This grammar book covers essential topics of Spanish grammar including: the present tense, stem changers, irregular verbs, saber vs conocer, reflexives, impersonal se, diphthongs, ger/gir and cer/cir verbs, hace + que constructions, the imperfect and preterite tenses, regular and irregular conjugations, comparatives, superlatives, and the future tense. It provides examples and explanations of key grammatical structures in Spanish.

1. Grammar book
Gerardo Metropol

2. Table of Contents
 1. Present (-ar, -er, -ir)
 2. Stem Changers
 3. Irregular “yo”
 4. Saber vs. Conocer
 5. Reflexives
 6. Se impersonal
 7. Dipthongs with accents
 8. ger/gir, uir/guir, and cer/cir
 9. Hace___+Que+___
 10. Imperfecto
 11. Preterite
 12. Regular Conj.
 13. Irregular Conj.
 14. Compartives
 15. Superlatives.
 16. Future tense

3. Present Tense ( -ar, -er, -ir)
 -ar verbs change to
O amos
As ais
A an
 -er and -ir verbs change to
O emos/imos
Es eis
E en

4. Stem Changers
 When you conjugate Some verbs the undergo
stem changes
 There are three kinds of stem changes
 o:ue
 e:ie
 e:I
 Example:
cerrar (The e changes to ie inside the boot)
cierro cerramos
cierras cerráis
cierra cierran

5. Irregular “yo”
 When some verbs are conjugated only the yo
form is irregular.
Example:
Tener Tengo
Venir Vengo
Hacer Hago

6. Saber vs. Conocer
 To talk about whether someone knows a fact or
information use the verb saber.
 To talk about whether somone knows a person or
place use the verb conocer.
 Example: Eduardo sabe mucha información de
México.
 Example: Yo conozco a Juan.

7. Reflexives
 A reflexive verb reflects the action of the verb
back to the subject of the sentence.
 Example: lavarse
 Example in a sentence: Jose se lava. “Jose
washed himself”

8. “Se” Impersonal
 Se is a pronoun that refers to an undefined group
of people.
 Example: Se habla ingles. (They speak english)

9. Dipthongs with accents
 Dipthongs are when two vowels are next to each
other in a word so the second vowel is changed.
 Example: oi oy ui uy
 The stress is placed on the strong vowel.
 If the diphthong has two weak vowels, the second
one receives the stress

10. ger/gir, uir/guir, and cer/cir
 ger/gir, uir/guir, and cer/cir verbs change in the yo
from when conjugated into the present.
 -ger/-gir verbs change the g to j
 -uir/-giur verbs change the gu to g
 -cer/-cer verbs with a vowel in front of it change c to
zc
 -cer/-cer verbs with a consonant in front of it change
c to z

11. Hace___+Que+___
 Hace + time + que + present tense form of the
verb.
 Example: Hace seis días que corro un maratón.

12. Imperfecto
 To conjugate regular -ar verbs in the imperfect
tensed drop the –ar and add the appropriate
ending.
aba ábamos
abas abais
aba aban
 To conjugate regular -er and -ir verbs in the
imperfect tense drop the –er or –ir ending and
add the apropriate ending.
ía íamos
ías, íais
ía ían

13. Preterite
 Past tense
 Known beginning/ and or ending
 “ Snapshot “ of time.
 Trigger words
 Ayer
 Anoche
 Anteayer
 La semana pasada…

14. Regular Conj.
 A majority of spanish verbs use a regular
conjugation in the preterite.
 -ir -ar
o imos a amos
es en as an
e en- a an
 -er
o emos
es en
e en-

15. Car, Gar, Czar (Irregular
Conjugations)
 Car – que
 Gar – gue
 Zar - ce

16. Spock (Irregular Conjugations)
IR/SER DAR/VER HACER
•Fui •I •Hice
•Fuiste •Iste •Hiciste
•Fue •Io •Hizo
•Fuimos •Imos •Hicimos
•Fueron •ieron •hicieron

17. Cucaracha Verbs (Irregular Conjugations)
 The base of the verb changes and you add the appropriate
ending
 Andar-Anduv
 Estar-Estuv
 Poder-Pud
 Poner-Pus
 Quere-Quis
 Saber-Sup
 Tener-Tuv
 Vener-Vin
 Conducir-Conduj
 Producir-Produj
 Traducir-Traduj
 Decir-Dij
 Traer-Traj

18. Snake/Snakey (Irregular
Conjugations)
Snake Snakey
Stem changers Y changers
Change in third person Change in third person
Dormir Leer
Creer
Contruir

19. Comparatives
 Comparatives compare to things.
 Mas que Morethan
 Menos que Less than or fewerthan
 Tan the same
 Tanto como As much or as many as

20. Superlatives
 Superlatives say that something is the best/most
or worst/least at something
Example : Juan es mas alto. (Juan is the tallest.)
Juanita es la menos juegador de
beisbol.
(Juanita is the worst baseball player)

21. Future Tense
 Verb Endings
é emos
ás án
á án
 Irregular future verbs.
 Examples-
 Decir-dir sabedr –sabr
 haber – habr salir –saldr
 poder- podr tener-tendr
 poner- pondr valer-valdr
 querer-querr venir-vendr
 Future tense expresses something that hasn’t
occurred yet..
 Ex.