This document provides an outline of grammar topics covered in Spanish grammar books for semesters 1 and 2. It includes sections on verb tenses like the preterite, imperfect, future, and conditional. It also covers topics such as irregular verbs, comparative and superlative forms, uses of ser and estar, por vs para, impersonal se, commands, and the subjunctive mood. The outline serves as a table of contents for learners to understand what will be covered in their Spanish grammar studies over the course of two semesters.

1. Grammar Book SP3 semesters 1 &2 Isabel Vogt

2. El PreteritoPreterite TriggersCar.Gar.ZarSpock VerbsSnake and SnakeyCucaracha VerbsEl ImperfectoImperfect TriggersImperfect IrregularsPreterite vs. ImperfectVerbs like GustarComparatives and Superlatives Comparative/Superlative IrregularsEstarSerTransition WordsEl FuturoTriggers for FutureFuture IrregularsPorParaTable of Contents- first semester

3. Conditional present prefect tenses -past- present perfect-irregular-subjunctive perfectoTan y tantoImpersonal “se” Saber vs conocerCommands Subjunctive Impersonal expressionsExpressions of emotions Conjunctions of timeDemonstrative adjectives and pronouns Table of contents- second semester

4. Preterite is used when you are talking about the past-aréasteóamosasteisaronEr/ir íisteióimosisteisieronEx. Ella caminó por el parque. Preterite

5. Words that are used with the preterite to signal the preterite is being used. Ayer AnteayerAnocheLa semanapasada Ex. Ayer lavé mi carroTrigger words

6. Irregular preterite-car –gar –zar only take place in the “yo” form, otherwise use the regular preterite conjugationVerbs that end in –car conjugate to quéEx. Sacarsaqué, sacaste, sacó, sacamos, sacaronVerbs that end in –gar conjugate to guéEx. Llegarllegué, llegaste, llegó, llegamos, llegaronVerbs that end in –zarconguate to cé ex. Cruzarcrucé, cruzaste, cruzó, cruzamos, cruzaron-car –gar –zar

7. The “hand” irregulars Ir- fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueronSer- fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueronDar- di, diste, dio, dimos, dieronVer- vi, viste, vio, vimos, vieronHacer- hice, hizo, hicimos,hicieronSpock Irregular Verbs

8. Snake (e>i) pedir, preferir, competir, reptir, servir. (o>u) dormir, morir,sirviódurmióSnakeyLeer, creer, oirI changes to y in 3rd person LeyóCreyóoyóSnakey + snake verbs

9. Andaranduv- Estarestuv-Poderpud- Poner pus-Quererqurs- -e (yo), -iste (tú), -o (el, ella, ud.)Saber sup- -imos (nostros), -ieron (ellos, ellas, uds.)Tenertuv-Venirvin- Conducirconduj- Producirproduj- Traducirtraduj- -no iDecirdijTraer trajCucaracha Verbs

10. Indicates a continuous actionImperfected timeVery distant pastEl Imperfecto-AR-er/ir

11. Imperfect Triggers

12. Imperfect IrregularsIRSERVER

13. Preterite vs. Imperfect

14. Verbs like GustarUsed in the conditional tense to soften a request/ command

15. When followed by one or more infinitives, singular is usedComparatives & superlatives menosadjectiveadjectivequemásqueEl/la másadjectivedeel menosadjectivede

16. Comparative/Superlative Irregulars

17. EstoyEstásEstáEstamosEstánUse estar when you are talking about the following… H-healthE-motionL-locationP-resent conditionI- IdentificationN-ar = andoG- er/iednoEx. La manzanaestáverde.Estar

18. SoyEresEs SomosSonUse Ser when you are talking about the following….D- description O-origin C- characteristics (personality)T- time O-occupationR-relationshipP-possession E-events D-dates Ex. Ella escallada. Ser

19. Transition words

20. Infinitive plus ending-ar, -er, & -ir all the same  I will, you will, he/she will, they will, we will Future

21. El proximoMañanaEn Triggers for Future

22. Caber—cabrDecir—dirHaber—habrHacer—harHay—habráPoder—podrPoner—pondrQuerer—querrSaber—sabrSalir—saldrTener—tendrValer—valdrVenir--vendrFuture Irregulars

23. Passing through..PORtalGeneral rather than specific location..PORtugalHow long something lasts..POReverAn exchangeDoing something in place of or instead of someone else..I'm POoR, pay for meMeans of transPORtationPor

