This document provides an overview of key grammar concepts in Spanish, including: 1. The verbs ser and estar and how they are used to describe characteristics, possessions, events, and locations/emotions respectively. 2. How verbs like gustar are conjugated differently by placing a pronoun in front of the verb. 3. Expressions using hacer + time + que + conjugated verb to discuss past actions. 4. Conjugations for preterite verbs, car/gar/zar verbs, spock verbs, cucaracha verbs, and irregular commands. 5. The use of DOPs, IOPs, snakes/snakeys, and se imperson

1. Mateo Cooper 2nd period El 9 de deciembre Grammar Book

2. Table of Contents Ser Commands Estar Irregulars Verbs Like Gustar IOPs Hacer expressions Snakes PreteritoSnakies Trigger words Se Impersonal Car, Gar, Zar Spock verbs Cucaracha Verbs DOPs

3. Ser Use the verb Ser under these circumstances Description Possession Ex: Soy Alto Origin Events Characteristics Dates Time Questions dealing with ser Occupation Quees? Como es? Quienes? Relationships Quehoraes? Quehace?

4. Estar Estar is similar to the verb ser, except estar is used do describe a present condition, a location, emotions, and health Ex: Estoymuyfeliz When using Estar in the “ing” form, the ending of the word must be changed. An “ar” ending verb changes to ando An “er” ending verb changes to endo An “ir” ending verb changes to yendo Ex: Hablar changes to Hablando. Comer changes to Comendo. Questions dealing with estar: Como Estas? Como Esta? DondeEstas?

5. Verbs like Gustar Gustar very different from many other verbs. It is conjugated differently and you must put a pronoun in front of the verb. Gustarisnt the only verb conjugated this way, other verbs like gustar include: facinar, doler, faltar, molestar, encantar, importar, disgustar, and pintar The pronouns to use in front if these verbs goes as follows: Yo form- MeNosotros form- nos TuForm-TeVosotros form- os El/ella form- Le Ustedes form- Les Ex: Me Gusta el beisbol ALSO!!- if the direct object of the verb is plural, then the “ar” must be replace with “an” Ex: Me Gustanmanzanas

6. Hacer Expressions Hace + Time + Que + Conjugated verb Then conjugated verb can be in any tense Ex: Hacedos añosque vivo en la Francia

7. Preterito The Preterito is a definite time in the past with a beginning and/or ending Conjugating verbs is el preterito goes as follows: HablarEscribir Comer Yo-hableescribiComi Tu-hablasteescribisteComiste El-HabloescribioComio Nos-hablamosescribimosComimos Uds-hablaronescribieronComieron

8. Trigger Words Ayer- yesterday - these are examples of Anteayer- day before yesterday trigger words that can be A lasocho- 8 o’clock used in the preterito. El miercoles- On Wednesday El dia anterior- day before Ayer por la manana- yesterday morning El otrodia- The other day Unavez- one time Estatarde- this afternoon Estanoche- tonight Entonces- then Hace dos dias- two days ago

9. Car, Gar, Zar Verbs ending in car, gar, or zar are conjugated in their own special way that goes as follows TocarJugarComenzar Yo-toquejugueComence Tu-tocastejugasteComenzaste El- tocojugoComenzo Nos- tocamosjugamosComenzamos Uds.- tocaronjugaronComenzaron Ex: Juguebeisbolayer

10. Spock Verbs FuiFuimos FuisteFuisteis FueFueron i imos isteisteis ioieron dar ser ver ir hacer Hicehicimos Hicistehicisteis Hizohicieron

11. Cucaracha Verbs Andar- anduv Estar- estuv Poder- pud Poner- pus When conjugating cucaracha Querer- quis verbs, they change into these forms Saber- sup Tener- tuvYo- eNosotros- imos Venir- vinTu- isteVosotros- isteis Conducir - conduj el/ella- o Ustedes- ieron Producir- produj Traducir- traduj Deicr- dij Traer- traj

12. DOPs Lo, La, Los, Las DOPs can hook onto its verb, but only in 3 situations 1. infinitive Ex: Voy a comerlo 2. affirmative commands Ex: Bebala! 3. gerunds/ present progressive Ex: Estoycomiendolo All other times the DOP goes before the conjugated verb Ex: Yo lo comi In a negative command, the DOP comes after “no” and before the command Ex: Yo no lo comi

13. Commands For “ar” verbs drop the o and add e Ex: Hable! For “er/ir” verbs drop the o and add a Ex: Viva!

14. Irregulars The irregular commands are known as TVDISHES TenerTenga(n) VenirVenga(n) Dar dé(n) & decirdiga(n) IrVaya(n) Ser Sea(n) HacerHaga(n) EstarEsté(n) Saber Sepa(n)

15. IOPs Me, te, le, nos, os, les IOPs answer to whom or for whom Must have DOP to have an IOP IOP comes before the DOP Ex: I gave it to her. Se lo di. Change to se

16. Snakes and Snakeys In the snakes group”, there is a stem change in the 3rd person Ex: Dormir DormíDormimos DormisteDormisteis DurmíoDurmieron In the “snakeys” group the”i” changes to a “y” in the 3rd person Ex: Leer LeíLeímos LeisteLeísteis LeyóLeyeron

17. Se impersonal Use “se” to avoid specifying a person who is preforming the action of the verb REMEMBER!!- When using “se” the verb is always in the 3rd person Ex: Aquí se hablaespañol