This document provides a table of contents for a Spanish 4 grammar book. The table of contents lists 37 chapters covering various Spanish grammar topics like verb tenses (present, preterite, imperfect), uses of ser and estar, gustar and similar verbs, object pronouns, subjunctive mood, commands, and prepositions. Each chapter title is accompanied by the page numbers for that chapter.

1. Spanish 4 Grammar Book
Catalina Vivlamore
Spanish 4H Period 1

2. Tabla de Contentos
1. El Presente (3-5)
2. Ser o Estar (6-7)
3. Verbos Como Gustar (8)
4. El Preterito (9-16)
5. El Imperfecto (17-19)
6. Preterito vs. Imperfecto (19)
7. Subjunctive in Noun Clauses
(20-24)
8. Subjunctive in Adjective
Clauses (25)
9. Mandatos (26-28)
10. Object Pronouns (29-33)
11. Possessive Adjectives and
Pronouns (34-35)
12. Demonstrative Adjectives
and Pronouns (36-37)
13. Reflexive Verbs (38)
14. Por y Para (39-41)

3. Tabla de Contentos– Página 2
15. To Become (42-43)
16. El Futuro (45-46)
17. El Condicional (47-48)
18. El Presente Perfecto (49-50)
19. Pronombres Relativos (51-
55)
20. Neuter Lo (55)
21. Qué vs. Cuál (56)
22. Subjuntive in Adverbial
Clauses (57)
23. Past/Imperfect Subjunctive
(58)
24. Comparisons (59)
25. Superlatives (60)
26. Adverbs (61-62)
27. Diminutives (63)
28. Augmentatives (64)

4. Tabla de Contentos– Página 3
29. Present Perfect Subjunctive
(65)
30. Uses of Se (66)
31. Past Participles as Adjectives
(67-68)
32. Hacer Expressions (69)
33. Future Perfect (71)
34. Conditional Perfect (72)
35. Si Clauses (73)
36. Transitional Expressions
(74-77)
37. Pero vs. Sino (78)
38. Passive Voice (79)
39. Negative Expressions (80)
40. Indefinite Expressions (81)
41. Past Perfect (82)
42. Past Perfect Subjunctive (83)
43. Uses of Infinitive (84)
44. Prepositions (85-90)

5. El Presente
• Used to express actions or situations that are
going on at the present time and to express
general truths.
• Also used to express habitual actions or actions
that will take place in the near future.
• Regular –ar, -er, -ir verbos
• Nota: We normally omit subject pronouns.

6. Stem-Changing Present
• E—>ie {ej. pensar)
• O ue (ej. Poder)
• EI (ej. Pedir)
• Uue (ej. Jugar)
• Construir, destruir, incluir, influir add a y before
the personal endings, except in forms noted
below
• Change in all forms except nosotros y vosotros.

7. Irregular Yo Present Tense
• Many –er and –ir verbs have irregular yo forms in
the present tense.
• -cer or –cir -zco
• -ger or –gir -jo
• Several verbs have irregular –go endings (ej.
Caercaigo), and a few have individual
irregularities
• Others: caber—> quepo; saber se; verveo
• Some verbs with irregular yo forms have stem
changes as well
• Verbs with prefixes follow the same patterns (ej.
detenerdetengo)

8. Ser o Estar
• Ser and estar both mean to be, but they are not
interchangeable.
• Ser is used to express the idea of permanence, such as
inherent or unchanging qualities and characteristics.
• Estar is used to express temporality, including qualities
or conditions that change with time.
• With most descriptive adjectives, either ser or estar can
be used, but the meaning of each statement is different.
• Some adjectives have two different meanings depending
on whether they are used with ser or estar.
• Nota: Estar, not ser, is used with muerto/a.

9. Uses of Ser y Estar
• Uses of Ser:
▫ Nationality and origin
▫ Profession/occupation
▫ Characteristics of
people,animals, and
things
▫ Generalizations
▫ Possession
▫ Material of
composition
▫ Time, date, season
▫ Where/when an event
takes place
• Uses of Estar:
▫ Location or spatial
relationships
▫ Health
▫ Physical states and
conditions
▫ Emotional states
▫ Certain weather
expressions
▫ Ongoing actions
(progressive tenses)
▫ Results of actions (past
participles)

