This document is a grammar book in Spanish that provides explanations and examples of various grammar topics in 20 pages. It covers nationalities, affirmative and negative words, stem-changing verbs, para, adjectives, object and indirect object pronouns, ser vs estar, superlatives, verbs like gustar, pero vs sino, reflexive verbs, commands, adverbs, deber with modal verbs, past participles, the preterite tense, and the progressive tense. It also includes tables of Spanish-speaking countries and their nationalities, capitals, and demonyms.

1. Grammar Book
By: Tommy Humphrey

2. Nationalities Pg. 1 Affirmative and negative Pg. 11
Stem-Changing Verbs Pg. 2 Pero vs. sino Pg. 12
Para Pg. 3 DOP/IOP/SE Pg. 13
Adjectives Pg. 4 Refelxive Verbs Pg. 14
Object Pronoun Placement Pg. 5 Tú commands (aff., neg., irr.) Pg. 15
DOP Pg. 6 Adverbs (-mente) Pg. 16
IOP Pg. 7 Deber + Modal Verbs Pg. 17
Ser & Estar Pg. 8 Past Participles as Adjectives Pg. 18
-ísimo(a), and g/c/z Pg. 9 Preterite Pg. 19
Verbs like gustar Pg. 10 Progressive Tense Pg. 20
Table of Contents

3. Country Nationality Capital
Mexico Mexicano(a) Mexico, D.F.
Guatemala Guatemalteco(a) Guatemala
El Salvador Salvadoreño(a) San Salvador
Honduras Hondureño(a) Tegucigalpa
Nicaragua Nicaragüense(a) Managua
Costa Rica Costarricense(a) San Jose
Panama Panameño(a) Panama
Colombia Colombiano(a) Bogota
Venezuela Venezolano(a) Caracas
Ecuador Ecuatoriano(a) Quito
Peru Peruano(a) Lima
Bolivia Boliviano(a) La Paz (Sucre)
Chile Chileno(a) Santiago
Paraguay Paraguayo(a) Asuncion
Argentina Argentino(a) Buenos Aires
Uruguay Uruguayo(a) Montevideo
Cuba Cubano Havana
Dominican Republic Dominicano Santo Domingo
Nationalities

4. • Stem changing verbs change irregurarly except for nostros and vosotros form.
Can be i-ie, u-ue, e-i, or o-ue.
Jugar (u-ue)
Juego Jugamos
Juegas Jugáis
Juega Juegan
Stem-Changing Verbs
Nice Boot!

5. • Para is used to refer to purpose, as to explain why something is being done. It
can be used to explain purpose or explain who something is being done for.
• Ex: Compro unas papas fritas por mi hermano.
(I’m buying french fries for my brother.)
Para

6. • Adjectives in spanish are used just like adjectives in english, describing a
noun in a sentence.
• Adjectives usually come after a noun in a sentence.
• Most adjectives have different endings when applying to male/female
people or things.
• Male: ends in –o
• Female: ends in –a
• Some adjectives do not change for males, instead adding an –a to the end
of them. (ex: trabajador, trabajadora)
• Adjectives that end in –e do not change at all for males and females. (ex:
interesante)
Adjectives

7. • Object pronouns, unlike in English, are placed before a conjugated verb in
Spanish. That’s all, folks.
Object Pronoun Placement

8. • DOP’s or Direct Object Pronouns in Spanish are used before a verb in a
sentence to tell what is being done by the verb. (to what or whom)
• Ex: Mi hermano cepilla sus dientes.
 Mi hermano los cepilla.
DOP

9. • IOP’s or Indirect Object Pronouns in Spanish tell for whom something is
being done. (for what or whom)
• Ex: Yo doy a mis primeros.
 Yo les doy.
IOP

