Gramatica Inglés

RESUMEN GRAMATICAL DE LA
LENGUA INGLESA Y ESPAÑOLA
LENGUA INGLESA
Pedro Civera Coloma 2004
TO BE
• Significa “ser” o “estar”.
• Es un verbo auxiliar.
• Hace la negación a ñadiendo “not”
• Hace la interrogación por inversión.
• Puede contraer con sujetos, demostrativos y
también con: who, where, how, etc.
TO BE
·Puede contraer con sujetos, demostrativos y
también con: who, where, how, etc.
Who’s
that girl?
That’s
Manoli.
Peter’s
here.
I’m Peter.
PRESENTE PASADO FUTURO
I will/ shall be.
Yo seréo yo estaré.
I was.
Yo era o yo estaba.
I am/I'm.
Yo soy o yo estoy.
You are/you're. You were. You will be.
He is/he's. He was. He will be.
She is/she's Shewas. Shewill be.
It is/it's. It was. It will be.
We are/we're. We were. We will/ shall be.
You are/you're. You were. You will be.
They are/they're. They were. They will be.
PRESENTE, PASADO Y FUTURO
WAS WILL BE
WERE
AM
IS
ARE
CONTRACCIONES
‘ll.
Will not won’t .
Shall not
shan’t.
Was not
wasn’t
Were not
weren’t
Are not aren’t.
Is not isn’t.
Pedro Civera Coloma Elda 2004. 1

USOS
How old are you?
I am forty.
Para preguntar la edad.
Indicar la profesión. I am a teacher.
La ideología. He is a socialist.
El credo religioso. He is a catholic.
USOS
I am writing with a
computer.
I was swimming
yesterday.
I will be walking on
the beach.
The book was written
by Emilio.
Formar los tiempos
continuos.
La formación de la voz
pasiva.
USOS
Para medidas. I am six feet tall.
How big is the town?
It is quite big.
I am six feet tall.
USOS
Indica tallas. I am size 8.
I am happy and you are
right.
Where’s the boy?
When’s your birthday?
Con adjetivos.
Where (¿Dónde?)
What (¿Qué?)
Who (¿Quién?)
Why, (¿Por qué?)
Con ciertas expresiones. I am right.
Contrae con demostrativos That’s right.
y adverbios.
TO HAVE
·Se traduce por tener.
·Puede ir acompañado de la partícula “got”.
·No se produce alteración del significado si
aparece o no, pero cuando aparece el verbo puede
ir contraido.
·Tampoco se usa en las respuestas breves.
I will have.
Yo tendré.
I had.
Yo tuve o yo ten ía.
I have/l've.
To tengo.
You have/you've. You had. You will have.
He has/he's. He had. He will have.
She has/she's. She had. Shewill have.
It has/it's. It had. It will have.
We have/we've. We had. We will have.
You have/you've. You had. You will have.
They have/they've. They had. They will have.
Had + not contrae
en hadn’t.
Have + not contrae
en haven’t.
Has + not contrae
en hasn’t.

USOS
I have a white car.
I have got a white car.
I have breakfast at
7:45.
I have a bath and my
wife has a shower.
I have been in New
York.
Indicar posesión.
Puede indicar otro tipo de
actividades.
Ingestión de alimentos
tanto sólidos como
líquidos.
Otros.
Construcción de tiempos
perfectos.
USOS
I have to go to Alicante
tomorrow.
You had better buy a
new pair of shoes.
I’m going to have my
hair cut.
Obligación.
Combinado con better
indica consejo.
La contracción es You’d
better.
La construcción causativo
have, se utiliza cuando
alguien hace algún servicio
para nosotros.
PRESENTE, PASADO Y FUTURO
HAVE HAD WILL HAVE
I will have
She will have
I had
He had
HAS
I have
He has
CONTRACCIONES
Have not
Haven’t
Has not
Hasn’t
Wil have not
Won’t have
Had not
Hadn’t
TO DO
Significa “hacer”.
Es un verbo auxiliar.
Hace la negación añadiendo “not”
I will do.
Yo haré.
I did.
Yo hice.
I do.
Yo hago.
You do. You did. You will do.
He does. He did. He will do.
She does. She did. Shewill do.
It does. It did. It will do.
We do. We did. We will do.
You do. You did. You will do.
Interviene en la formación de las formas
They do. They did. They will do.
interrogativas y negativas del presente y
pasado simple Will not do contrae
en won’t do.
Did notcontrae en
didn’t.
Do not contrae en
don’t.
Does not contrae en
doesn’t.

PRESENTE PASADO
I didn’t go to the
cinema.
Did you go to
England?
He did say what
he wanted to say.
He doesn’t eat meat.
I don’t want to go to
the cinema.
Do you love her?
Does he speak
Valenciano?
¿Habla valenciano?
He does love
running.
Negativas.
Interrogativas.
Uso enfático.
USOS
I did the shopping in
Carrefour.
I do the washing up
every night.
I never do the cleaning.
Sometimes I do the
cooking.
Otros usos idiomáticos.
USOS LOS PRONOMBRES Y
-I like María Callas.
-So do I.
I don’t smoke.
Neither do I.
Con la expresión “Yo
también”.
Con la expresión “Yo
tampoco”.
ADJETIVOS
Es necesario usarlos para evitar ambigüedad.
Go to London, no sabríamos quién va, podría
ser yo, tú, nosotros,etc.
En castellano no pasa lo mismo.
Vamos a Alicante, las desinencias verbales
nos sacan de dudas. Está claro que somos
nosotros.
PRONOMBRES
REFLEXIVOS
PRONOMBRES
POSESIVOS
ADJETIVOS
POSESIVOS
PRONOMBRES
PERSONALES
COMPLEMENTO
PRONOMBRES
PERSONALES
SUJETO
I . Yo . Me. A mí, me. My. Mi. Mine. El mío. Myself. Me.
You . Tú. You. A ti, te. Your. Tu. Yours. El tuyo . Yourself. Te.
His. El suyo. Himself. Se.
(de él).
Hers. El suyo. Herself. Se.
(de ella).
Its. El suyo. Itself. Se.
(de ello).
Ourselves.
Nos.
Yourselves .
Os.
Themselves.
Se.
Ours. El
nuestro.
Yours. El
vuestro.
He. Él. Him. A él, le. His. Su de él.
Her. Su de
ella.
She. Ella. Her. A ella, le.
It. Ello. It. A ello, le. It. Su de ello.
Our. Nuestro,
nuestra.
Your.
Vuestro,
vuestra.
Their. Su de Theirs. El suyo.
ellos, su de
ellas.
Us. A nosotros, a
nosotras, nos.
You. A vosotros,
a vosotras, os.
Them. A ellos, a
ellas, les.
We. Nosotros o
nosostras.
You . Vosotros
o vosotras.
They. Ellos o
ellas.
PRONOMBRES SUJETO Y
COMPLEMENTO
SUJETO COMPLEMENTO
Ella es alta. Dale esto a ella.
You are a teacher. This is for you.

PRONOMBRES PERSONALES
I” siempre se escribe con mayúscula.
“You” se puede traducir por Tú, Vd, vosotros,
vosotras y Vds.“You” e “it” tienen la misma forma
como sujetos que como complementos.
You are young. I love you.
COMPLEMENTOS
No utilizan preposición delante del objeto
indirecto, pero sí, si sigue al Objeto Directo.
She gave me a kiss.
She gave a kiss to me.
DIFERENCIA ENTRE ADJETIVO
Y PRONOMBRE
ADJETIVO PRONOMBRE
acompaña al nombre lo substituye.
Mi casa es grande. La mía también.
My house is big. Mine is also big.
PRONOMBRES REFLEXIVOS
He washes himself
every morning.
Acciones que recaen
sobre el mismo sujeto.
Enfatizan. He himself can go.
I went to Madrid by
myself.
Pueden ir precedidos
de by, en cuyo caso
significan “yo solo”,
“tú solo..”
PRONOMBRES REFLEXIVOS ADJETIVOS Y PRONOMBRES
Each other. “El uno al They love each other.
otro”
They gave presents
one another.
She is the prettiest
one.
I was the second one
in the race.
One Another. “A todos”
One.
DEMOSTRATIVOS
SINGULAR PLURAL
THlS este, esta, esto. THESEestos, estas.
THOSE esos, esas,
aquellos, aquellas.
THAT ese, esa, eso, aquel,
aquella, aquello.

CONCORDANCIA
This man is my teacher of English.
That woman is my wife.
These books are interesting.
Those girls are from Italy.
USOS
Se usan cuando This is Peter.
hablamos por teléfono.
En ciertas expresiones. That’s right.
En presentaciones This is Mary, my friend
HABER IMPERSONAL.
THERE IS
AFIRMATIVA INTERROGATIVA NEGATIVA
There is not a
car.
There was not
a boy.
There is a car. Is there a car?
Was there a
boy?
There was a
boy.
HABER IMPERSONAL.
THERE IS
PRESENTE PASADO FUTURO CONDICIONAL
There is. There was.
There are.
There's.
There
were.
There would
be.
There
will be.
EJEMPLOS SOME, ANY Y NO
• There is someone waiting for you.
• There are four biscuits on the plate.
• Is there anything I can do for you?
I have some magazines
from the library.
Do you want some
chocolates?
Have you any good
book to lend me?
I haven’t any money.
Some.
Afirmativas. Se traduce por
algo, algún, algo de.
interrogativas y se espera
respuesta afirmativa.
Any.
Interrogativas y negativas.
Se traduce por “nada”,
“ningún”, “algún”.
No. Afirmativa pero el I have no money.
sentido es negativo.

