This document provides a summary of Spanish grammar concepts including: - The uses of ser and estar and how estar changes in the present progressive form. - How verbs like gustar are conjugated differently by placing a pronoun in front. - How the preterite tense is used to talk about definite past events and how it is conjugated. - Irregular verbs and their conjugations like ser, ir, and hacer. - Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns and how they are used. - The imperfect tense and how it differs from the preterite.

1. Mateo Cooper 2nd period El 9 de deciembre Grammar Book

2. Table of Contents Ser Commands MandatosFormales Estar Irregulars - Informales Verbs Like Gustar IOPs Modal Verbs Hacer expressions Snakes Reflexives PreteritoSnakies Saber vsconocer Trigger Words Se Impersonal Car, Gar, Zar Past Participle as Adj Cucaracha Verbs El Futuro DOPs Demonstrative Adj Demonstrative Pronouns imperfect tense

3. Ser Use the verb Ser under these circumstances Description Possession Ex: Soy Alto Origin Events Characteristics Dates Time Questions dealing with ser Occupation Quees? Como es? Quienes? Relationships Quehoraes? Quehace?

4. Estar Estar is similar to the verb ser, except estar is used do describe a present condition, a location, emotions, and health Ex: Estoymuyfeliz When using Estar in the “ing” form, the ending of the word must be changed. An “ar” ending verb changes to ando An “er” ending verb changes to endo An “ir” ending verb changes to yendo Ex: Hablar changes to Hablando. Comer changes to Comendo. Questions dealing with estar: Como Estas? Como Esta? DondeEstas?

5. Verbs like Gustar Gustar very different from many other verbs. It is conjugated differently and you must put a pronoun in front of the verb. Gustarisnt the only verb conjugated this way, other verbs like gustar include: facinar, doler, faltar, molestar, encantar, importar, disgustar, and pintar The pronouns to use in front if these verbs goes as follows: Yo form- MeNosotros form- nos TuForm-TeVosotros form- os El/ella form- Le Ustedes form- Les Ex: Me Gusta el beisbol ALSO!!- if the direct object of the verb is plural, then the “ar” must be replace with “an” Ex: Me Gustanmanzanas

6. Hacer Expressions Hace + Time + Que + Conjugated verb Then conjugated verb can be in any tense Ex: Hacedos añosque vivo en la Francia

7. Preterito The Preterito is a definite time in the past with a beginning and/or ending Conjugating verbs is el preterito goes as follows: HablarEscribir Comer Yo-hableescribiComi Tu-hablasteescribisteComiste El-HabloescribioComio Nos-hablamosescribimosComimos Uds-hablaronescribieronComieron

8. Trigger Words Ayer- yesterday - these are examples of Anteayer- day before yesterday trigger words that can be A lasocho- 8 o’clock used in the preterito. El miercoles- On Wednesday El dia anterior- day before Ayer por la manana- yesterday morning El otrodia- The other day Unavez- one time Estatarde- this afternoon Estanoche- tonight Entonces- then Hace dos dias- two days ago

9. Car, Gar, Zar Verbs ending in car, gar, or zar are conjugated in their own special way that goes as follows TocarJugarComenzar Yo-toquejugueComence Tu-tocastejugasteComenzaste El- tocojugoComenzo Nos- tocamosjugamosComenzamos Uds.- tocaronjugaronComenzaron Ex: Juguebeisbolayer

10. Spock Verbs FuiFuimos FuisteFuisteis FueFueron i imos isteisteis ioieron dar ser ver ir hacer Hicehicimos Hicistehicisteis Hizohicieron

11. Cucaracha Verbs Andar- anduv Estar- estuv Poder- pud Poner- pus When conjugating cucaracha Querer- quis verbs, they change into these forms Saber- sup Tener- tuvYo- eNosotros- imos Venir- vinTu- isteVosotros- isteis Conducir - conduj el/ella- o Ustedes- ieron Producir- produj Traducir- traduj Deicr- dij Traer- traj

12. DOPs Lo, La, Los, Las DOPs can hook onto its verb, but only in 3 situations 1. infinitive Ex: Voy a comerlo 2. affirmative commands Ex: Bebala! 3. gerunds/ present progressive Ex: Estoycomiendolo All other times the DOP goes before the conjugated verb Ex: Yo lo comi In a negative command, the DOP comes after “no” and before the command Ex: Yo no lo comi

13. Commands For “ar” verbs drop the o and add e Ex: Hable! For “er/ir” verbs drop the o and add a Ex: Viva!

14. Irregulars The irregular commands are known as TVDISHES TenerTenga(n) VenirVenga(n) Dar dé(n) & decirdiga(n) IrVaya(n) Ser Sea(n) HacerHaga(n) EstarEsté(n) Saber Sepa(n)

15. IOPs Me, te, le, nos, os, les IOPs answer to whom or for whom Must have DOP to have an IOP IOP comes before the DOP Ex: I gave it to her. Se lo di. Change to se

16. Snakes and Snakeys In the snakes group”, there is a stem change in the 3rd person Ex: Dormir Dorm

17. Se impersonal “se” is used to show who is conducting the action

18. Past Participle as Adjective - Agree with nouns they modify in gender and number Add- “ado” for “ar” verbs Add- “ido” for “ir” verbs Ex- El pollocomido, la manzana comida - los polloscomidos, lasmanzanascomidas Irregulars: Abrir-abierto, cubrir-cubierto, decir-dicho, escribir-escrito, hacer-hecho, morir-muerto, poner-puesto, Romper-roto, ver-visto, volver-vuelto, ir-ido

19. El Futuro Yo- infinitive + e Nos- infinitive + emos Tu- infinitive + as Vos- infinitive + eis El- infinitive + a Uds- infinitive + an Ex: ComereComeremos ComerasComereis ComeraComeran Irregulars: Decir-dir, Hacer-har, Salir-saldr, tener-tendr, valer-valdr, poder-podr, querer-querr, saber-sabr, caber-cabr, haber-habr

20. Demonstrative Adjectives Agree with both gender and number with the noun they modify Always in front of the noun they modify Este/Esta (this) Estos/Estas (these) Ese (that) Esos/Esas (those)

21. Demonstrative Pronouns Add an accent over the first “e” of the demonstrative adjective to change it into a pronoun Ex- Ese, Esta

22. Imperfect Tense ArEr/IrIrSerVer Cantaba Babia Iba Era Veia CantabasBebiasIbas Eras Veias CatabaBebiaIba Era Veia CantamosBebiamosIbamosEramosVeiamos CanatabanBebianIbanEranVeian Ex- Hay- Habia

23. Mandatosformales Ar Put in “yo” form Drop the “o” and add an “e” Ex- Hablar- Hable Er/Ir Put in “yo” form Drop the “o” and add an “a” Ex- Bebir- Beba

24. MandatosInformales irregulars= TVDISHES

25. Model verbs Ir+a+infinitive Poder+infinitive able to do something Querer+infinitive Want to do something Deber+infinitive should do something Tenerque+infinitive to have to do something

26. Reflexive Verbs Pronouns Me Nos TeOs Se Se Reflex back to the conductor of the particular action Ex: Levantarse- to get up

27. Saber vsConocer Saber Conocer To know informative facts To know of people, things, Mental or places physical concrete objects