10. Verbos Como Gustar
• Though gustar is translated as to like in English, its literal meaning is to
please.
• Gustar is preceded by an indirect object pronoun.
• Because the thing or person that pleases is the subject, gustar agrees in
person and number with it.
• When gustar is followed by one or more verbs in the infinitive, the singular
form of gustar is always used.
• Gustar is often used in the conditional (me gustaria) to soften a request.
• Many verbs follow the same pattern as gustar:
▫ Aburrir, apetecer, caer bien/mal, disgustar, doler, encantar, faltar, fascinar, hacer
falta, importar, interesar, molestar, preocupar, quedar, sorprender
• The construction a+prepositional pronoun or a+noun can be used to
emphasized who is pleased, bothered, etc.
• Faltar expresses what someone or something lacks and quedar expresses
what someone or something has left. Quedar is also used to talk about how
clothing fits or looks on someone.
• Ejemplos

11. El Preterito
• Regular -ar Verbs: • Regular –er/-ir Verbs
-é -amos
-aste -asteis
-ó -aron
A definite time in the past with a beginning and/or
ending
-í -imos
-iste -isteis
-ió -ieron

12. -Car, -Gar, -Zar
• The first group of irregular preterite verbs.
• It only changes in the first person tense.
• This group pertains to verbs ending in –car, -
gar, or –zar.
• -quéVerbs ending
in -Car
• -guéVerbs ending
in –Gar
• -céVerbs ending
in –Zar
Examples:
Infinitive: Conjugation:
Tocar Toqué
Jugar Jugué
Comenzar Comencé

13. Spock Verbs
• Ir, ser, dar, ver, y hacer.
• Another grouping of irregular preterite verbs.
Hacer
Ir/ser
Dar/ver

14. Tablas para Verbos de Spock
Ir/Ser
Fui Fuimos
Fuiste Fuisteis
Fue Fueron
Dar/Ver
(d/v)i (d/v) imos
(d/v)iste (d/v)isteis
(d/v)io (d/v)ieron
Hacer
Hice Hicimos
Hiciste Hicisteis
Hizo Hicieron

15. Cucaracha Verbs
• A third grouping of irregular preterite verbs.
• A way to remember their conjugations is to sing
them to the tune of ―La Cucaracha.‖
• For the verbs ―conducir,‖ ―producir,‖ and
―traducir,‖ drop the ―i‖ in –ieron in the third
person plural tense.

16. Tabla para Verbos de Cucaracha
Andar Anduv-
Estar Estuv-
Poder Pud-
Poner Pus-
Querer Quis-
Saber Sup-
Tener Tuv-
Venir Vin-
Conducir Conduj-
Producir Produj-
Traducir Traduj-
Decir Dij-
Traer Traj-
-e -imos
-iste -isteis
-o -ieron

17. Snakes and Snakeys
• The last groupings of irregular preterite verbs.
• In the ―snakes‖ group, there is a stem change in
the third person.
• In the ―snakeys‖ group, the ―i‖ changes to a ―y‖
in the third person. These verbs usually have
double vowels in infinitive form.

18. Tablas de Snakes y Snakeys
Dormí Dormimos
Dormiste Dormisteis
Durmió Durmieron
Snakes:
Pedí Pedimos
Pediste Pedisteis
Pidió Pidieron
Dormir Pedir
Snakeys:
Leí Leímos
Leíste Leísteis
Leyó Leyeron
Leer

19. Imperfect Tense
• Used to describe past activities in a different
way, it is an IMPERFECTED ACTION in the
past. There is no definite beginning or ending.
• It is like a movie; preterite tense is like a photo.
-aba -abamos
-abas -abais
-aba -aban
-ía -íamos
-ías -íais
-ía -ían
-AR Verbs -ER/IR Verbs

20. Imperfect Tense Irregulars
• There are only 3 irregulars, and never any stem
changes
Iba Íbamos
Ibas Ibais
Iba Iban
Era Éramos
Eras Erais
Era Eran
Veía Veíamos
Veías Veías
Veía Veían
Ir
Ver
Ser

21. Imperfect Trigger Words
• Todos los dias
• Mientras
• Los lunes, martes
(etc.)
• Siempre
• Muchas veces
• Cada
dia/mes/noche/año
• ***These will distinguish
use of preterite from use
of imperfect.***
• Imperfect tense is used for:
1. Habitual/repeated actions
2. Events/actions that were in
progress
3. Physical characteristics
4. Mental/emotional states
5. Time-telling
6. Age