Everything.
Todo.
Everybody.
Todos.
Everywhere.
Todas partes.
Everyone.
Cada uno.
COMPUESTOS
Nothing.
Nada.
Nobody.
Nadie.
Nowhere.
Ninguna
parte.
No one.
Nadie.
Anything.
Algo, nada.
Anybody.
Alguien,
nadie.
Anywhere.
Alguna parte,
ninguna
parte.
Anyone.
Alguien,
nadie.
Something.
Algo.
Somebody.
Alguien.
Somewhere.
Algún lugar.
Someone.
Alguien.
EJEMPLOS
I have some magazines from the library.
Do you want some chocolates?
Have you any good book to lend me?
I haven’t any money.
I have no money.
OTROS INDEFINIDOS
All my friends came to
my party.
All.
Hace referencia a más de
dos.
Both. Both are 14.
Se refiere a dos.
Each and every day I
sleep siesta.
Either you stay here or
come with us.
Each.
Cada.
Either.
O.
OTROS INDEFINIDOS
Every. Every day I go running.
Cada.
Neither of them are
happy.
I neither like coffee nor
tea.
Neither.
Ni.
Neither…nor
Ni..ni.
None. None wanted coffee.
Ninguno de los dos.
PRONOMBRES Y PARTICULAS
INTERROGATIVAS
Who. Who came yesterday?
¿Quién? Se usa
con personas.
Whom did you speak to?
The man with whom you
spoke is Pepe.
Whom.
¿A quién? Se usa
compañado por
preposiciones.
Whose Whose car is this Ford Fiesta?
¿De quién? Se usa
en la forma
posesiva.
INTERROGATIVAS
Which is your favourite
singer?
Which.
¿Qué o Cuál?
What What do you think of him?
¿Qué? Se usa
cuando no hay
antecedentes.

INTERROGATIVAS
How. Howis your mother?
¿Cómo?
How many books do you read a
year?
Howmany.
¿Cúantos?
How much. How much is that CD?
¿Cuánto?
How long will it take to go to
Madrid by plane?
How far is Elche from Santa
Pola?
How long.
¿Cuánto tiempo?
How far.
¿A qué distancia?
INTERROGATIVAS
Howfast. How fast can you type?
¿A qué velocidad?
How often do you play
football?
Howoften.
¿Con qué
frecuencia?
Why. Why was he late?
¿Por qué?
INTERROGATIVAS CONTABLES E INCONTABLES
When. When did you go there?
¿Cuándo?
Where. Where do you live?
¿Dónde?
What kind of music do you
like?
What kind.
¿Qué clase?
·Los nombres se pueden clasificar en contables e
incontables.
·Contables son aquéllos que podemos contar con
la ayuda de un numeral. Tienen forma de plural y
pueden llevar el artículo a/an o the, some, few
etc.
One book. Two pencils. Three boys. Four cars.
CONTABLES E INCONTABLES
•I bought a paper. Give me some paper to write.
•She has a new iron. This is made of iron.
•Give me a glass. This is Bohemian glass.
•I drink coffee. Give me two coffees.
NOMBRES INCONTABLES
Tea.
Té
Time.
Tiempo.
Toothpaste
Pasta de
dientes.
Trouble.
Problema.
Water.
Agua.
News.
Noticias.
Paper.
Papel.
Physics.
Física.
Rubbish.
Basura.
Sand.
Arena.
Help.
Ayuda.
Homework.
Deberes.
Hope.
Esperanza.
Hunger.
Hambre.
Ice.
Hielo.
Butter.
Mantequilla.
Chocolate.
Chocolate.
Coffee.
Café.
Cream.
Crema .
Dirt.
Suciedad.

NOMBRES INCONTABLES
Weather.
Tiempo
atmosférico.
Work.
Trabajo.
Silver.
Plata.
Advice.
Consejo.
Sky.
Cielo .
Soap.
Jabón.
Wine.
Vino.
Sugar.
Azúcar.
Mathemati
cs.
Matemáticas.
Milk.
Leche.
Money.
Dinero.
Music.
Música.
Flour.
Harina.
Food.
Comida.
Fun.
Diversión.
Furniture.
Mobiliario.
MUCH, MANY, FEW, LITTLE,
A LOT OF
Many. I have many friends.
Muchos o muchas.
She has read few
books.
I have a few good
friends.
We have so many
books .
Few.
Pocos o pocas.
A few.
Unos pocos o unas
pocas.
So Many.
Tantos.
CONTABLES
He is alone, he has
so few friends.
Too many cooks
spoil the broth.
There were too few
to start the party.
So Few.
Tan pocos.
Too Many.
Demasiados.
Too Few.
Demasiado pocos.
INCONTABLES
I don’t drink much
coke.
He eats little fruit.
With a little milk
please.
He drinks so little
water.
Much.
Mucho.
Little.
Poco.
A little
Un poco.
So Little.
Tan poco.
INCONTABLES
They eat too much
meat.
They have too
little money.
They spend so
much money.
Too Much.
Demasiado. “más de
lo necesario ”.
Too Little.
Demasiado poco.
So Much.
Tanto.
CONTABLES E INCONTABLES
We have a lot of books.
We drink a lot of water.
Lots of people came
yesterday.
There are plenty of
good books in the
library.
I don’t have to hurry,
I’ve got plenty of time.
A lot of.
Mucho, muchos.
Lots of.
Montones de. Mucho,
Mucha.
Plenty of.
Mucho, muchos.
Tiene el matiz de “de
sobra”.

PARTITIVOS
A bar of. A bar of chocolate.
Una barra de.
A bottle of. A bottle of wine.
Una botella de.
A can of. A can of coke.
Una lata de bebida.
A cup of. A cup of coffe.
Una taza de.
PARTITIVOS
A piece of. A piece of paper.
Un trozo de, una porción
de.
A tin of. A tin of tuna.
Una lata de.
A packet of. A packet of crisps.
Una bolsa de.
EL GENERO
·Un gran número de nombres carecen de él, por
eso tenemos la misma palabra para masculino y
femenino.
Lawyer.
Abogado.
Driver.
Conductor.
Student.
Estudiante
.
Musician.
Músico.
Doctor.
Médico.
Reader.
Lector.
Teacher.
Profesor.
Artist.
Artista.
GENERO
MASCULINOS FEMENINOS NEUTROS
Flower.
Flor.
Cat.
Gato.
Door.
Puerta.
Mother.
Madre.
Sister.
Hermana.
Daughter.
Hija.
Father.
Padre.
Brother.
Hermano.
Boy.
Chico.
MASCULINO Y FEMENINO
A woman doctor.
Una doctora.
Actress.
Actriz.
Spinster.
Soltera.
Girl.
Chica.
Sister.
Hermana.
A male doctor.
Un doctor.
Actor.
Actor.
Bachelor.
Soltero.
Boy.
Chico.
Brother.
Hermano.
Cow.
Vaca.
Hen.
Gallina.
Duchess.
Duquesa.
Empress.
Emperatriz.
Mother.
Madre.
Bull.
Toro.
Cock.
Gallo.
Duke.
Duque.
Emperor.
Emperador.
Father.
Padre.

Goddess.
Diosa.
Mare.
Yegua.
Hostess.
Anfitriona.
Wife .
Esposa.
Lioness.
Leona.
God.
Dios.
Horse.
Caballo.
Host.
Anfitrión.
Husband.
Esposo.
Lion.
León.
Lady.
Señora.
Woman.
Mujer.
Niece.
Sobrina.
Poetess.
Poetisa.
Princess.
Princesa.
Lord.
Señor.
Man.
Hombre.
Nephew.
Sobrino.
Poet.
Poeta.
Prince.
Príncipe.
MASCULINO Y FEMENINO EL PLURAL DE LOS NOMBRES
Daughter.
Hija.
Stewardess.
Azafata.
Dressmaker.
Modista.
Aunt.
Tía.
Waitress.
Camarera.
Widow.
Viuda.
Son.
Hijo.
Steward.
Auxiliar de vuelo.
Tailor.
Sastre.
Uncle.
Tío.
Waiter.
Camarero.
Widower.
Viudo.
REGLA GENERAL. AÑADIR “-S”
SINGULAR PLURAL
Car. Cars.
Book. Books.
Pen. Pens.
EL PLURAL DE LOS NOMBRES
AÑADEN “-ES” ACABADOS EN
X, SS, CH, SH, Z, O
SINGULAR PLURAL
Potato Potatoes.
Brush. Brushes.
Box. Boxes.
EL PLURAL DE LOS NOMBRES
AÑADEN “-ES” ACABADOS EN
X, SS, CH, SH, Z, O
Kiss. Kisses.
Pouch. Pouches.
Church Churches
Bush. Bushes