10. Ser- to be
• Identifies people and things
• Used with de to express position
• Also expresses origin
• Shows profession or occupation
Ser & Estar
Estar- to be
Ser- to be
soy somos
eres sois
es son
• Expresses condition or emotion
• Location of people, places, things
• Estar + adjective
• Estar de buen/mal humor
Estar- to be
Estoy Estamos
Estas Estais
esta Estan

11. • -ísimo is used to express superlatives in Spanish. Most adjectives can be made
superlative by adding –ísimo. Others can be irregular, needing a g, c, or even z
to satisfy their superlative needs.
• Ex: blanco  blanquísimo, largo  larguísimo, feliz  felicísimo
• Also:
-ísimo(a), and g/c/z

12. • Gustar and verbs like it are used in association with IOP’s to describe what
something is to a person. Verbs like gustar always are conjugated based off of
the the thing that is being liked, etc.
• Gusto mi taco. NO
• Me gusta mi taco. YEEEEESSSS
Verbs like gustar

13. • Affirmative and negative words are used to describe existence/ nonexistence.
• In Spanish, double negatives are used with negative words, unlike in English.
• Ex: No quiero nada.
Affirmative and negative

14. • Pero is used when two verbs are being used to describe the same subject.
• Quiero comprar una mesa, pero no tengo dinero o una casa.
I want to buy a table, but I don’t have money or a house…
• Sino is used when two complex adjectives are used to describe a subject.
• Estoy trabajador sino muy perezoso.
I am a worker but very lazy.
Pero v. sino

15. • Using DOP’s and IOP’s together isn’t as complicated as you think. Simply
remember this order: subject  IOP  DOP  verb
• Ex: Mi abuela compra unas floras a mí.
 Mi abluela me las compra.
• Always use se when combining IOP’s that are in Ud./Uds. form.
• Ex: Mi abuela da un regalo a mis hermanos.
les
Mi abuela se lo da.
DOP/IOP/SE

16. • Reflexive verbs are used to describe the actions of one’s self, or someone
doing something intransitive, rather only applying to themselves.
• Can be conjugated to apply to specific individuals or be used as a gerund (ex:
Antes de lavarse, me lavo la cara).
Reflexive Verbs

17. Affirmative
Regular
• Take tú form and drop “s”.
Ex: nadar  nadas  nadas
Irregular
Di - decir
Haz- hacer
Ve- ir/ver
Pon- poner
Sal- salir
Se- ser
Ten- tener
Ven- venir
Negative
Regular
• Take yo form, change ar  e and er/ir  a; add “s”
Ex: nadar  nado  nade  nades
Irregular
Tener- Tengas
Venir- Vengas
Decir- Digas
Ir- Vayas
Salir- Salgas
Hacer- Hagas
Estar- Estés
Saber- Secas
Tú commands (aff., neg., irr.)

18. • add -mente to the feminine singular form of an adjective
• When two adverbs modify same word, only the second one has -mente
ending.
Adverbs (-mente)

19. • Modal verbs in Spanish are much like helping verbs in English. They are
used to assist in the indication of modality- likelihood, ability, obligation, etc.
• Deber + infinitive: Debo jugar más deportes. (I should play more sports.)
Deber- should, ought to
debo debemos
debes debéis
debe deben
Deber + Modal Verbs

20. • *Drop –ar ending and add –ado
• *Drop –er or –ir ending and add –ido
• Ex:
La puerta está cerrada.
-The door is closed.
El restaurante está abierto.
-The restaurant is open.
Past Participles as Adjectives

21. • A definite time in the past
• Has a beginning and/or ending
• Las expressionas para el uso (trigger words)
• Ayer, Anoche, El año pasado, la semana, pasada, ante ayer
Preterite
-er/ir verbs
-í -imos
-iste --
-ió -ieron
-ar verbs
-é -amos
-aste --
-ó -aron

22. • The present progressive is only used to describe an action that is in the process
of taking place.
-ar -Ir(verb) -ir/er
• *Estar + -ando/-iendo/-yendo
• It is not used for future actions.
Progressive Tense