22. Subjunctive in Noun Clauses
• Subjunctive mood: attitudes, uncertain,
hypothetical
• Main clause + connector +subordinate clause
• -ar: e, es, e, emos, en
• -er/-ir: a, as, a, amos, an
• Irregulars: dar (de), estar (este), ir (vaya), saber
(sepa), haber (haya), ser (sea)
• WEDDING: Wishing/wanting, emotions, doubt,
disbelief, impersonal expressiosn, negation,
God/grief

23. Impersonal Expressions
• Es bueno que… [Subjunctive Clause]
• Es mejor que… [Subjunctive Clause]
• Es malo que… [Subjunctive Clause]
• Es importante que… [Subjunctive Clause]
• Es necesario que… [Subjunctive Clause]
• Es urgente que… [Subjunctive Clause]
• Y mucho mas!

24. Verbs of Will and Influence
• Aconsejar- to advise
• Importar=- to be important, to matter
• Ionsistir (en)- to insist (on)
• Mandar- to order
• Prohibir- to prohibit
• Recomendar (e->ie)- to recommend
• Rogar (oue)- to beg, to plead
• Sugerir (eie) to suggest
• Any of these+que+subjunctive

25. Common Verbs and Expressions of
Emotion
• Alegrarse (de)- to be happy
• Esperar- to hope, to wish
• Senir (eie)- to be sorry, to regret
• Sorprender- to surprise
• Temer- to be afraid, to fear
• Es triste- it’s sad
• Ojala (que)- I hope (that), I wish (that)
• Any of these+subjunctive

26. Expressions of Doubt, Disbelief, and
Denial
• Dudar- to doubt
• Negar (eie)- to deny
• Es imposible- it’s impossible
• Es improbable- it’s improbable
• No es cierto- It’s not true, it’s not certain
• No es seguro- It’s not certain
• No es verdad- it’s not true

27. Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses
• An adjective clause is a group of words containing a verb
that tells something about a noun.
• The subjunctive is used in an adjective clause when the
antecedent is someone or something whose existence in
unknown, hypothetical, or uncertain from the point of
view of the speaker.
• EJ: Necesito un amigo que me comprenda.
• There is NO personal ―a‖ because it’s not a definite
person
• If the antecedent is known to exist, then use the
indicative mood instead
• When the antecedent is not mentioned, introduce
adjective clauses by using ―lo que‖

28. Mandatos- Usted Commands
• Use an usted command to tell someone what to do
using the formal tense.
• Put the verb in ―yo‖ form and change ―o‖ ending to
the opposite vowel (are; er/ira)
• Do this for both affirmative and negative
commands.
• Add an ―n‖ at the end for a plural command.
• IRREGULARES: TVDISHES– they are irregular in
ALL commands
▫ T=Tener; V=Venir; D=Dar/Decir; I=Ir; S=Ser;
H=Hacer/haber; E=Estar; S=Saber

29. Mandatos- Tú Commands
• Use a tú command to tell someone what to do in
the familiar tense.
• For the AFFIRMATIVE: Conjugate to ―tú‖ form
and simply drop the ―s‖!
• For the NEGATIVE: Put it in ―yo‖ form and
change the ―o‖ ending to the opposite vowel (like
in a formal command), then add an ―s‖

30. Mandatos- Nosotros Commands
• Use a nosotros command to tell a group of
people you are in to do something with you.
• Conjugate into ―yo‖ form and change the ―o‖
ending to these opposite vowel endings:
aremos; er/iramos
• This is for both affirmative and negative. (Just
add a ―no‖ in front for negative.)
• MONOS Verbs: Affirmative Nosotros
Commands with a Reflexive Verb
▫ Drop the extra ―s‖! (EJ: VámosnosVámanos)

31. Object Pronouns
• Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns.
• Direct object pronouns directly receive the
action of the verb. “what”
• Indirect object pronouns identify to whom or for
whom an action is done.
Direct Objects
Me Nos
Te Os
Lo/La Los/Las
Indirect Objects
Me Nos
Te Os
Le Les

32. Position of Object Pronouns
• Direct and indirect object pronouns (los pronombres
de complemento directo e indirecto) precede the
conjugated verb.
• Ej: IO- Carla siempre me da boletos para el cine. (Carla
always gives me movie tickets.)
• Ej: DO- Ella los consigue gratis. (She gets them for
free.)
• Object pronouns may attach to an infinitive, gerund, or
affirmative command. Or they may go before the
conjugated verb as usual.
• EJ: Voy a hacerlo enseguida./Lo voy a hacer enseguida.
• Lo is also used to refer to an abstract thing or idea that
has no gender. ―It‖

