This document provides an overview of key grammar concepts in Spanish 2 including: 1) How to use ser vs estar to express permanent vs temporary states. 2) Verbs like gustar and how to use indirect object pronouns with them. 3) Regular and irregular verb conjugations in the preterite, imperfect, and future tenses. 4) Use of direct and indirect object pronouns and commands. 5) Reflexive verbs and the difference between saber and conocer.

1. Spanish 2 Grammar Book Catalina Vivlamore Spanish 2H period 2

2. Contents Ser Estar Verbs Like Gustar Hacer Expressions Preterite Tense Trigger Words -Car, -Gar, -Zar Spock Verbs Cucaracha Verbs 10. Snakes y Snakeys 11. DOPS 12. IOPS 13. Commands 14. Irregular Commands 15. Se Impersonal

3. Contents– Part 2 Past Participles as Adjectives El Futuro Imperfect Tense/Trigger Words Demonstrative Adjectives/Pronouns Informal Commands Modal Verbs Reflexive Pronouns/Reflexive Verbs Saber vs. Conocer

4. Ser “Permanent” form of “To Be” (Compare ESTAR) A good way to remember is DOCTOR PED: D: Descriptions (¿Qué es?) O: Origin (de) (¿De dónde es?) C: Characteristics (¿Como es?) T: Time ¿(Qué hora es?) O: Occupation (¿Qué hace?) R: Relationships (¿Quién es?) P: Possession (de) (¿De quién es?) E: Events (¿Cuando/Dónde es?) D: Dates (¿Qué día es hoy/Cual es la fecha de hoy?)

5. Ejemplos y Tabla Es un calendario. Soy de Costa Rica. Tú eres rubio. Son las seis y media. La mujer es abogada. Son mis hermanas. Esto es el dinero de Pepe. La fiesta es jueves. Mi cumpleaños es miércoles. La fecha es el veintiséis de enero dos mil once.

6. Estar “Temporary” form of “To Be” (Compare SER) A good way to remember is HELPING: H: Health (Cómo estás) E: Emotions (Cómo estás) L: Location (en) (Dónde estás) P: Present Condition (Cómo Está) I: N: G: Gerunds: -ar-> -ando -er/ir -> -iendo o –yendo (Qué estás haciendo?)

7. Ejemplos y Tabla Está bien hoy. Estoy nerviosa. Estamos en la cocina. El cielo está nublado. Estás ayudando. Estoy escribiendo. Están leyendo.

8. Verbs Like Gustar Gustar: To be pleasing to/To like Fascinar: To fascinate Molestar: To bother Encantar: To love/be enchanted by Faltar: To lack/be in need of Importar: To be important to Disgustar: To not be pleasing to/To dislike Aburrir: To bore Indirect object pronouns are necessary! (Me, nos, te, os, le, les) The IOPS always come before the verb!

9. Ejemplos Dancing is pleasing to me; I like dancing: Me gusta bailar. David dislikes apples; Apples are not pleasing to David: A David le disgustan manzanas. He bothers you. Él le molesta.

10. Hacer Expressions Hacer expressions tell how long ago something happened. At this level, be more concerned with the present tense expression.

12. Preterite Tense Regular -ar Verbs: Regular –er/-ir Verbs A definite time in the past with a beginning and/or ending

14. -Car, -Gar, -Zar The first group of irregular preterite verbs. It only changes in the first person tense. This group pertains to verbs ending in –car, -gar, or –zar.

15. Spock Verbs Ir, ser, dar, ver, y hacer. Another grouping of irregular preterite verbs. Ir/ser Dar/ver Hacer

16. Tablas

17. Cucaracha Verbs A third grouping of irregular preterite verbs. A way to remember their conjugations is to sing them to the tune of “La Cucaracha.” For the verbs “conducir,” “producir,” and “traducir,” drop the “i” in –ieron in the third person plural tense.

19. Anduve.

20. “You could.”

21. Pudiste.

22. “She knew.”

23. Ella supo.

24. “We had.”

25. Tuvimos.

26. “You all brought.”

27. Trajisteis.

28. “They translated.”