ACABADAS EN “-o” de origen
extranjero, añaden “-s“.
Kilo. Kilos.
Kimono Kimonos.
Piano. Pianos.
Tomato. Tomatoes
ACABADOS EN “-y” precedida
de vocal
Toy Toys.
Boy. Boys.
Monkey Monkeys
ACABADOS EN “-y” precedida
de consonante.
Lady Ladies
City Cities
CAMBIAN “-f” o “-fe”,
POR “-ves”.
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
Sheaves
.
Sheaf.
Gavilla.
Half. Halves.
Mitad.
Self. Selves.
Uno
mismo.
Calf. Calves.
Ternero.
Thief. Thieves.
Ladrón.
Leaf. Leaves.
Hoja.
Shelf. Shelves.
Estanterí
a.
Knife. Knives.
Cuchillo.
Wolf. Wolves.
Lobo.
Loaf. Loaves.
Barra de
pan.
Wife. Wives.
Esposa.
Life. Lives.
Vida.
RESTO DE PALABRAS EN “-f” o
“-fe” AÑADEN “-s“.
Safe. Safes.
Caja de
seguridad.
Cliff. Cliffs.
Acantilado.
Chief. Chiefs .
Jefe.
PLURALES IRREGULARES
Woman. Women
Mujer.
Goose. Geese.
Ganso.
Tooth. Teeth.
Diente.
Mouse. Mice.
Ratón
Man. Men.
Hombre.
Foot. Feet.
Pie.
Child. Children.
Niño.
Ox. Oxen.
Buey

ANIMALES QUE USAN LA
MISMA FORMA PARA
SINGULAR Y PLURAL
Deer.
Ciervo.
Carp.
Carpa.
Partridge
Perdíz.
Duck.
Pato.
Sheep.
Oveja.
Salmon
Salmón.
Mackarel.
Caballa.
Cod.
Bacalao
Trout.
Trucha.
Plaice.
Platija.
Squid.
Calamar.
OTRAS PALABRAS QUE USAN LA
MISMA FORMA PARA SINGULAR Y
PLURAL
Hovercraft.
Aerodeslizador.
Spacecraft.
Nave espacial.
Aircraft.
Aeronave.
PALABRAS QUE SIEMPRE VAN
EN PLURAL
Folk.
Gente.
Binoculars.
Prismáticos.
Shorts.
Pantalones
cortos
Police.
Policia.
Scissors.
Tijeras.
Jeans.
vaqueros
Cattle.
Ganado.
Glasses
Gafas.
Stairs.
Escaleras
People.
Gente.
Pyjamas.
Pijama.
Trousers.
Pantalones
Thanks
Gracias
PALABRAS QUE SIEMPRE VAN
EN SINGULAR
Gymnastics
Gimnasia .
Phonetics.
Fonética.
Mathematics.
Matemáticas
Politics.
Política.
PUEDEN IR EN SINGULAR Y
PLURAL
Our team is the
best.
Our team are
wearing the new
T-shirts.
Our police is very
efficient.
The police are
looking for the
thief.
PENNY PUEDE TENER DOS
PLURALES
I have 4 pennies. I paid 50 pence.

PALABRAS COMPUESTAS
Maid of honour. Maids of honour.
Dama de honor
Brother in law. Brothers in law.
Cuñado.
PALABRAS COMPUESTAS CON -
man o -woman
Manservant. Menservants.
Policeman Policemen
Postman Postmen
PRONUNCIACION DE LA
DESINENCIA DE PLURAL.
/s/. Cats. /z/ Windows. /iz/ Houses.
Cuando los
nombres acaban
en s, z, x, ch, ss,
...
Cuando los
nombres acaban
en consonante
sonora o vocal.
b, d, g, v, m, n,
l, r, w, j
Cuando los
nombres acaban
en consonante
sorda.. p, t, k, f
FORMACIÓN DE PALABRAS
COMPUESTAS
Adjetivo + Handful. Puñado.
nombre.
Pasta de
dientes.
Nombre + Toothpaste.
nombre.
Ing + nombre. Washingmachine . Lavadora.
Pronombre + Shegoat. Cabra.
nombre.
FORMACIÓN DE PALABRAS
COMPUESTAS
Verbo + Breakfast. Desayuno.
nombre.
Exceso de
trabajo.
Preposición + Overwork.
nombre.
Preposición + Income. Ingresos.
verbo.
FUNCIONES DEL NOMBRE
Sujeto. María is a teacher.
María is a sociable
woman.
Predicado.
Complemento Directo. I saw a woman there.
This present is for that
woman.
Complemento Indirecto.

SUFIJOS DE NOMBRES
-er. -er. -ee. -tion.
Nombres
Verbos.
Profesiones Cosas. Personas
Baker. Opener Employee. Pollution.
-ist. -ism. -ness.
Profesiones Ideologías. Nombre.
Violinist. Comunism. Hapiness.
SUFIJOS DE NOMBRES
-ance. -hood. -ment.
Nombre. Nombre. Nombre.
Abundance Childhood Shipment.
-tion. -ity.
Nombre. Nombre.
Education Ability.
SUFIJOS DE ADJETIVOS O
ADVERBIOS.
-al. -ic. -ive.
Practical Historic. Exclusive
-ful. -less. -ous.
Faithful. Hopeless. Industrious
SUFIJOS DE ADJETIVOS O
ADVERBIOS.
-ed. -en. -ant. -ive.
Excited Wooden. Irrelevant.
-worthy -like. -ible.
Trustworthy. Childlike. Sensible.
Comprehe
nsive.
PREFIJOS NEGATIVOS
Dis- Il- Im- In-
Dishonest. Illegal. Impolite. Invisible .
Ir- Non- Un-
Unthinkabl
e
Non-smoker.
Irregular.
PREFIJOS NEGATIVOS
Anti- Over- Pre- Semi-
Predictabl
e.
Antibiotic. Overdose
Super- Post- Under
Supernatu Postpone. Undermine
ral.
Semiprofe
ssional.

GENITIVO SAJÓN
•Es una construcción especial que se utiliza para
indicar posesión. La estructura del genitivo sajón es:
Poseedor + ‘s + cosa poseída.
USOS DEL GENITIVO SAJÓN
Apóstrofo y una “s “es la Peter’s bike.
regla general.
Acabados en s, sólo “ ’ ”. Pits’ car.
Plurales irregulares no A men’s club.
terminados en “s” o “-es”
siguen la regla general.
•Normalmente la utilizamos con personas y rara vez
con objetos. My brother and sister’s
friends.
Más de un sujeto.
A day’s break.
Today’s paper.
The car’s engine.
I went to my sister’s
She was at the
baker’s.
Algunas expresiones.
Casas y tiendas.
He goes to his
friend’s.
He got married in
Sant Louis’.
I was at the dentist’s.
Tiendas, hospitales e
iglesias.
Los plurales regulares A girls’ school.
acabados en “s” sólo
añaden el apóstrofo.
EL ARTÍCULO INDETERMINADO
Su traducción es “un”, “una”. Tiene dos formas “a” y
“an”.
“A” se emplea con palabras que comienzan por sonido
consonántico.
“An” va con las que comienzan por sonido vocálico.
Las palabras que comienzan por “h” muda como
honest, llevan “an”.
Las palabras que comienzan por semiconsonantes
como “university” llevan “a”.
ARTÍCULO INDETERMINADO
A AN
An apple.
Una manzana.
An hour.
Unahora.
An honest person.
Una persona honrada.
An honor.
Un honor.
An umbrella.
Un paraguas.
AnMP.
Un miembro del Parlamento.
A house.
Unacasa.
A car.
Un coche.
A university.
Unauniversidad.
A uniform.
Un uniforme.
A union.
Un sindicato .
A European.
Un europeo.

USOS DEL ARTÍCULO
INDETERMINADO
Con números y expresiones A hundred.
de cantidad.
Para indicar el precio de las It is 10 euros a kilo..
cosas.
The woman had a nice
house near the beach.
I want a book but I
don’t want an English
book.
Cuando es la primera vez
que hablamos de un
objeto.
Cuando la referencia no
está clara.
EL ARTÍCULO
INDETERMINADO
I am a lawyer and he is
a nurse.
He is a Catholic and I
am a Jew.
He was a socialist and
now he is a
conservative.
Last week I had a
terrible cold.
Con profesiones,
religiones, e ideas
políticas.
Con enfermedades.
EL ARTÍCULO DETERMINADO
THE
·Es parte invariable de la oración.
·El, la los y las.
·Tiene dos pronunciaciones según vaya
precediendo a vocales o consonantes.
The girl. The girls. The car. The cars.
USOS
Ríos. The Nile.
Mares. The Black Sea.
Montañas. The Alps.
Islas. The Canary Islands.
Desiertos. The Sahara.
USOS DEL ARTICULO
DETERMINADO
Países en plural. The Netherlands.
Cosas únicas. The Universe.
The Sun.
The Moon.
The Earth.
Con instrumentos I play the piano.
musicales.
USOS DEL ARTICULO
DETERMINADO
The blind.
The rich.
The poor.
The British.
Water is in my opinion
the best drink.
Junto a un adjetivo hace
referencia a un
colectivo, a un tipo de
personas.
Con los superlativos.