24. For whom something is done..surprise PARAtyDestination.. PARAguayThe purpose of which something is done..PARAsiteTo express an opinion…PARAdon meTo contrast of compareTo express idea of deadline… PARAmedicPara

25. When do I use it?I use it when… possibility, probability, wonder, “would, could, must have, probably”IrregularsCaber- cabríaPoner- pondríaDecir- diríaHaber-habríaSalir- saldríaHacer- haríaPoder- podríaTener- tendríaQuerer- querríaValer- valdríaSaber-sabríaVenir- vendríaConditional

26. Present perfect is a compound tenseWhen and how to use present perfect…To tell what you have or have not doneWhen speaking about something (like an action) that was true in the past and is still true in the presentTo indicate an action was completed recentlyPresent Perfect

27. Past perfect Two verbs are necessary because the past perfect is a compound tense. These verbs are the main verb and the auxiliary verb Combine the auxiliary verb “had” with the past participle

28. Abrir- abiertoCubrir-cubiertoDecir-dichoEscribir-escritoHacer-hechoMorir-muertoPoner-puestoResolver-resueltoRomper-rotoVer-vistoVolver-vueltoIr-idoPresent perfect irregulars

29. The present subjunctive is used when the dependent clause is in the present or future, while the present perfect subjunctive is used when the dependent clause is in the pastUsed when a verb or expression requiring the subjunctive in the main clause is in the present, future, or present perfectEx. Dudoque lo hayashechosubjunctive perfecto

30. Tanto + noun + como (-a,-os,-as) Example: Talia tienetantodinerocomo IsabelTan + adjective or adverb + comoExample: la peliculaes tan buenocomo el libroTan y tanto

31. Se can be used in all tenses Use se to avoid talking about a specific person who is doing the action of the verbUsing se, the verb is always in 3rd person “Se” Impersonal

32. Saber- facts and informationConocer- places, literature, people Saber vs Conocer

33. Put it in the yo formDrop the –o and add the opposite vowel endingAr-eEr/ir-aTo make it plural add –anHablar- hable(n)Comer- coma(n)Commands- formal Ud. & Uds.

34. T.V.D.I.S.H.E.STener- tengo-tengue(en)Venir-vengo-venga(n)Decir/Dar-diga(n) or dé(n)Ir-voy-vaya(n)Ser-sea(n)Hacer-hago-haga(n)Estar-estoy-esté(n)Saber-sepá(n) Commands- formal Ud/Uds irregular

35. Conjugate the verb in the tú form Drop the –sExample: hablar- hablaComer- comeCommads- Tú affirmative

36. Decir- diHacer-hazIr- vePoner-ponSalir-salTener-tenVenir-venCommads- Tú affirmative Irregular

37. Put it in the yo form and drop the –oAdd the opposite tú endingExample: hablar- no hablesComer- no comasCommands- negative tú

38. Tener- tengasVenir- vengasDecir- digasIr-vayasSer-sayasHacer-hagasEstar-estesSaber-sepasCommands- negative tú irregular

39. Put it in the yo form of the present tense verb and drop the –oAdd opposite nosotros endingExample: hablar- hablemosWith reflexive verbs, drop the –s on the command form before attaching the reflexive pronounLevantemos- noslevantémonos Commands- nosotros

40. Object pronouns are directly attached to the end of the imperative form of the verbEx: cómpreloIf both direct and indirect object pronouns are attached, the indirect object pronoun comes before the direct object pronounEx: cómpreloUd.- cómpremeloUd. Negative commandsThe object pronouns come before the imperative form of the verbEx. No lo compreIf both there are both direct and indirect object pronouns, the indirect object pronoun comes before the direct object pronounEx: no me lo compreCommands- IOP/DOP Placement

41. Present Subjunctive

42. Irregulares

43. Impersonal Expressions

44. Expressions of Emotions

45. Expressions of emotions

46. Take the indicative when the action in the subordinate clause is either habitual or in the past. The subjunctive is used when the main clause is a command or in the future. Example: trabajéhastaquemisniños me llamaron. Conjugations of Time

47. This, that, these, those Ejemplos:Adjectives:Este libroes mal- this book is badYoquieroestatazaPronouns:Yoquieroeste- I want that¿Queesese? Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns