2. Table of Contents (Semester 1) 1- Introduction 2- Table of Contents 3-9 Preterite 4 Charts 5 Triggerwords 6 -car, -gar, -zar 7 spockverbs 8 Snake 9 Snakey 10 Cucaracha 11-14 Imperfect 12 Charts 13 TriggerWords 14 Irregulars 15 Preterite vs. Imperfect 16 Ser 17 Estar 18 Verbslike Gustar 19 Comprartives and Superlatives 20 Transitionwords 21-23 Future 24 Por 25 Para
3. Table of Contents (Semester 2) 27-29 Conditional 30-35 Perfect Tenses Present Past Irregulars Subjunctive Perfect 36 Tanto y Tan 37 Impersonal “Se” 38 Saber vs. Conocer 39-48 Commands 49 Subjunctive 50 Impersonal Expressions 51-52 Expressions of Emotions 53-54 Conjunctions of Time 55 Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns
6. TriggerWords Un día Una vez Ayer Hace un año Ya El martes El mes pasado Anteayer Por una hora
7. -car, -gar, -zar to get the same sound for certain verbs, the ending must change. Ejemplos: to get the hard “c” from buscar, you must replace the “c” with a “qu”: buscar + -é = busqué to get the hard “g” sound in pagar in the yo form, change the “ge” to a “gu”: pagar + -é = pagué to get the soft “z” sound in almorzar, in the yo form change the “z” to a “c” almorzar + -é = almorcé
16. Preterite vs. Imperfect Preterite Actions viewed by the speaker as completed Express the beginning or end of a past action Narrate a series of past actions Used for specific events imperfect Ongoing past actions with no reference to the beginning or end Express habitual past actions and events Describe physical and emotional states and characteristics Used for background information such as time, weather, location.
19. Verbslike gustar Whenfollowedbyoneor more verbs in theinfinitve, thesingluarformisused Gustar isoftenused in theconditionaltosoften a request Someexamples are: Aburrir Encantar Faltar Importar Doler Interesar
20. Comparatives and Superlatives Comparatives Más + adjective + que Menos + adjective + que Superlatives El/la Más + adjective + de El/la Menos + adjective + de Irregulars BuenoMejor viejo mayor Malopeor Jovenmenor
21. TransitionWords A pesar de Aunque Mientras Pero Por lo tanto Sin embargo No obstante también
23. Irregulars Decir Hacer Poner Salir Tener Valer Venir Poder Querer Saber Caber Haber Dir Har Pondr Saldr Tendr Valdr Vendr Poor Querr Sabr Cabr Habr
24. Trigger Words El proximo ______ Día, año, semana, hora, etc Mañana En (number) Día, año, semana, hora, etc
25. Por Passing through General rather than specific Location How long something lasts The cause of something An exchange Doing something of or instead of someone else A means of transportation Numbers and time
26. Para For whom something is done Destination The purpose for which something is done To express an opinion To compare or contrast To express the idea of a deadline
27. Conditional Tense When is it used? Possibility Probability Wonder “Would, could, must have, or probably”
32. Past Perfect combine the auxiliary verb "had" with the past participle Because the past perfect is a compound tense, two verbs are required: the main verb and the auxiliary verb.
33. PresentPerfect Irregulars Abrir- abierto Cubrir- cubierto Decir- dicho Escribir- escrito Hacer- hecho Morir- muerto Poner- puesto Resolver- resuelto Romper- roto Ver- visto Volver- vuelto Ir -ido
34. Subjuntivo Perfecto used when a verb or expression requiring the subjunctive in the main clause is in the present, future, or present perfect. The present subjunctive is used when the dependent clause is in the present or future, while the present perfect subjunctive is used when the dependent clause is in the past. Example: Dudo que lo hayas hecho.
36. Tanto y tan tan + adjective (adverb) + como Example: El libro es tan bueno como la película. tanto(-a,-os,-as) + noun + como Example: Juan tiene tanto dinero como María
37. “Se” Impersonal Use se toavoidspecifying a personwhoisdoingtheaction of theverb Whenusing se, theverbisalways in the 3rd person Se can beused in all tenses
40. Formal (Ud./Uds.) Yo form of a verb Drop the “o” and add the opposite ending Ar: “e” Ir/Er: “a” Plural- add an “n” Examples hablar:- hable/n Comer- coma/n
44. Negative Tú Mandatos Yo form then drop the “o” Add the opposite tú ending Examples Hablar: No hables Comer: No comas
45. Negative Tú Mandatos- Irregulars Tener- tengas Venir- vengas Decir-digas Ir-vayas Ser-sayas Hacer- hagas Estoy- estes Saber- sepas
46. NosotrosMandatos Yo form of the verb in present tense, drop the “o” and add the opposite nosotros ending Example Hablar: hablemos Comer: comamos With reflexive verbs, you drop the final “S” of the command form before attaching the reflexive pronoun Levantemos: noslevantèmonos
47. IOP/DOP Placement Commands object pronouns are attached directly to the end of the imperative form of the verb Example: CómpreloUd Example: Cómpralo If both direct and indirect object pronouns are attached, the indirect object pronoun comes before the direct object pronoun Example: CómpreloUd. CómpremeloUd.
48. IOP/DOP Placement Negative Commands the object pronouns come before the imperative form of the verb Example: No lo compre. If there are both direct and indirect object pronouns, the indirect object pronoun comes before the direct object pronoun. Example: No me lo compre.
49. PresentSubjunctive Attitudes, uncertain, hypothetical Irregulars: Tener-tenga, Venir- venga, Decir- diga Dar- dé, Ir- vaya, Ser- se, Hacer- haga Haber- haya, Estar- este, Saber- sepa Example: Dudo que usted vaya al Perú en diciembre. (I doubt that you are going to Peru in December.)
53. Conjunctions of Time take the indicative when the action in the subordinate clause is either habitual or in the past. The subjunctive is used when the main clause is a command or in the future Example: Trabajé hasta que mis niños me llamaron. I workeduntil my kidscalled
55. DemonstrativeAdjectives and Pronouns “this” “that “these” “those” Ejemplos: Adjectives: Este libroesfacil. This book is easy. Yoquieroestataza. I want that cup Pronouns Yoquieroeste. I want that. ¿Queesese? What is that?
