treatment. Evaluation of strabismus cases and different surgical techniques are also outlined.
Strabismus and squint
This document discusses strabismus and squint, including the anatomy of the extraocular muscles, ocular motility, binocular vision, heterophoria, manifest squint, evaluation and treatment of strabismus. It describes the extraocular muscles, their nerve supply and actions. It defines uniocular and binocular eye movements. It discusses binocular single vision, fusion, stereopsis and anomalies. It defines and classifies heterophoria and manifest squint. Evaluation techniques like cover tests and estimation of angle of deviation are outlined. Causes, symptoms and treatment of heterophoria and manifest squint are described. Surgical techniques for strabismus are also summarized.
Corneal ulcer
This document summarizes information about corneal ulcers. It discusses the anatomy of the cornea and common causes of corneal infections like bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Corneal ulcers occur when there is damage to the corneal epithelium allowing infection to set in. Symptoms include pain, watering, photophobia and blurred vision. Signs include swelling, hypopyon in the anterior chamber. Management involves identifying the causative organism, using topical antibiotics and cycloplegics for uncomplicated cases. More severe cases may require debridement, bandage contact lenses or keratoplasty. Complications can include glaucoma, perforation and scarring.
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