USOS DEL ARTICULO
DETERMINADO
He was in the navy.
The police.
I went to the Post
Office.
I went to the cinema
last Sunday.
También con algunas
expresiones.
USOS DEL ARTICULO
DETERMINADO
30th November is my
birthday.
In hospital.
In the hospital.
The United Kingdom.
The Arab Republic .
Con fechas se lee pero
no se escribe.
Bed, class, court,
college, church,
hospital, market,
prison, university,
town.
Junto a las palabras
Republic , State,
Kingdom.
USOS DEL ARTICULO
DETERMINADO
Con cosas únicas. The moon isn’t red.
The orange is an
excellent fruit.
The rich also cry.
The blind.
Con contables en
singular hace referencia
a la totalidad.
Con los adjetivos pasa
lo mismo.
Con apellidos. The Barrymore.
NO SE USA
I play tennis on
Monday.
In July I go to San Juan
beach.
Easter is a great
holiday.
Con días de la semana.
Meses.
Estaciones y fiestas.
Idiomas. Italian is very romantic.
NO SE USA
Red is my favourite
colour.
Swimming is good for
you.
Lunch, breakfast and
supper are the meals of
the day.
Colores.
Deportes, actividades y
juegos.
Comidas.
Expresiones. At night.
NO SE USA
Wine is good for you.
The wine from Pinoso is
the best.
Cuando nos referimos al
sentido general de algo.
Partes del cuerpo. Wash your hair.
Canales hechos por el Suez canal.
hombre.
Con las palabras “bed”, He is in bed.
“school”, “hospital”,
“prison”, college”,
“university”.

NO SE USA BOTH, ALL, NONE, NEITHER,
Con las comidas. I have lunch at home.
Con “ver la tele”. I never watch TV.
Doctor Ferreira no The
doctor Ferreira.
Con personas.
EITHER, EACH, EVERY, NO.
Both Peter and Sarah like
confetti.
I like both the film and the
book.
Both.
Ambos.
Both….and.
Tanto como.
Both of them. Both of them are happy
Ellos dos.
Neither of them came to my
party.
Neither. Ninguno.
Ni.
BOTH, ALL, NONE, NEITHER,
Either you come with me or go with
him.
Either....or.
O…..o.
Neither....n I like neither coffee nor tea.
or. Ni….ni.
All the students were happy after the
exam.
None of my friends wanted to buy
my car.
All.
Todos. Más
de dos.
None.
Ninguno.
Más de dos
BOTH, ALL, NONE, NEITHER,
Most. Most of them are from Canada.
La mayoría,
la mayor
parte.
Each. Each student must buy a dictionary.
Cada uno.
Every. Every citizen paid the taxes.
Todos y
cada uno
No. Nada. I have no money now.
LOS ADJETIVOS.
Modificar al sustantivo y normalmente le preceden.
A red car.
Al ser en inglés parte invariable
I have a red car. She has a red dress.
My daughter wears red shoes.They have red
skirts.
USOS
Detrás de los verbos She is nice.
copulativos: be, look,
sound, taste, appear,
seem, get, feel, stay,
fall, etc.
I am interested in
politics.
He is tired.
He is tyring.
Algunos siempre llevan
preposición.
Los participios pueden
hacer las veces de
adjetivos.

EL ADJETIVO
Los que van delante A beautiful song.
se llaman atributivos.
Los que van detrás se She is alive.
llaman predicativos
LA COMPARACIÓN CON
ADJETIVOS
IGUALDAD
As... As. I am as tall as you are.
Tan como.
En los puntos va el
adjetivo.
He is not so intelligent
as his brother Mike.
So.....as.
No tan como.
LA COMPARACIÓN CON
ADJETIVOS
• Los monosiíabos y bis ílabos a ñaden “-er” en el
comparativo.
• Los monosílabos acabados en una consonante
precedida de una única vocal, duplican la
consonante. Como en fat. Fatter.
• Si acaban en “-y” se sustituye por “i”.
LA COMPARACIÓN
POSITIVO COMPARATIVO SUPERLATIVO
Tall. Taller. The tallest.
Big. Bigger . The biggest.
Happy. Happier. The happiest
LA COMPARACIÓN
The most
comfortable.
The most
interesting.
More
comfortable.
More
interesting.
Comfortable
Interesting.
EL COMPARATIVO
“-Er”. I am taller now.
It is more interesting
than the film.
I am getting fatter and
fatter.
More….than.
Comparativo + and +
comparativo.
The + comparativo, the + The richer, the sillier.
comparativo.

EL SUPERLATIVO
The richest people in
Elda.
The most beautiful girl
in town.
The .....est
Con adjetivos de una o dos
silabas.
Se utiliza in para lugares y
periodos de tiempo.
The + most + adjetivo
Con los de dos o más
silabas.
COMPARATIVO DE
INFERIORIDAD
She is less intelligent
than Rose.
The least important of
all his novels.
Less + adj + than.
The least + adjetivo
indican inferioridad.
The least
busy.
Busy. Less busy.
LOS IRREGULARES
The best.
El mejor
The worst.
El peor.
The least.
El menos.
Better.
Mejor.
Worse.
Peor.
Less.
Menos.
Good.
Bueno.
Bad.
Malo.
Little.
Poco.
LOS IRREGULARES
The most.
El más.
The farthest.
Lo más lejano.
The eldest.
El más viejo.
More.
Más.
Farther.
Más lejos.
Elder.
Más viejo.
Much / Many.
Mucho.
Far.
Lejos.
Old.
Viejo.
LAS PREPOSICIONES. AT
Puntos We stopped at the zoo.
concretos.
We'll eat at MacDonald's, in
San Juan Beach.
I was at school and then at
university later on I worked
at IBM.
Cafés y
restaurantes
Sitios donde
se estudia o
trabaja.
He was at a meeting, then
at the theatre and later at a
concert and at a lecture,
afterwards at a match and
finally at the cinema.
Nombres de
actividades
de grupo

Con el número I lived at 35 Príncipe de Asturias.
de la calle
Horas I wake up at six.
At Christmas I buy many presents
and at Easter I go to the beach.
At present I’m reading a novel.
He died at the age of 81.
Navidad y
Pascua
Expresiones
EXPRESIONES CON AT
At sunset.
Al atardecer
At last.
Al fín.
At noon.
Al mediodia
At this
moment.
En este
momento.
At sunrise.
Al amanecer
At
midnight.
Al mediodia
At night.
Por la
noche.
At first
sight.
A primera
vista.
EXPRESIONES CON AT
At the top.
En la parte
de arriba.
At the
bottom.
En la parte
de abajo.
At the
office.
En la oficina.
At least.
Al menos.
At the
bus-stop.
En la parada
del autobús.
At the
station.
En la
estación.
At work.
En el
trabajo.
LAS PREPOSICIONES. ON
We have a house on the river.
Benidorm is on the coast.
Elche is on the road to Murcia.
Tocando o
cercano a una
línea,
Tocando una The keys are on the table.
superficie.
I saw her on the plane/on the
train/on the bus.
Transportes
públicos,
caballos, motos
y bicicletas.
Con pisos. I live on the second floor.
I study French on Monday.
On St. Valentine’s many people
buy diamonds.
Días.
The train arrived on time.
He is on a business trip.
The soldier is on duty.
On page 26 you will find the
exercises.
Expresiones.
Páginas.

LAS PREPOSICIONES. IN
My friends are in the cuartelillo.
The bottles are in the fridge.
Cuando algo
está dentro de
algo.
Con países. I live in Spain.
Con regiones. They are in the Sahara.
We spent the summer in the
Canary islands.
I have a pain in my
stomach.
Con grandes
islas.
Partes del
cuerpo.
Con coche, I saw him in a new Mercedes.
taxi y
avioneta.
In bed.
In hospital.
I lived in Onesimo Redondo
street.
Con algunos
lugares.
Nombres de
calles.
Partes del día I read the paper in the morning.
Meses. I got married in October.
Años. I met my wife in 1982.
I go to San Juan beach in
summer.
Estaciones.
LAS PREPOSICIONES. IN EXPRESIONES CON IN
In he l9th century people did not
wear jeans.
Spain was very rich in the Middle
Ages.
Siglos.
Períodos de
tiempo.
in a hurry. In any case in danger
in love in order.
In private
In other
words

ADVERBIOS
LA COMPARACION DE LOS
ADVERBIOS
Modificando adverbios. POSITIVO COMPARATIVO SUPERLATIVO
He writes quite
quickly.
Modificando adjetivos. It is very cheap.
Perhaps they will
win.
Modificando frases.
Soon. Sooner. The soonest.
The most
quickly.
Quickly. More quickly.
CLASIFICACIÓN
LUGA MODO GRADO TIEMPO
R
FRECUEN
CIA
Often. Away. Fast. Enough. Yesterday.
Frequently. There. Well. Very. Daily.
Sometim Near. Slowly. Almost Last week.
es.
Always. Here. Hardly Tomorrow.
Never. Rather
OJO CON ENOUGH
CON ADJETIVOS CON NOMBRES
He is rich enough He has enough money
Recuerda
Rich enough money
ADVERBIOS INTERROGTIVOS YET, STILL, ALREADY, DURING
Where. When. How. How far.
How
often
Why. Which. How long.
Y AGO
I haven't finished
the job yet.
Have you seen her
yet?
Yet.
Al final en
interrogativas y
negativas.
Con el pretérito
perfecto, aún,
todavía.