33. Double Object Pronouns
• The indirect object pronoun precedes the direct object
pronoun when they are used together in a sentence.
• EJ: Me los mandaron por correo.
• Le and les change to se when they are used with lo, la,
los, or las.
• EJ: Se las damos.
• The ―se‖ has nothing to do with reflexives!
• When object pronouns are attached to infinitives,
gerunds, or commands, a written accent is often required
to maintain proper words stress.
• Put accent over third-to-last or fourth-to-last syllable,
depending on how many pronouns were attached.k

34. Prepositional Pronouns
Prepositional Pronouns
Mí Me, myself
Ti You, yourself
Ud. You, Yourself
Él Him, it
Ella Her, it
Sí Himself, herself, itself
Nosotros/as Us, ourselves
Vosotros/as You, Yourselves
Uds. You, yourselves
Ellos Them
Ellas Them
Sí Themselves

35. Prepositional Pronouns
• Prepositional pronouns function as the objects of prepositions.
• Except for mí, tí, and sí, they are identical to their corresponding
subject pronouns.
• EJ: Lo compramos para ti.
• A + [prepositional pronoun] is often used for clarity or emphasis.
• EJ: A mí me fascina.
• The pronoun sí is the preopositional prnoun used to refer back to
the same third-person subject. In this case, the adjective
mismo/a(s) is usually added for clarifictation.
• EJ: Juan se lo regaló a sí mismo.
• When mí, ti, and sí are used with con, they become conmigo,
contigo, and consigo.
• These prepositions are used with tú and yo instead of mí and ti:
entre, excepto, incluso, menos, salvo, según.
• EJ: Todos están de acuerdo menos tú y yo.

36. Possessive Adjectives
• Tells who is in possession of something– whose
object the object is. (EJ: My book.)
• Possessive adjectives must agree with the noun
in gender and number. (Gender only applies to
nosotros and vosotros forms)
Mi (s) Nuestro (a, s, as)
Tu (s) Vuestro (a, s, as)
Su (s) Sus

37. Possessive Pronouns
• Tells who is in possession of an object, but uses a
pronoun to replace the noun. (EJ: Mine is blue.)
• They also must agree in gender an number to the noun
that they are replacing.
• Possessive pronouns usually are used with the
corresponding definite article.
El/La mío (a)
Los/Las míos (as)
El/La nuestro (a)
Los/Las nuestros (as)
El/La tuyo (a)
Los/Las tuyos (as)
El/La vuestro (a)
Los/Las vuestros (as)
El/La suyo (a)
Los/Las suyos (as)
El/La suyo (a)
Los/Las suyos (as)

38. Demonstrative Adjectives
• To be more specific as to which an object is– ―this,‖ ―that,‖ or ―that
one over there.‖
• They must agree in gender and number.
Este/This Singular Plural
Masculin
e
Este Estos
Feminine Esta Estas
Ese/That Singular Plural
Masculine Ese Esos
Feminine Esa Esas
Aquel Singular Plural
Masculine Aquel Aquellos
Feminine Aquella Aquellas

39. Demonstrative Pronouns
• To be more specific as to which an object is– ―this,‖ ―that,‖ or ―that
one over there,‖ and replacing the noun with the following pronouns
• Must agree in gender and number
• They’re the same as the adjectives!
Este/This Singular Plural
Masculin
e
Este Estos
Feminine Esta Estas
Ese/That Singular Plural
Masculine Ese Esos
Feminine Esa Esas
Aquel Singular Plural
Masculine Aquel Aquellos
Feminine Aquella Aquellas

40. Reflexive Verbs
• Reflects the action of the verb back to the subject
• If a verb acts on something other than the
subject, use non-reflexive verb form
• If verb acts on subject, use reflexive verb form
Me Nos
Te Os
Se Se

41. Por y Para
• ―For‖
• However, they have specific usages, so they are
easy to confuse, despite being translated to mean
the same
• In Spanish, you must use the correct one
because using the wrong one may give the
sentence a different meaning!

42. Uses of “POR”
• Indicates motion/general location
• Duration of an action
• Reason or motivation for action
• Object of a search
• Means by which something is done
• Exchange or substitution
• Unit of measure
• Mulitplication
• Idiomatic Expressions (EJ: por ejemplo, por eso, por
fin, etc.)