30. Tablas Snakes: Dormir Pedir Snakeys: Leer

32. In only 3 instances can a DOP hook onto the end of the verb:

33. The verb is an infinitive.

34. The verb is an affirmative command.

35. The verb is a gerund or a present progressive verb.

36. If the DOP can hook onto the end of the verb, an accent mark must be added to the syllable of the verb that will retain the original sound of the original verb.

38. IOPS (Indirect Object Pronouns) Tells “for whom” or “for what.” There must be a DOP for there to be an IOP! An IOP and a DOP cannot both begin with an “l,” so the IOP “le” ends up with the DOPS “lo” or “la,” change the “le” to “se.” The IOP always comes before the DOP. The same rules as the DOP apply to the IOP for attaching them to the end of a verb.

39. Tabla y Ejemplos “I gave it to her.” Se lo di. “Give it to me!” ¡Démelo! “They gave it to you.” Te lo dieron. * There is no feminine -distinguishing IOP for the third person tense.

40. Regular Commands Put the verb in “yo” form and change to the opposite vowel. Do this for both affirmative and negative commands. Add the “n” at the end for a plural command.

42. Ejemplos “Do your homework! ¡Haga tu tarea! “Be happy!” ¡Esté feliz! “Know this for the test!” ¡Sepa esto para el examen! “You two, don’t go there!” ¡No vayan allí!

44. When using “se,” the verb is always in the third person.

45. “Se” can be used in all tenses.

46. Ejemplos:Se vende fruta en la frutería. Aquí se habla español.

47. Past Participles as Adjectives Past participles as adjectives take a verb and turn it into an adjective -AR verb endings change to –ADO -ER verb endings change to –IDO Concordance in gender and number is mandatory!

48. Irregular Past Participles as Adjectives Abrir: Abierto Cubrir: Cubierto Decir: Dicho Escribir: Escrito Hacer: Hecho Morir: Muerto Poner: Puesto Resolver: Resuelto Romper: Roto Ver: Visto Volver: Vuelto Ir: Ido La puerta abierta El gato muerto Las historias escritas Los vidrios rotos

49. El Futuro I, you, he, she, we, they WILL No conjugation is needed! Just stick the ending onto the infinitive! No matter the verb ending, all conjugations are the same!

51. Iré a la tienda.

52. She will buy a necklace.

53. Comprará un collar.

54. We will have our own cars.

55. Tendremos nuestros propio autos.

56. You will want a gift.

58. Imperfect Tense Irregulars There are only 3 irregulars, and never any stem changes Ir Ser Ver

59. Imperfect Trigger Words Todos los dias Mientras Los lunes, martes (etc.) Siempre Muchas veces Cada dia/mes/noche/año Imperfect tense is used for: Habitual/repeated actions Events/actions that were in progress Physical characteristics Mental/emotional states Time-telling Age

60. Demonstrative Adjectives This: Este That: Ese That one over there: Aquel

61. Demonstrative Pronouns Same as adjectives, but can be used alone

62. Informal Commands For positive tú commands, simply drop the “s” of the tú form! For negatives, put in yo, change the vowel, and add an “s.” Irregular positives: Di, haz, ve, pon, sal, sé, ten, ven Irregular negatives: digas, hagas, vayas, pongas, salgas, seas, tengas, vengas

63. Ejemplos Write! ¡Escribe! Don’t write! ¡No escribas! Be nice! ¡Sé simpático! Don’t be mean! ¡No seas antipático!

64. Modal Verbs Used to help verbs change their meaning They pair up with infinitives Only conjugate the modal verb Ir+a+infinitive= to be going to do something Poder+infinitive= to be able to do something Querer+infinitive= to want to do something Deber+infinitive= to should do something Tener+que+infinitive= to have to do something

65. Reflexive Verbs Reflects the action of the verb back to the subject If a verb acts on something other than the subject, use non-reflexive verb form If verb acts on subject, use reflexive verb form Acostarse (oue) Afeitarse Bañarse Cepillarse Ducharse Llamarse Ponerse Vestirse (ei)

66. Saber vs. Conocer Saber is used to express knowledge of information. I know the capital of Spain. Sé el capital de España. Conocer is used to express knowledge of a person. She knows my mother. Sabe mi madre. They are both irregular yo verbs, so saber changes to séin yo, and conocer changes to conozco in yo form.