STILL
My sister is still
working .
I still love her.
Do they still live in
Sax?
He still hasn’t paid.
Still.
Detrás de to be.
Todavía. Va entre
sujeto y verbo en
afirmativas e
interrogativas
Va detrás del
sujeto en
negativas. Da
énfasis
ALREADY
This car is already
too old.
He has the tickets
already.
I have already
bought the grapes.
Have you already
bought the books?
Already.
Va detrás de to be.
Already.
En posición final
enfatiza.
Already.
Se coloca entre el
auxiliar y el verbo en
afirmativas
DURING Y AGO
During the summer
I go to Santa Pola.
I went to Elche two
days ago.
During.
Indica un período de
tiempo dentro de otro.
Ago.
Se coloca al final de la
oración.
EL IMPERATIVO
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA
Infinitivo sin to. Do not + Inf sin to.
Go home.
Come here.
FORMA ENFÁTICA
Do go home.
Don’t drink too
much.
EL PRESENTE SIMPLE
•Equivale al presente de indicativo.
•Se forma con el sujeto más el infinitivo.
•La tercera persona del singular, (he, she, e it)
añaden “-s” o “-es”.
•Los verbos que terminan en “-ss”, “-sh”, “-ch”, “-“x,
“-o“ añaden “-es” en la tercera persona del
singular
EL PRESENTE SIMPLE
AFIRMATIVA Sujeto + Inf sin to I play tennis.
He kisses his
mother.
He, she, it añaden (s)
o (es)
Sujeto + do + not + I don’t like cocido.
Inf sin to.
He doesn’t love
her.
He, She, It usan
does.
Do + not contrae en We don’t smoke.
don’t.
Does + not contra en He doesn’t cook.
doesn’t.
NEGATIVA
INTERROGATIVA Do + S + Inf sin to. Do you love me?

USOS DEL PRESENTE SIMPLE
I never go to the
university by car.
The sun rises
everyday.
The play begins at 8
and ends at 10.30.
Indicar hábitos o
costumbres.
Para indicar
verdades
universales.
Para planes futuros.
UOS DEL PRESENTE SIMPLE
A waiter asks a
couple.
Colombus discovers
America in 1492.
The plane leaves at
7.00.
Para contar historias,
cuentos, chistes,
acontecimientos
deportivos, etc.
En el llamado
presente històrico.
Horarios.
Con refranes. Time flies.
USOS DEL PRESENTE SIMPLE BE GOING TO
Always. Never. Occasionally Often.
On Sometimes.
Sundays
Frequently.
Usually. Seldom. In winter.
Every
day.
I am going to visit my
friend.
Cuando se tiene
intención de hacer algo.
Para predecir algo. It’s going to rain.
She is going to get
married next Sunday.
Con un futuro
relativamente inmediato.
EL PRESENTE CONTINUO
I am
reading.
I am not
cooking.
Are you
listening to
me?
Sujeto + Am,
Is, Are +
Verbo + Ing.
Sujeto + Am,
Is, Are + Not
+ Verbo +
Ing.
Am, Is, Are +
Sujeto+ Verbo
+ Ing.
Afirmativa.
Negativa.
Interrogativa
.
USOS DEL PRESENTE
CONTINUO
I am paying my flat.
I am reading a good
book.
I'm playing golf
with my friend
Eduardo next
Sunday.
They are always
complaining
Acciones en proceso.
Acciones planificadas.
Quejas sobre acciones
que se repiten.

FORMA –ING
ACABADOS EN –”E”
Have. Having.
Come. Coming.
Live. Living.
Practise. Practising.
FORMA –ING
ACABADOS EN
“-ie”
Die. Dying.
Lie. Lying.
FORMA –ING
ACABADOS EN
“Y”
Try. Trying.
Study. Studying.
Play. Playing.
Buy. Buying.
VERBOS QUE NO SE SUELEN USAR
EN LOS TIEMPOS CONTINUOS.
Believe. Feel. Appear.
Consider. Smell. Belong to.
Depend. Love. Have.
Doubt. Fear. Like.
Guess. See. Forget.
Hope. Taste. Owe.
EL PASADO SIMPLE. Regulares
I played
chess.
I loved her.
I didn’t go
out.
Did you buy
the new CD?
Sujeto + Inf sin
to + Ed
Los acabados en
“-e” solo
“-d”.
Sujeto+ Did not,
+ Inf sin to
Did + Not contrae
en din’t.
Did + Sujeto +
Inf sin to.
Afirmativa.
Negativa.
Interrogativa
.
LOS VERBOS IRREGULARES
I ate the cake.
I bought a new
house.
I didn’t eat the
cake.
Did you eat the
cake?
S+ 2 columna de
la lista de verbos
irregulares.
S+ Did + Not +
Inf .
Afirmativa.
Negativa.
Interrogativa. Did + S + Inf.

EL PASADO CONTINUO
I was
reading
Time.
I was not
sleeping
Were they
playing
chess?
Sujeto+ Was,
Were + Ing.
Sujeto+ Was,
Were + Not +
Ing.
Was, Were +
Sujeto+ Ing.
Afirmativa.
Negativa.
Interrogativa
.
USOS DEL PASADO CONTINUO
I was reading when
she came.
I was reading a
novel while she was
watching TV.
I was riding a car
and then...
Para hablar acerca de
lo que estaba
sucediendo.
Cuando dos acciones
estaban ocurriendo al
mismo tiempo.
En descripciones.
EL PRESENTE PERFECTO
• Este tiempo hace referencia a acciones ya
acabadas
• Como todos los tiempos perfectos, se forma
con el verbo to have y el Participio Pasado.
I have
played
tennis.
I have not
played
chess.
Have you
played golf?
Sujeto + Have, Has
+ Participio Pasado.
Sujeto+ Have, Has
not + Participio
Pasado.
Have, Has + Sujeto
Afir.
Neg.
Inter.
USOS DEL PRESENTE
PERFECTO
I have eaten paella.
I have visited Paris.
He has visited Madrid
many times.
Acciones que ocurrieron
en el pasado
Acciones que se han
repetido en el pasado.
USOS DEL PRESENTE
PERFECTO
I have just seen my
wife.
Have you ever been
to Rome?
I have always liked
the country.
We have already
finished.
Con just, indica que la
acción ha ocurrido
recientemente.
Con ever. (alguna vez)
Con always.
Con already.

FOR Y SINCE
Suelen acompañar a éste tiempo para
referirse a acciones que empezaron
en el pasado y que continúan hasta el
momento presente.
FOR Y SINCE
How long have you
been wearing glasses?
I have lived in Elda for
40 years.
She has had the same
car since 1987.
I have been wearing
glasses since October.
How long. Se utiliza para
preguntar por la duración.
For.
Se emplea con períodos
de tiempo. Desde hace.
Since.
Nos remonta a un punto
concreto en el pasado.
Desde o desde que.
EL PASADO PERFECTO
I had seen
her.
I had not
gone.
Had she
been with
you?
Sujeto+ Had
+ Participio
Pasado.
Sujeto + Had
not +
Participio
Pasado.
Had + Sujeto
+ Participio
Pasado
Afirmativa.
Negativa.
Interrogativa
.
USOS DEL PASADO PERFECTO
When I had finished
all my work, I went
to the swimming
pool.
Acciones que ocurrieron
antes que otra.
EL FUTURO SlMPLE
I will go with
you.
Iré contigo.
I will not pay
for that.
No pagaré eso.
Will you
marry me?
¿Te casarás
conmigo?
Sujeto+ Will+ Inf
sin to.
Sujeto+ Will not, +
Inf sin to.
Will + Sujeto+ Inf
sin to.
Afir.
Neg.
Inter.
USOS DEL FUTURO SlMPLE
Shall we go to the
cinema?
I will buy you the
car.
En sugerencias.
En promesas.
Determinaciones. I will go with you.
I will never do it
again.
Énfasis.

USOS DEL FUTURO SlMPLE
They will win the
match.
I will buy a Harley
next year.
If you don’t hurry,
you’ll be late.
Don’t drink too much
or you’ll get drunk.
I'll help you with your
exercises.
Predicciones.
Lógicamente, indica
acciones que ocurrirán.
Con advertencias y
condiciónes.
Para expresar deseo o
rechazo ante algo.
Ofrecimientos.
EL FUTURO CONTINUO
I will be
driving to
Alicante.
I will not be
eating there.
Will you be
studying in
Elx?
Sujeto+ Will be+
Inf sin to + Ing.
Sujeto+ Will not+
Inf sin to + Ing.
Will + Sujeto+ Be +
Inf + Ing.
Afir.
Neg.
Inter.
EL FUTURO PERFECTO
I will have
eaten.
I will not
have eaten.
Will you
have eaten?
Sujeto + Will have
+ Participio
Pasado.
Sujeto+ Will have
+ Not + Participio
Pasado.
Will + Sujeto+ Will
have + Participio
Pasado.
Afir.
Neg
Inter
EL FUTURO PERFECTO
I will have
eaten.
I will not
have eaten.
Will you have
eaten?
Sujeto + Will have +
Participio Pasado.
Sujeto+ Will have + Not
Will + Sujeto+ Will have
Afir.
Neg.
Inter.
EL CONDICIONAL SIMPLE
I would go
with you.
I would not
pay that.
Would you
marry me?
Sujeto+ Would +
Inf sin to.
Sujeto+ Would
not + Inf sin to.
Would + Sujeto +
Inf sin to.
Afir.
Neg.
Inter.
EL CONDICIONAL PERFECTO
I would have
gone with
you.
I would not
have paid
that.
Would you
have
married her?
Sujeto + Would +
Have+ Participio
Pasado.
Sujeto+ Would not/
won't + Have+
Participio Pasado.
Would + Sujeto +
Have+ Participio
Pasado.
Afir.
Neg.
Inter.