43. Uses of “PARA”
• Destination
• Deadline or specific time in future
• Purpose/Goal + Infinitive
• Purpose + Noun
• Recipient of something
• Comparison with others or an Opinion
• In the employment of

44. “To Become”
• In Spanish, there is no specific infinitive that
means ―to become‖
• Instead, a variety of other infinitives used in
certain ways and phrases are used to convey the
same meaning as ―to become‖
• The verb used depends on the nature of the
change that occurs (e.g. deliberate, involuntary)

45. Phrases for “To Become”
• Llegar a ser: ―to eventually become,‖ usually change over a
long period of time, usually with effort.
▫ EJ: Antonio became old= Antonio llegó a ser anciano.
• Ponerse: Refers to a change in mood or emotion, especially a
temporary or sudden change. It is also used to refer to
changes in physical appearance and many other traits.
Doesn’t have to apply to just people.
▫ EJ: I became sick= Me puse enferma.
• Hacerse: Deliberate or voluntary changes, such as a change in
identity, affiliation, religion, etc.
▫ EJ: Carmen became a Christian= Carmen se hace una cristiana.
• Volverse: A typically involuntary change, generally applying to
people.
▫ Jorge became/went crazy: Jorge se volvió loco.

46. El Futuro
• Used to explain what someone/something WILL
do in the future.
• I, you, he, she, we, they WILL
• No conjugation is needed! Just stick the ending
onto the infinitive!
• No matter the verb ending, all conjugations are
the same!
-é -emos
-ás -áis
-á -án

47. El Futuro- Irregulares
• Decir: Dir-
• Hacer: Har-
• Poner: Pondr-
• Salir: Saldr-
• Tener: Tendr-
• Valer: Valdr-
• Venir: Vendr
• Poder: Podr-
• Querer: Querr-
• Saber: Sabr-
• Caber: Cabr-
• Haber: Habr-
**Simply add the regular endings
to these irregular conjugations.

48. El Condicional
• Used to express probability, conjecture,
possibility, or wonder.
• What someone/something WOULD or MIGHT
do.
• Like the future tense, conditional verbs do not
need to be conjugated. Instead they have distinct
endings. -ía -íamos
-ías -íais
-ía -ían

49. El Condicional- Irregulares
• Decir: Dir-
• Hacer: Har-
• Poner: Pondr-
• Salir: Saldr-
• Tener: Tendr-
• Valer: Valdr-
• Venir: Vendr
• Poder: Podr-
• Querer: Querr-
• Saber: Sabr-
• Caber: Cabr-
• Haber: Habr-
**They’re exactly the same as
future irregulars!

50. El Presente Perfecto
• Used to express past actions that continue into the
present or continue to affect the person in the present.
▫ In English, this would be to explain what someone has
done.
• Object pronouns are placed before the auxiliary verb.
• Here is the table for the auxilary verbs:
Auxilary Verb + Past Participle
He Hemos
Has Habéis
Ha Han

51. Presente Perfecto- Irregulares
• Abrir Abierto
• Cubrir Cubierto
• Decir Dicho
• Escribir Escrito
• Hacer Hecho
• Morir Muerto
• Poner Puesto
• Resolver Resuelto
• Romper Roto
• Ver Visto
• Volver Vuelto
• Ir Ido

52. Pronombres Relativos
• Words that refer to an already-stated noun.
• There are six:
 Que
 El Que
 Lo Que
 Cuyo
 Quien
 El Cual

53. Pronombres Relativos- Que y Quien
• Que:―That‖
• Ejemplo:
• Las galletas que comí= The cookies that I ate.
• Quien: ―Who‖
▫ Refers ONLY to PEOPLE!
• Ejemplo:
▫ Mi prima, quien es una bailerina, fue al supermercado=
My cousin, who is a ballerina, went to the supermarket.
• For quien, it must agree in number, so if the
noun is plural, then use ―quienes.‖

54. Pronombres Relativos– El Que, El
Cual, y Lo Que
• El Que: ―the one that/who‖
• Must agree in gender and number, so use ―los que,‖ ―la
que,‖ y ―las que‖ accordingly.
• El Cual: Same as ―el que,‖ but used in more
formal settings, such as formal writing.
▫ Again, they must agree in gender and number, so
use ―los cuales,‖ ―la cual,‖ y ―las cuales‖
accordingly.
• Lo Que: ―that which,‖ ―that what‖– refers to an
abstract idea, rather than something or someone
specific, like above.

