The document provides a summary of Spanish grammar concepts including: 1) Verbs like ser, estar, gustar and hacer along with their uses and conjugations. 2) How to form the preterit tense and common irregular verb forms. 3) The uses of commands, object pronouns, modal verbs, reflexive verbs and the differences between saber and conocer.

1. Grammar Book Diego Taylor

2. Table of Contents Ser Estar Verbs Like Gustar Hacer Expressions Verbs in the Preterit Preterit Trigger Words -Car, -Gar, -Zars Spock Verbs Cucaracha Verbs Snake Verbs Snakeyes Commands Irregular Commands DOP IOP Only time OPs can Hook onto Verbs Se Impersonal

3. Ser To be Used for: Descriptions Origin Characteristics Time Occupations Relationships Possessions Events Dates

4. Estar To be “ How you feel and where you are is when you use estar.” –Sra. Rodriguez Health Emotions Location Present Condition I N G

5. Verbs Like Gustar Gustar verbs only conjugate into the Usted, Ustedes and in some cases the tú forms. Gustar Gusta Gustas Gustan Faltar Falta Faltas Faltan Doler Duele Dueles Duelen Fascinar Fascina Fascinas Fasinan Molestar Molesta Molestas Molestan

6. Hacer Expressions Hacer expressions are used to express time Hace + Time + Que + Verb Example Hace tres dias que trabajo aquí I have been working here for three days Hace tres dias que empec é a trabajar aquí I started working here three years ago

7. Verbs in The Preterit The preterit is used when an action has a definite beginning and/or end.

8. Preterit Trigger Words Words or phrases that are used to call for the use of a preterit verb Ex. Ayer=yesterday El otro dia=the other day El dia anterior=the day before Va a vez=one time Ayer por la mañana=yesterday morning

9. Preterit Triggers cont. El fin de samana passado=last weekend Entonces=then En ese memento=in that moment Hace dos dias=two days ago

10. Preterit irregulars, -Car, -Gar, -Zar First grouping of irregular preterit verbs Only conjugated differently in the “yo” form Car -> qué Tocar-> toqué Gar -> ué Jugar-> jugué Zar -> cé comenzar-> comencé

11. Spock Verbs Spock verbs are the second grouping of irregular verbs in the preterit Hacer: hice hiciste hizo hicimos hicieron Ir/ser: fui fuiste fue fuimos fueron Dar: di diste dio dimos dieron Ver: vi viste vio vimos vieron

12. Cucaracha Verbs Third grouping of irregular preterit verbs Only the base of verb changes while preterit endings stay same Andar=anduv- Estar=estuv- Poder=pud- Poner=pus- Querer=quis- Saber=sup- Tener=tuv- Vener=vin

13. Cucaracha Verbs cont. Conduceir=conduj- Producir=produj Traducir=traduj- Decir=dij- Traer=traj- If verb conjugation ends in a j drop the “I” in the ending if it follows the j.

14. Snake Verbs Change the root of the verb in the preterit only in the usted and ustedes forms. Ex.

15. Snakeys Only change in usted and ustedes Add “y” to beginning of suffix Verbs like leer, creer, and oír Ex.

16. Commands Affirmative commands in the “tu” form are formed by simply dropping the “s” at the end Affirmative commands in the usted and ustedes forms change the verb to the “yo” form and change to opposite vowel Opposite vowel means if verb is –ar change the “o” to “e” and if an –er verb change “o” to “a” A Direct object, DO, can be added to an affermitive

17. Commands cont. For negative commands in the “tu” form put in “yo” for, change to opposite vowel and add an “s” For the negative usted and ustedes form follow same rule as above but place “no” before the verb Warning: DOP and IOP do not connect to negative verb commands

18. Irregular Commands For the negative “tu” form the irregulars are different then the other irregulars Di Haz Ve Pon Sal Se Ten Ven

19. Irregular Commands cont. For all other forms of commands the irregulars are the “TVDISHES” T=tenga V=venga D=dé I=ir=vaya S=sea H=haga E=esté S=sepa

20. DOP A DOP answers the question who or what The DOPs are: me, te, lo/la/se, nos, and los/las/se “ se” is used when two objects that start with “L” are together Can exist without an IOP

21. IOP IOPs can only be used with a DOP present in the setence Answers the question to whom or for whom Me, te, le/se, nos, los las Is the receiver of action Se lo di= I gave it to her The se is actually a le but changes to se

22. Only time Object Pronouns can Hook onto a Verb 1: if the verb is in the un-conjugated infinitive form 2: in affirmative commands 3: if the verb is in gerund form

23. Se Impersonal “ se” is used to not specify the person who is committing the action It is only used when the verb is in the “usted” form Can be used in all tenses of the verb Se habla español aquí. => An unspecified person speeks spanish here.

24. Grammer Book Part 2

25. Grammar Book part 2. Past Participles as Adjectives El Futuro and ir + a+ infinitive Demonstrative Adjectives Demonstrative Pronouns Informal + irregulars verbs Formal + irregulars verbs DOP + IOP placement in verbs Modal Verbs Reflexives Saber vs. Conocer

26. Past Participles when conjugating a verb, take off the ending and attach –ado or –ido Ar -ado Ir/Er -Ido

27. El Futuro and ir + a+ infinitive The future tense is used to describe an action that has not occurred yet but will occur É emos ás á an

28. Demonstrative Adjectives Agree in both gender and number with the noun they modify Always in front of noun they modify Este/Esta (this) Ese/Ese (that) Estos/Estas (these) Esos/Esas (those)

29. Demonstrative Pronouns Add an accent over the first “e” of the demonstrative adjectives to make it a pronoun

30. Informal + irregulars verbs The irregulars are TVDISHES

31. Formal + irregular verbs

32. DOP + IOP placement in verbs 1: if the verb is in the un-conjugated infinitive form 2: in affirmative commands 3: if the verb is in gerund form Negative commands the DOP/IOP is placed in front of verb

33. Model Verbs Model Verbs pair with another verb to get a new meaning Ir+a+infinitive Going to do something Poder+infinitive Are able to do something Querer+infinitive Want to do something Deber+infinitve Should do something Tener que+infinitve To have to do something

34. Reflexive Verbs Reflexive Pronouns Reflexive verbs reflect the action back to the doer of the action Me nos te os se se

35. Reflexive Verbs cont. Ex. to bathe bañarse to get up levantarse to be happy alegrarse to go to bed acostarse

36. Saber Vs. Conocer Saber To know informative facts Mental Conocer To know places, people, things physical