EL PRESENTE SIMPLE
I live in Elda.
He kisses her.
I don’t like coffee.
She doesn’t smoke.
Do you love me?
Does he go to school?
I get up at 7.45.
Snow is cold.
The match starts at
6.00.
The train leaves at 6.00.
Sujeto + Inf.
3ª p. (He, She, It) añade
“-s” o “-es
Sujeto + Don’t o
Doesn’t + Inf
Afir .
Neg.
Inter. Do o Does + S + Inf?
Acciones habituales.
Verdades universales.
Horarios.
Acciones en el futuro
sujetas a un horario.
Le suelen acompañar: every day, always, usually,
often, never, generally , etc.
Usos.
Otros.
EL PRESENTE CONTINUO
S + Be (am, is, are) I amreading.
+ Ing.
Afir .
Neg. S + Be + Not + Ing. She is not smoking.
Am, Is, Are + S + Are you running?
Ing?
I am readind a book.
I am playing tennis
tomorrow.
He is always talking.
Acciones en proceso
Planes futuros.
Acciones repetidas.
Le suelen acompañar: at present, nowadays,
now, at the moment, etc.
Inter.
Usos.
Otros.
I have played tennis.
I have eaten paella.
I have not washed the
dishes.
I have not seen her.
S + Have (haveo
has) + Participio
pasado
S + Have + Not +
Participo pasado.
Have o Has + S + Have you been there?
Participo pasado?
Acciones acabadas de I have read the book.
las que no se dice
cuando sucedieron.
Afir .
Neg.
Inter.
Usos.
Otros. Puede llevar just, for, since, already, yet, etc.
EL PASADO SIMPLE
I played.
I ate.
I did not play.
I did not eat.
Did you play?
Did you eat?
I went to Barcelona.
I was reading the paper
and then it began to
rain.
S + Vb. Regular + ed
S + Vb Irr (
2ªColumna).
S + Did + Not
(didn’t) + Inf.
Afir .
Neg.
Inter. Did + S + Inf?
Acciones que
ocurrieron en el
pasado.
A veces acompaña al
pasado continuo
Le suelen acompañar: last year, yesterday , two
days ago etc.
Usos.
Otros.
EL PASADO CONTINUO
I was writing a
letter.
I was not writing a
letter.
Were you writing a
letter?
I was painting the
gate.
The girls were
smiling.
S + Be (Was, Were)
+ Ing.
S + Was, Were +
Not + Ing
Was, Were + S +
Ing?
Acciones en proceso
en el pasado.
En narraciones.
Para descripciones.
Afir.
Neg.
Inter.
Usos.
CONTINUO
I have been
learning English
for 20 years.
I have not been
sleeping.
Have you been
reading?
S + Have o Has +
Been +Ing.
S + Have o Has+
not + Been + Ing.
Have o Has + S +
Been + Ing?
Afir.
Neg.
Inter.
Usos. Acciones pasadas que todavía continúan.
Otros. For y since le suelen acompañar.

EL PASADO PERFECTO
S + Had + I had gone .
Participio Pasado.
S + had + Not + I had not gone.
Participio Pasado.
Had + S + Had she gone?
Participio Pasado?.
Acciones que ocurrieron antes que otra
acción pasada.
Le suelen acompañar: when, before, by
the time etc.
Afir.
Neg.
Inter.
Usos.
Otros.
EL PASADO PERFECTO
CONTINUO
I had been
watching TV.
I had not been
watching TV.
Had she been
ironing?
S + Had + Been
+ Ing.
S + Had + Not +
Been + Ing.
Had + S + Been
+ Ing?.
Acciones que estaban en proceso
antes que otra acción pasada
ocurriera.
Afir.
Neg.
Inter.
Usos.
EL FUTURO SIMPLE
S + Will o Shall + I will go.
Inf.
S + Will + Not + I will not go.
Inf.
Afir.
Neg.
Inter. Will + S + Inf? Will she come?
Acciones futuras.
Predicciones
Le suelen acompañar: tonight,
tomorrow, next year, in a month.
Usos.
Otros.
EL FUTURO CONTINUO
I will be reading
Valle de Elda.
I will not be
watching TV.
Will you be
working?
Afir. S + Wil be + Ing
S + Will + Not +
Be + Ing.
Will + S + Be +
Ing?
Neg.
Inter.
Usos. Acciones futuras en progreso.
EL FUTURO PERFECTO
I will have arrived at
7.00.
I will not have
finished.
S + Will have+
Participio Pasado.
S + Will + Not +
Have + Participio
Pasado.
Will + S + Have + Will she have paid?
Participio Pasado?
Afir.
Neg.
Inter.
Usos. Acciones acabadas en el futuro.
EL FUTURO PERFECTO
CONTINUO
I will have been
working.
I will not have
been working.
Will you have been
working?
S + Will have+ Been
+ Ing.
S + Will + Not + Have
+ Been+ Ing.
Will + S + Have +
Been + Ing.
Afir.
Neg.
Inter.
Usos. Acciones que estarán finalizadas en el futuro.

EL CONDICIONAL SIMPLE
I would go to
London.
I would not go to
London.
Would you go to
Lisbon?
Afir. S + Would + Inf.
S + Would + Not+
Inf.
Neg.
Inter Would + S + Inf?
.
Usos Deseos en el presente o en el futuro.
.
EL CONDICIONAL PERFECTO
I would have gone
to London.
I would not have
gone to London.
Would you have
gone to Paris?
S + Would + Have+
Participio Pasado.
S + Would + Not +
Have + Participio
Pasado.
Would + S + Have+
Participio Pasado?
Afir.
Neg.
Inte.
Usos. Lamentos sobre acciones pasadas.
ORACIONES COPULATIVAS
And. He is tall and intelligent.
Y.
They both teach French and
Italian.
It rained a lot, moreover it
snowed.
I bought a ham; likewise did my
neighbour.
I have no money, besides I don’t
want to buy anything else.
Both…and.
Tanto...como.
Moreover.
Además.
Likewise.
De igual
modo.
Besides.
Además.
ORACIONES DISYUNTIVAS
Or. You can stay or come with us.
O.
They are either Italian or
Greek.
I neither like Wagner nor the
Rolling Stones.
Either…or.
O…o.
Neither…nor.
Ni...ni.
ORACIONES ADVERSATIVAS
But. I like Verdi but I prefer Puccini.
Pero.
Not only I read Valle de Elda but I
also read Vivir en Elda.
She is pretty, yet nobody loves
her.
Although he is rich, he hasn’t
many friends.
Not
only…but
also.
No sólo...sino
también.
Yet.
Aunque.
Although.
Aunque.
ORACIONES CAUSALES
I became rich because I saved
a lot.
Because.
Porque.
For. She studies for being a lawyer.
Para.
As I had studied French I
could travelled alone.
Since they are adults they can
go.
The recital was cancelled
owing to lack of audience.
As.
Como.
Since.
Puesto que.
Owing to.
Ya que, debido a.

ORACIONES FINALES
In order to be accepted you
have to pay first.
They voted so as to elect the
new President.
I have an insurance in case I
need it.
He eats a lot of oranges for
fear of getting a cold.
In order to.
Para.
So as to.
Con el fin de.
In case.
En el caso de
que. Por si.
For fear.
Por miedo a.
ORACIONES CONSECUTIVAS
He won the pools so he
bought a new house.
He has many friends
therefore he is never
alone.
He is boring, which is why
he’s always alone.
I bought a present so that
you liked it.
So.
Por eso.
Therefore.
Por lo tanto.
Which is why.
Esa es la razón por la
que.
So…that.
Para que.
ORACIONES COMPARATIVAS
As. He is as intelligent as his sister.
Como.
As…as. He is not as honest as his brother.
Tan como.
So…as. He is not so tall as me.
No tan como.
Petrel has nice parks, similarly
Elda has nice museums.
Similarly.
Del mismo
modo.
ORACIONES DE MODO
As. As a pianist she is the best.
Como.
Like. He eats like a lion.
Como.
ORACIONES CONCESIVAS
Although I prefer to stay I have to
go now.
Though he is ill, he never
complains.
Even though he is rich he never
shows off.
Although.
Aunque.
Though.
Aunque.
Even though.
Incluso.
Even if. Even if it rains I will go.
Incluso s i.
ORACIONES ADVERSATIVAS
However. I liked it, however, I didn’t buy it.
Sin embargo.
No matter if you love her, she
doen’t love you.
In spite of having lived in France
she doesn’t speak French.
Despite all the efforts he didn’t
win.
No matter.
No importa.
In spite of.
A pesar de .
Despite.
A pesar de.

ORACIONES CONDICIONALES
If. If you need me, phone me.
Si.
Unless. Unless you pay you can’t come
A menos que
ORACIONES DE TIEMPO
When you want to visit us, let us
know.
While I was in Italy I ate a lot of
pasta.
Before I worked in Elda, I worked
in Crevillente.
When.
Cuando.
While.
Mientras.
Before.
Antes.
Since. I have lived here since 1962
Desde.
Whenever. Whenever he comes I visit him.
Cada vez que
Until. Until I found it I was sad.
Hasta.
ORACIONES DE TIEMPO
Now. Now I am hungry.
Ahora.
Once I pay the house I will buy a
car.
No sooner had they gone than I
was asleep.
Once.
Una vez.
No
sonner…than
Apenas.
Finally. Finally I read the book.
Finalmente.
In short. In short they will be here.
En breve.
ORACIONES DE TIEMPO
This is the house where we
lived until 1996.
Wherever she goes she buys
some clothes.
Where.
Donde.
Wherever.
Dondequiera
que.
ORACIONES DE RELATIVO
This is the man who
came here yesterday.
This is the man that
came yesterday.
This is the book which I
bought in Martín Fierro.
Personas. Who.
That.
Cosas. Which.
That. The house that I sold.
ORACIONES DE RELATIVO
The boy whose bike is
this is Mike.
This is the school where
I studied.
This is the day when I
was born.
Posesión. Whose.
Lugar. Where.
Tiempo. When.

ORACIONES DE RELATIVO LOS VERBOS MODALES
Personas. Whom. The girl whom I loved.
The reason why I
bought this is you.
And this is what he
said.
This is the thing that we
should do.
Why.
What.
The thing
that.
May, might.
Poder.
Dare.
Atreverse
Ought to.
Deber.
Can, could.
Poder.
Would.
Aux.del condicional.
Will, shall.
Auxiliares de futuro
Must.
Deber.
Need.
Necesitar
LOS VERBOS MODALES
·Los verbos modales se llaman así al carecer de las
mayoría de las formas verbales.
·Se usan para hacer suposiciones, sacar
conclusiones, hablar de posibilidades y establecer
conjeturas.
·No tienen todos los tiempos verbales, por ejemplo,
“must” y “ought to” sólo tienen presente. Can, may,
dare y need, tienen presente y pasado.
LOS VERBOS MODALES
·Tienen una única forma para todas las personas en
presente: I can. He can.
Van seguidos de Infinitivo sin to.I can ski. He must
study.
·Hacen la negación y la interrogación como el verbo to
be. Can you ski?
·No se construyen con to do, to have y to be. Can
she go?
LOS VERBOS MODALES
No tienen imperativo, infinitivo, ni participio de
presente ni de pasado.
No forman tiempos continuos ni perfectos.
Tampoco aparecen en formas pasivas.
She can swim. He must study everyday.
LOS VERBOS MODALES
Usan otros verbos para suplir sus carencias
temporales.He was able to go. I had to go
alone.
¿Van seguidos de infinitivo sin to, a excepción de
ought to, have to y used to.
I used to go to the disco.

CAN
Sólo se usa en el presente, para el resto se utiliza to
be able to.
Se puede traducir por poder o saber.
I can swim . I know how to swim.
l'll be able to go tonight.
Will he be able to come in time?
I have been able to finish it in time.
CAN
I can play the violin.
I can read.
Expresa conocimiento y
capacidad física e
intelectual.
Posibilidad. I can go with you.
Tambien para dar y Can I go with you?
recibir permiso.
You can’t smoke
here.
They can’t be at
home.
Puede indicar
prohibición en la forma
negativa.
Deducción negativa.
CAN COULD
Habilidad. I can swim.
Ofrecimientos. Can I help you?
Solamente se usa para el She can do it alone.
presente de indicativo.
I could go yesterday.
I could go tomorrow.
Could se usa para el
pasado y el condicional.
Sugerencias. You can come with us.
I could translate
Italian at the age of 9.
Indica habilidad en el
pasado.
Peticiones formales. Could I go with you?
MAY
It may rain during
the weekend.
Posibilidad.
Permiso. May I come in ?
You may not stay
here.
Prohibiciones.
Especulaciones. He may be in Ital
If I may say so I will
buy it.
Sugerencias.
MIGHT
It might snow in
Benidorm but I doubt it.
He might be working in
a new book.
Expresa una
posibildad más remota
que may.
Especulaciones.

MUST
I must visit my
friend, he is ill.
You must visit the
museum, it is one of
the best in Spain.
He must be out
because nobody
answers the phone.
You must not come
here again.
Obligaciónes morales.
Consejos.
Deducciónes.
Prohibiciones.
HAVE TO
You have to drive with
a helmet.
I have to take an
aspirin every night.
You don't have to stay
if you have something
to do.
Obligación normalmente
impuesta.
Para indicar costumbres.
En negativa, indica que
algo no es necesario.
SHOULD, OUGHT TO
You should go to
the Yemo Cineplex
cinemas.
You ought to spend
more time with
them.
Para dar consejos.
WILL
I will buy a sandwich
when I finish this.
Auxiliar del futuro simple.
Predicciones sobre el It will be sunny.
futuro.
Decisiones. I will buy a new car.
Ofrecimientos. I will do it.
Will you pass me the
salt?
Peticiones.
WOULD
Would you like to
come with me?
In 1998 I would walk
a lot.
Peticiones y
ofrecimientos.
Hábitos y rutinas en el
pasado.
SHALL
Auxiliar de futuro I shall go.
We shall never
surrender.
Puede expresar cierta
determinación

USED TO
I used to sing in
the shower.
Hábitos en el
pasado.
NEED
Verbo modal o verbo ordinario.
He needs a lot of money to get married.
You needn’t come tomorrow.
Need to indica necesidad.
I need to consult a good doctor.
NEED
• He needs to have more money to buy this
car.
• Para la forma negativa e interrogativa hay dos
opciones:
• Need you buy so much?
• Do you need to buy so much?
RESUMEN DE LOS VERBOS
MODALES
I can swim.
Can I come in?
He can’t go now.
He could read
Russian.
They could be in
Tokyo.
I couldn’t buy the
car.
You could try next
year.
Habilidades.
Petición de
permiso.
Imposibilidad.
Habilidad en el
pasado.
Posibilidad.
Imposibilidad.
Sugerencias.
Can.
Could.
MODALES
It may rain
tomorrow.
May I come in?
You may not
smoke here.
Posibilidad.
Permiso.
Prohibición
Posibilidad It might snow.
remota.
May.
Might.
MODALES
They will come.
I will buy a Harley.
Would you marry
me?
I would play tennis
when I was 10.
I would rather go to
the cinema.
Shall I open the
window?
I shall visit her.
Predicciones.
Decisiones.
Peticiones
formales.
Acciones pasadas.
Preferencias.
Peticiones
formales.
Acciones futuras.
Will.
Would.
Shall.

MODALES
You should buy her a
diamond.
I must study.
You must not go with
that boy.
Should Consejos.
Ought to.
Obligación.
Prohibiciones.
Must.
MODALES
They may have gone.
She could have seen
her.
You are going to need
a lot of help.
You needn’t come
tomorrow.
Deducciones
donde no
tenemos
mucha
seguridad.
May, might
Could,
+ Have +
Participio
Pasado.
Need. Necesidad.
Ausencia de
necesidad.
Needn’t.
MODALES QUESTION TAGS (COLETILLAS)
You have to drive on
the right.
He is able to make a
cake.
They must have
bought a new house.
They can’t have come
here this morning.
Obligaciones
impuestas.
Have to.
Be able to. Habilidades.
Must, can’t Deducciones.
have + PP.
Preguntas que sirven para confirmar una suposición.
Tienen dos partes, si la primera es afirmativa, la
segunda será negativa.
Las frases con verbos auxiliares o defectivos forman
la coletilla con el mismo verbo.
Con los demás verbos se usan las partículas do, does,
en presente.
QUESTION TAGS
(COLETILLAS)
You are from Petrel, aren't you?
You aren’t from Petrel, are you?
She isn’t from Sax, is she?
He has a Harley, hasn't he?
You can swim, can't you?
QUESTION TAGS
(COLETILLAS)
She couldn't run fast, could she?
You study every day, don't you?
She plays golf, doesn't she?
You don't speak Chinese, do you?
She doesn't write very well, does she?
You went to Milan, didn't you?

QUESTION TAGS
(COLETILLAS)
·En futuro se usa will y won't.
They will come tomorrow, won't they?
They won't come tomorrow, will they?
·En condicional se usa would.
They would buy it if they could, wouldn't they?
She wouldn't buy it, would she?
QUESTION TAGS
(COLETILLAS)
• Recuerda que son como una pila
• Positivo-negativo
• Negativo-positivo
SAY Y TELL
· Tienen el mismo significado, decir y contar.
· To tell va con un complemento indirecto.
·To say solo necesita un complemento directo.
I told her your story
I told your story to her.
I said that I was going to move to Sax.
MAKE Y DO
·Comparten el significado de hacer
·No existen reglas
·To make tiene el matiz de fabricar.
MAKE Y DO
Everybody makes I always do the ironing.
mistakes.
He is always How do you do?
making friends.
He makes a lot of I do the cooking.
noise.
We do business with
Japan.
I´m going to
make you my last
offer.
MAKE Y DO
His son is doing badly at
university.
I make many
telephone calls.
I make the beds in He does well in his job.
the morning.
I do the dusting on
Tuesday.
My sister does the washing
up.
Make me a promise.
She is making
coffee.
She made a fortune She did her hair yesterday.
in Cuba.

EXCLAMACIONES
What a. What a yacht.
Se usa con
sustantivos.
También con adjetivos What a pretty girl.
What pretty girls.
What horribe films.
What weather.
What.
Se usa con plurales e
incontables.
EXCLAMACIONES
How beautiful.
How fast.
Isn’t he the perfect
football player?
How.
Se usa con adjetivos
y adverbios.
Oraciones
interrogativas
negativas.
TERCER
TIPO
Acciones
imposibles.
Si hubiera
llovido me
habría
mojado.
PRIMER TIPO SEGUNDO TIPO
Acciones
improbables,
situaciones
hipotéticas.
Si lloviera me
mojaría.
Acciones probables
en presente o
futuro.
Si llueve me mojo.
If I eat chocolate, I get
fat.
If I eat chocolate, I will
get fat.
If I ate chocolate, I
would get fat.
If I had eaten chocolate,
I would have get fat.
Primer tipo: If +
presente + presente.
También podemos tener:
If + presente + futuro.
Segundo tipo: If +
pasado simple +
conditionalsimple.
Tercer tipo: If +
pasado perfecto +
condicional perfecto.
OTRAS COMBINACIONES
If + presente + If I finish early I can go.
modal.
Should you see her give her
my regards.
Stop shouting or I will get
angry.
We won’t go out unless you
pay.
If you are hungry, eat
something
should + imperativo.
Imperativo +
conjunction + clause
Unless se suele
emplear en lugar de
if not.
Con imperativo.
OTRAS COMBINACIONES
Suppose you are rich, would
you live in a big house?
Supposing you find a wallet
with money, what will you
do?
You could go as long as you
pay your part.
On the condition that you pay
you can be with us.
Provided you want it I will
give it to you.
Suppose.
Supposing.
As long as.
On the condition
that.
Provided.