55. Pronombres Relativos- Cuyo
• ―Whose‖
• Ejemplo: Arturo, cuyo bebida favorita es té, ama
cafeína= Arthur, whose favorite drink is
tea, loves caffeine.
• Additionally, it must agree in gender and
number
▫ Use ―cuyos,‖ ―cuya,‖ y ―cuyas‖ accordingly.
▫ Gender and number is determined based on what
is being owned, NOT the owner!

56. Neuter Lo
• In Spanish, ―lo‖ is used as a neuter article
• Used in front of an adjective in order to express
something that is abstract or a quality.
• Common Expressions:
▫ Lo fácil (the easy thing/part)
▫ Lo bueno (the good thing)
▫ Lo bello (what’s beautiful)
▫ Lo justo (what’s fair)
▫ Lo mejor (the best part)
• Lo + Adjective+ Que= ―How [adjective]
▫ No sabes lo feliz que estoy. = You do not know how
happy I am.

57. Qué vs. Cuál
• Both are used to mean ―what‖ or ―which,‖ but
they have distinct uses when used in questions:
Qué Cuál
Asking for
definitions
Normally used
before forms of ser
when not asking for
a definition.
Normally used
before nouns
Suggesting a
selection or choice
from a group
Idioms such as
―¿qué hora es?‖ or
―¡qué lástima!

58. Subjunctive in Adverbial Clauses
• Conjugated exactly the same as in noun and
adjective clauses.
• An adverb clause is a dependent clause that
modifies the verb in the independent clause– the
verb is hypothetical or anticipated.
▫ Why, where, when, how
• Ejemplos:
▫ Voy a esperar hasta que vuelvas.
▫ Trabajo duro para que mi familia viva bien.

59. Past/Imperfect Subjunctive
• Follows the same rules for when to use it as Present Subjunctive.
• However, this expresses in the past– the verb in the independent
clause will be in the imperfect or preterite tense
Third
person
preterite
Drop the
―-ron‖
ending
Add
endings
from table:
-ra -ramos
-ras -rais
-ra -ran
There are also alternate
endings that are used in
Spain only.
Instead of the ―ra‖ base
conjugation, it takes forms
from ―se.‖ (e.g. ses, se, sen)

60. Comparisons
• Comparatives are used to compare two things.
• If the things you are comparing is followed by a number, use de instead of
que.
• When comparing two things that are equal (something is ―as [adj/adv] as‖),
follow this instead:
• If the equality comparison uses a noun, then use tanto (-a/-as/-os)
instead.
Más/Menos
Adjective/
Adverb/
Noun
que
Tan
Adjective/
Adverb
como

61. Superlatives
• Used to describe someone or something to the
greatest degree
• Other superlative and comparative words: mejor
(best); peor (worst); mayor (older); menor
(younger)
Noun Más Adjective de

62. Adverbs
• Word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another
adverb
• Adding –mente is like adding –ly in English.
• Adverbs can refer to
manner, time, place, frequency, quantity, affirm
ation, and negation.
• Place the adverb in front of the adjective or
adverb it modifires, or after the verb it modifies
Adjective in
feminine
form
Add -
mente

63. Non- “Mente” Adverbs
Manner Time Place Frequency Quality Affirmation
/Negation
Bien Hoy Aquí Nunca Muy Nunca
Mal Temprano Allí Simpre Bastante Siempre
Muy Ayer Allá A menudo Mucho
Despacio A tiempo Casi
Rápido Pronto Mucho
And many more!

64. Diminutives
• Used to indicate small size or affection, or to make a
word less harsh
• Drop final vowel and add one of these endings:
• Masculine: ―-ito‖ or ―-cito‖
▫ Gato Gatito (kitty)
▫ Padre Padrecito (Daddy)
• Feminine: ―-ita‖ or ―-cita‖
▫ Hermana Hermanita (little sister)
▫ Mamá Mamacita (Mommy)
• Be careful not to confuse ―-ito‖ and ―-ita‖ with past
participles such as ―frito.‖

65. Augmentatives
• Used to refer to something as large, or to
indicate intensity
• Less common than diminutives, but formed the
same way
• Masculine: ―-ón,‖ ―-azo,‖ ―-ote‖
▫ Hermano Hermanón (big brother)
▫ Pájaro Pajarote (large bird)
• Feminine: ―-ona,‖ ―-aza,‖ ―-ota‖
▫ Hermana Hermanona (big sister)

66. Present Perfect Subjunctive
• Used in the same type of clauses as present
subjunctive
• Used to describe what MAY have taken place.
• Like present perfect, this uses a form of haber
and a past participle.
Haya Hayamos
Hayas Hayáis
Haya Hayan

67. Uses of “Se”
• In Spanish, ―se‖ is a very versatile pronoun.
• Uses:
▫ Reflexive Pronoun
▫ Passive Voice
▫ A substitute for le or les
▫ Impersonal Se

68. Past Participles as Adjectives
• Past participles are formed by dropping the
ending of the infinitive and adding the endings
―-ado‖ for –AR verbs and ―-ido‖ for –ER/-IR
verbs.
• As adjectives, they agree in gender and number
with the nouns they modify.

69. Past Participles as Adjectives-
Irregulares
• Abrir Abierto
• Cubrir Cubierto
• Decir Dicho
• Escribir Escrito
• Hacer Hecho
• Morir Muerto
• Poner Puesto
• Resolver Resuelto
• Romper Roto
• Ver Visto
• Volver Vuelto
• Ir Ido

70. Hacer Expressions
• Hacer expressions tell how long ago something
happened.
• Hace + [duration] + [meses/días/etc.] + que + verb
• Present Tense: ―I have lived in Spain for two years.‖
• Hace dos años que vivo en España.
• Past Tense: ―I lived in Spain two years ago.‖
 Hace dos años que viví en España.
• ―Since‖
• ―For‖
Present
Tense
• ―Ago‖Preterite
Tense

71. Future Perfect
• Haber conjugation + Past Participle
• Describes what WILL HAVE HAPPENED in the
future before a different action takes place, or by
a specific time.
• Add the ―no,‖ object pronouns, and reflective
pronouns before the conjugation of haber.
Habré Habremos
Habrás Habréis
Habré Habrán

72. Conditional Perfect
• Haber conjugation + Past Participle
• Used to indicate something hypothetical or
unreal in past time.
• Ej: Sí, habría ido a la luna.
▫ Yes, I would have gone to the moon.)
Habría Habríamos
Habrías Habríais
Habría Habrían

73. Si Clauses
• Conditional Clauses that use si.
• Except in very rare cases, si is never followed by a verb in the
present subjunctive
• The conditional clause can come before or after the rest of the
sentences.
• Two Types:
1. Sentences in which the condition is likely or reasonably likely
a. Open Condition
b. Si tengo dinero… (it is likely that I have money(
2. Sentences in which the condition is contrary to fact or is unlikely
a. Contrary-to-fact condition
b. Si yo fuera rica… (I am not actually rich)
• Correct Verb Tense Following Si:
▫ Open Conditions: followed by present indicative
▫ Unlikely conditions: followed by past/imperfect subjunctive, even if the
action occurs in the present.

74. Transitional Expressions
• Used to express the connections between details
and ideas.
• Many function to narrate time and sequence
• Others compare or contrast ideas and details
• They can also be used to express cause and effect

75. Transitional Expressions- Time and
Sequence
• Al final (at/in the end)
• Al mismo tiempo (at the same
time)
• Al principio (in the beginning)
• Anteayer (day before
yesterday)
• Antes (de) (before)
• Ayer (yesterday)
• Después (de) (after)
• Entonces (then)
• Finalmente (finally)
• Hoy (today)
• Luego (later)
• Mañana (tomorrow)
• Mientras (while)
• Pasada mañana (day after
tomorrow)
• Por fin (finally)
• Primero (first)
• Segundo (second)
• Siempre (always)

76. Transitional Expressions- Compare and
Contrast
• Además (furthermore)
• Al contrario (on the contrary)
• Al mismo tiempo (at the same
time)
• Con excepción de (with the
exception of)
• De la misma manera
(similarly)
• Igualmente (likewise)
• Mientras que (meanwhile)
• Ni… ni (neither…nor)
• O… o (either…or)
• Por otra parte (on the other
hand)
• Por otro lado (on the other
hand)
• Por un lado… por el otro (on
one hand… on the other)
• Por una parte… por la otra (on
one hand… on the other)
• Sin embargo (however)
• También (also)

77. Transitional Expressions- Cause and
Effect
• Así que (so, therefore)
• Como (since)
• Como resultado (de) (as a result (of))
• Dado que (since)
• Debido a (due to)
• Por lo tanto (therefore)
• Por consiguiente (therefore)
• Por eso (therefore)
• Por esta razón (for this reason)
• Porque (because)

78. Pero vs. Sino
• Both are ways of saying ―but‖ in Spanish.
• ―Pero‖ is used mostly, but…
• Use ―sino‖ when both of the following occur:
▫ The part of the sentence before the conjunction is
stated in the negative
▫ The part of the sentence after the conjunction directly
contradicts what is negated in the first.
• For ―sino,‖ you may also translate it as ―rather‖ or
―instead.‖
• EJ:
▫ Pero: Juan es alto pero no es fuerte.
▫ Sino: Catalina no es alta sino baja.

