This document provides a summary of Spanish grammar concepts including: - The uses of ser and estar and how estar changes in the present progressive form. - How verbs like gustar are conjugated differently by placing a pronoun in front. - How the preterite tense is used to talk about definite past events and how it is conjugated. - Special conjugations for verbs ending in -car, -gar, -zar and irregular preterite verbs. - The uses of different pronouns, commands, the future tense, demonstratives, reflexive verbs and the difference between saber and conocer.

1. Mateo Cooper2nd periodEl 9 de deciembreGrammar Book

2. Table of ContentsSer Commands MandatosFormalesEstar Irregulars - InformalesVerbs Like Gustar IOPs Modal VerbsHacer expressions Snakes ReflexivesPreteritoSnakies Saber vsconocerTrigger Words Se Impersonal Car, Gar, Zar Past Participle as AdjCucaracha Verbs El FuturoDOPs Demonstrative Adj Demonstrative Pronouns imperfect tense

3. SerUse the verb Ser under these circumstancesDescription Possession Ex: Soy AltoOrigin EventsCharacteristics DatesTime Questions dealing with serOccupation Quees? Como es? Quienes?Relationships Quehoraes? Quehace?

4. EstarEstar is similar to the verb ser, except estar is used do describe a present condition, a location, emotions, and healthEx: EstoymuyfelizWhen using Estar in the “ing” form, the ending of the word must be changed. An “ar” ending verb changes to andoAn “er” ending verb changes to endoAn “ir” ending verb changes to yendoEx: Hablar changes to Hablando. Comer changes to Comendo. Questions dealing with estar: Como Estas? Como Esta? DondeEstas?

5. Verbs like GustarGustar very different from many other verbs. It is conjugated differently and you must put a pronoun in front of the verb. Gustarisnt the only verb conjugated this way, other verbs like gustar include: facinar, doler, faltar, molestar, encantar, importar, disgustar, and pintarThe pronouns to use in front if these verbs goes as follows:Yo form- MeNosotros form- nosTuForm-TeVosotros form- osEl/ella form- Le Ustedes form- LesEx: Me Gusta el beisbolALSO!!- if the direct object of the verb is plural, then the “ar” must be replace with “an”Ex: Me Gustanmanzanas

6. Hacer ExpressionsHace + Time + Que + Conjugated verbThen conjugated verb can be in any tenseEx: Hacedos añosque vivo en la Francia

7. PreteritoThe Preterito is a definite time in the past with a beginning and/or endingConjugating verbs is el preterito goes as follows:HablarEscribir ComerYo-hableescribiComiTu-hablasteescribisteComisteEl-HabloescribioComioNos-hablamosescribimosComimosUds-hablaronescribieronComieron

8. Trigger WordsAyer- yesterday - these are examples of Anteayer- day before yesterday trigger words that can be A lasocho- 8 o’clock used in the preterito.El miercoles- On WednesdayEl dia anterior- day beforeAyer por la manana- yesterday morningEl otrodia- The other dayUnavez- one timeEstatarde- this afternoonEstanoche- tonightEntonces- thenHace dos dias- two days ago

9. Car, Gar, ZarVerbs ending in car, gar, or zar are conjugated in their own special way that goes as followsTocarJugarComenzarYo-toquejugueComenceTu-tocastejugasteComenzasteEl- tocojugoComenzoNos- tocamosjugamosComenzamosUds.- tocaronjugaronComenzaronEx: Juguebeisbolayer

10. Spock VerbsFuiFuimosFuisteFuisteisFueFueroni imosisteisteisioierondarserverirhacerHicehicimosHicistehicisteisHizohicieron

11. Cucaracha VerbsAndar- anduvEstar- estuvPoder- pudPoner- pus When conjugating cucaracha Querer- quis verbs, they change into these formsSaber- supTener- tuvYo- eNosotros- imosVenir- vinTu- isteVosotros- isteisConducir - conduj el/ella- o Ustedes- ieronProducir- produjTraducir- tradujDeicr- dijTraer- traj

12. DOPsLo, La, Los, LasDOPs can hook onto its verb, but only in 3 situations1. infinitiveEx: Voy a comerlo2. affirmative commandsEx: Bebala!3. gerunds/ present progressiveEx: EstoycomiendoloAll other times the DOP goes before the conjugated verbEx: Yo lo comiIn a negative command, the DOP comes after “no” and before the commandEx: Yo no lo comi

13. CommandsFor “ar” verbs drop the o and add eEx: Hable!For “er/ir” verbs drop the o and add aEx: Viva!

14. IrregularsThe irregular commands are known as TVDISHESTenerTenga(n)VenirVenga(n)Dar dé(n) & decirdiga(n)IrVaya(n)Ser Sea(n)HacerHaga(n)EstarEsté(n)Saber Sepa(n)

15. IOPsMe, te, le, nos, os, lesIOPs answer to whom or for whomMust have DOP to have an IOPIOP comes before the DOPEx: I gave it to her. Se lo di. Change to se

16. Snakes and SnakeysIn the snakes group”, there is a stem change in the 3rd personEx: Dormir Dorm

17. Se impersonal“se” is used to show who is conducting the action

18. Past Participle as Adjective- Agree with nouns they modify in gender and numberAdd- “ado” for “ar” verbsAdd- “ido” for “ir” verbsEx- El pollocomido, la manzana comida - los polloscomidos, lasmanzanascomidasIrregulars: Abrir-abierto, cubrir-cubierto, decir-dicho, escribir-escrito, hacer-hecho, morir-muerto, poner-puesto, Romper-roto, ver-visto, volver-vuelto, ir-ido

19. El FuturoYo- infinitive + e Nos- infinitive + emosTu- infinitive + as Vos- infinitive + eisEl- infinitive + a Uds- infinitive + anEx: ComereComeremosComerasComereisComeraComeranIrregulars: Decir-dir, Hacer-har, Salir-saldr, tener-tendr, valer-valdr, poder-podr, querer-querr, saber-sabr, caber-cabr, haber-habr

20. Demonstrative AdjectivesAgree with both gender and number with the noun they modifyAlways in front of the noun they modifyEste/Esta (this) Estos/Estas (these)Ese (that) Esos/Esas (those)

21. Demonstrative PronounsAdd an accent over the first “e” of the demonstrative adjective to change it into a pronounEx- Ese, Esta

22. Imperfect TenseArEr/IrIrSerVerCantaba Babia Iba Era VeiaCantabasBebiasIbas Eras VeiasCatabaBebiaIba Era VeiaCantamosBebiamosIbamosEramosVeiamosCanatabanBebianIbanEranVeianEx- Hay- Habia

23. MandatosformalesArPut in “yo” formDrop the “o” and add an “e” Ex- Hablar- HableEr/IrPut in “yo” formDrop the “o” and add an “a” Ex- Bebir- Beba

24. MandatosInformalesirregulars= TVDISHES

25. Model verbsIr+a+infinitivePoder+infinitive able to do somethingQuerer+infinitive Want to do somethingDeber+infinitive should do somethingTenerque+infinitive to have to do something

26. Reflexive VerbsPronounsMe NosTeOsSe SeReflex back to the conductor of the particular actionEx: Levantarse- to get up

27. Saber vsConocerSaber ConocerTo know informative facts To know of people, things,Mental or places physical concrete objects