LA VOZ PASIVA
·Se usa para resaltar más la acción que el sujeto.
· Puede que desconozcamos al autor de la acción o
que no nos interese.
·En inglés se usa mucho más que en castellano.
FÓRMULA
• CD pasa a Sujeto
• Se utiliza el verbo To be en el mismo tiempo
• Aparece el Participio Pasado
• Yo como pan. El pan es comido
LA VOZ PASIVA T. SIMPLES
ACTIVA PASIVA
Bread with olive oil is
eaten.
Bread with olive oil was
eaten.
I eat bread with
olive oil.
I ate bread with
olive oil.
I will eat bread Bread will be eaten
I would eat braed Bread would be eaten
LA VOZ PASIVA T. CONTINUOS
ACTIVA PASIVA
I am eating bread Bread is being eaten
I was eating bread Bread was being eaten
I will be eating Bread will be being eaten
bread
I would be eating Bread would be being eaten
bread
LA VOZ PASIVA T. PERFECTOS
ACTIVA PASIVA
I have eaten Bread has been eaten
bread
I had eaten bread Bread had been eaten
I will have eaten Bread will have been eaten
bread
I would have Bread would have been eaten
eaten bread
LA VOZ PASIVA
by indica el complemento agente.
It was done by my mother.

LA VOZ PASIVA. C INDIRECTO
Con estos verbos se puede usar el
complemento indirecto como sujeto.
Esto no ocurre en español.
Pay.
Pagar.
Show.
Mostrar.
Offer.
Ofrecer.
Send.
Enviar.
Lend.
Prestar.
Refuse.
Negarse a.
Give.
Dar.
Promise.
Prometer.
LA VOZ PASIVA. C INDIRECTO
Mary was given a
kiss.
My friend was
shown my house.
I gave Mary a kiss.
I showed my friend my
house.
It is said that he is going to be promoted.
LA VOZ PASIVA. OTROS VERBOS
To believe.
Creer.
To consider.
Considerar
To know.
Saber.
To say.
Decir .
To think.
Pensar.
It is said that it was stolen
It is believed thathe was murdered
EL ESTILO INDIRECTO
·Para contar lo que dijo alguien.
·Los verbos suelen ir en pasado.
·En estilo indirecto la frase suele empezar con
un verbo.
EL ESTILO INDIRECTO. VERBOS
Ask.
Preguntar.
Warn.
Advertir.
Announce.
Anunciar.
Claim.
Reclamar
Protest.
Protestar
Tell.
Contar.
Complain.
Quejarse.
State.
Afirmar.
Think.
Pensar.
Remark.
Remarcar.
Say.
Decir
Explain.
Explicar.
Declare.
Declarar.
Inquire.
Solicitar.
Point out.
Señalar.
CAMBIOS
El tiempo de lo narrado da un salto hacia atrás
Las preguntas dejan de serlo.
Cambios: en expresiones temporales, en los tiempos
verbales y en los pronombres.

EL ESTILO INDIRECTO.
Presente Simple. Pasado Simple.
I live in Elda. He said he lived in Elda.
Presente Continuo. Pasado Continuo.
He said he was reading a
book.
I am reading a book.
Presente Perfecto Simple. Pasado Perfecto Simple.
He said he had bought a
car.
I have bought a car.
Presente Perfecto Pasado Perfecto Continuo.
Continuo.
He said he had been
working with him.
I have been
working with him.
Pasado Simple. Pasado Perfecto.
He said he had gone to
London.
I went to London.
Pasado Continuo. Pasado Perfecto Continuo.
He said he had been writing
a letter.
I was writing a
letter.
Pasado Perfecto. Pasado Perfecto.
I had been there. He said he had been there.
Pasado Perfecto Pasado Perfecto Continuo.
Continuo.
He said he had been waiting
for him.
I had been waiting
for you.
Futuro Simple. Condicional Simple.
He said he would live in
Alicante.
I will live in
Alicante.
Futuro Continuo. CondicionalContinuo.
He said he would be
singing in a karaoke.
I will be singing in
a karaoke.
EL ESTILO INDIRECTO. CAMBIOS TEMPORALES
Can. Could.
I can swim. He said he could swim.
Shall. Should.
I shall do it. He said he should do it.
May. Might.
He said it might rain that
day.
It may rain today.
Must. Have To. Had To.
I must study. He said he had to study.
Now. Then.
He said he was happy
then.
I am happy now.
Today. That day.
He said he was sad that
day.
The day before, The
previous day.
He said he had gone to
Madrid the previous
day.
I am sad today.
Yesterday.
Yesterday I went
to Madrid.

CAMBIOS TEMPORALES
The next day.
The following day.
The day after.
He said he would go to
Valencia the day after.
Tomorrow.
I will go to Valencia
tomorrow.
Next week. The following week.
He said he would be in
Milan the following
week.
Next week I will be
in Milan.
CAMBIOS TEMPORALES
Last week. The previous week.
He said he had
cooked paella the
previous week.
I cooked paella last
week.
A Week Ago. The Week Before.
He said he had played
tennis in Almería the
week before.
A week ago I
played tennis in
Almeria.
OTROS CAMBIOS ORDENES
This. That.
He said he was going
to buy that.
I am going to buy
this.
These. Those.
He said that those
were his friends.
These are my
friends.
Here. There.
I live here. He said he lived there.
Now. Then.
He said that then he
wanted a coffee.
Now I want a coffee.
Go out. He told us to go out.
He ordered me to
drink the milk.
He invited me to go
out.
Drink the mik .
Go out.
SUGERENCIAS
He suggested taking
a taxi.
He suggested that
we should take a
taxi.
Let’s take a taxi.
PREGUNTAS
He asked where Mary
was.
He asked me how he
could go to Elche?
He wanted to know
why I smoked.
Where's Mary?
How can I go to
Elche?
Why do you smoke?

PREGUNTAS
He asked what she
did.
He asked me when
I had gone to
Petrel.
What does she do?
When did you go
to Petrel?
WHAT IS LIKE
·Se utiliza para recabar información sobre el
aspecto físico de alguien pues para saber
cómo es alguien de carácter usamos how.
What is your girlfriend like?
She is very pretty.
DESEOS Y QUEJAS
I wish I had lived in
America.
I wish you would be
rich.
DESEOS
I would like to go to Paris.
I would like you to come
with me.
Would like.
Expresa deseos, para
su traducción se debe
usar el subjuntivo. I’d prefer a coffee.
I wish you were quiet.
Wish.
I would like a sandwich.
I would prefer to go with
you.
Would prefer.
DESEOS
I prefer tea to coffee.
I prefer swimming to
running.
I prefer to stay at home.
If only she would stop
complaining.
I’d rather not go.
I’d rather not go now.
Prefer.
If only.
Would rather.
EXPRESIONES DE INTERÉS
I had better go to have
a drink.
It's time to eat.
It's time for us to eat.
It's time we ate.
Had better.
It's time.
It's about time. It’s about time he came.
He used to drink quite a
lot.
I used to wear glasses,
but now I use contact
lenses.
Used to.

I am used to reading the
paper.
I have enough money.
I am rich enough.
She is too old to climb the
mountain.
To be used to.
Enough.
Too.
He speaks English fairly
well.
He speaks English quite
well.
He speaks English rather
well.
He speaks English pretty
well.
Fairly.
Quite.
Rather.
Pretty.
EL CAUSATIVO HAVE
·El que realiza la acción no es el sujeto sino otra
persona.
· Cortarse el pelo, hacerse un empaste.
·El sujeto no se hace un empaste ni se corta el
pelo, sino que contrata un servicio.
I have my hair cut every month.
I have my car repaired when it breaks down.
EL CAUSATIVO HAVE
·Esta estructura se puede usar en todos los tiempos.
·En la interrogrativa y negativa utilizan los auxiliares,
do, does, did.
•Se usan los verbos causativos havey get.
Did you have your tooth fill?
Do you have your carpets cleaned every year?
VERBOS CON PREPOSICÓN
Muchos verbos ingleses van acompañados de
preposiciones o adverbios. EJ. To look
I'm looking for a new job.
I am going to look up a word in the
dictionary.
We are looking forward to the festivities.
VERBOS CON PREPOSICÓN
·Pueden ser: separables e inseparables.
· Serán separables si podemos colocar los
complementos entre el verbo y la preposición.
I am going to put my coat on.
I am going to put on my coat.

FINAL
Para cualquier comentario o sugerencia
Pedro Civera Coloma
direelda@centres.cult.gva.es
pcivera@elx.uned.es

Gramatica Inglés

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