79. Passive Voice
• The recipient of the action becomes the subject of the sentence
• Emphasize the thing that was done or the person that was acted upon
• Singular forms of ser are used with singular recipients, while plural forms
are used with plural recipients
• Past participle must agree in number and gender with the recipients
• EJEMPLO: La frontera es vigilada por el policía. (the border is guarded by
the pólice)
Recipient
Form of
SER
Por Agent

80. Negative Expressions
• Words that express the negative of a fact or opinion.
• Double negatives are OKAY in Spanish!
▫ Actually, you kind of have to use them…
Nadie Nobody
Nada Nothing
Ni Nor
Ni… Ni Niether… Nor
Ningún (o,a,os,as) No, no one, none, any
No No
Nunca, Jamás Never
Tampoco Neither, not either
Todavía No Not yet
Ya No No longer

81. Indefinite Expressions
• The opposite of negative expressions– something is
affirmative, but not definite.
• Don’t use with ―no‖– that is what negative expressions
are for.
Alguien Somebody
Algo Something
Algún (o,a,os,as) Some, something
Alguna Vez Ever
Siempre Always
También Also
Todavía, Aún Still
Ya Already
O Or
O… O Either… Or

82. Past Perfect
• Haber Conjugation + Past Participle
• Used when a past action was completed before
another past action
• Add the ―no,‖ object pronouns, and reflective
pronouns before the conjugation of haber.
Había Habíamos
Habías Habíais
Había Habían

83. Past Perfect Subjunctive
• Haber Conjugation + Past Participle
• The Haber Conjugation is in the imperfect
subjunctive.
• Used during completed actions that had
happened before another past action, when
subjunctive would normally be used
Hubiera Hubiéramos
Hubieras Hubierais
Hubiera Hubieran

84. Uses of the Infinitive
• As a Noun– subject or object
▫ Aprender es importante.
• After a conjugated verb, with or without a
preposition, or possibly with ―que.‖
▫ Me gusta comer.
• In the place of the subjunctive when the main
clause has the same subject as the subordinate,
or when the main clause has an impersonal
subject (implied subject)
▫ Tengo miedo de llegar tarde.

85. Prepositions- A
• To, at, by means of
• EJ:
▫ Voy a la ciudad.
 I am going to the city.
▫ Vengamos a los dos.
 We are coming at two.
▫ Viaje a pie.
 He is traveling on foot. (by means of walking)

86. Prepositions- Hacia
• Toward
• EJ:
▫ Caminamos hacia la plaza.
 We are walking toward the square.

87. Prepositions- Con y De
• Con: with
▫ Voy al cine con mis amigos.
 I am going to the movies with my friends.
• De: of, from, possession
▫ La camiseta es de algodón.
 The t-shirt is (made) of cotton.
▫ Antonio es de España.
 Antonio is from Spain.
▫ Amo el gato de mi novio.
 I love my boyfriend’s cat. (the cat of my boyfriend)

88. Prepositions- Desde
• Since, from
• EJ:
▫ No comí desde ayer.
 I haven’t eaten since yesterday.
▫ Tiramos el fútbol desde el autobus.
 We threw the soccer ball from the bus.

89. Prepositions- En y Entre
• En: in, on
▫ Ella está en Barcelona.
 She is in Barcelona.
▫ Mi foto es en el refrigerador.
 My picture is on the refrigerator.
• Entre: Between, among
▫ El abogado está entre el ladrón y el alguacil.
 The lawyer is between the thief and the bailiff.
▫ Ella está entre sus amigos.
 She is among her friends.

90. Prepositions- Hasta y Sin
• Hasta: Until
▫ Hasta la vista.
 Until I see you again.
• Sin: Without
▫ Salí de mi casa sin mi abrigo.
 I left my house without my coat.