This document provides an overview of various grammar topics in Spanish, including stem changing verbs, para, indirect object pronouns, gustar, superlatives, reflexive verbs, commands, the preterite tense, deber + infinitive, modal verbs, the present progressive, and adverbs. It defines each concept and provides examples to illustrate their use in Spanish.

1. By: Juan Pablo Pollack

2.  1. Nationalities
 2. Stem Changing Verbs
 3.Para
 4. Pronoun Placement
 5. Indirect Object Pronouns
 6. Gustar
 7. Affirmative/Negative Words
 8. Superlatives
 9. Reflexives
 10. Affirmative tú Commands
 11. Negative tú Commands
 12. Sequencing events
 13. Preterite
 14.Trigger Words
 15. –Car, -Gar, -Zar
 16. Deber + Infinitive
 17. Modal Verbs
 18. Present Progressive
 19. Adverbs

4.  A stem change can occur in the Yo form, Tu
form, El/Ella/Usted form, and
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes form.
 Nosotros and Vosotros do not stem change.
 Example using Poder, to be able to.
 u-ue, o-ue, e-ei, e-i.
Puedo Podemos
Puedes Podéis
Puede Pueden

5.  Para is used in the Spanish language as for is
used in the English language.
 Ex: Yo cocino la cena para mis padres.

6.  Indirect Objects are nouns that tell to whom or
for whom.
 To determine which pronoun to use, refer to the
indirect object. Le, Te, Me, Nos, Os, Les.
 IOP’s are placed: Before conjugated verb,
attached to an infinitive, or attached to a gerrund.
 Example: El hombre le vende el carro a mi padre.
 You would choose le because it refers to mi padre
which is él.

7.  1. Attached to the pronoun to the infinitive.
 2. Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense
verb or “ing” verb.
 3. Attach the pronoun to an affirmative
command.
 4. Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb.

8.  If you want to talk about the things people like, change
the form of gustar to match the singular or plural
nouns for those things.
 Ex: Me gusta la idea, nos gusta la idea
 Ex: Le gustan las personas, les gustan las personas.

Pronouns
Me Nos
Te Les
Le Les

9.  When talking about an indefinite or negative
situation, you should use a negative or
affirmative.
 Alguno and Ninguno drop of the O to show
masculine singular nouns.
Affirmative Negative
Algo Something Nada Nothing
Alguien Someone Nadie No one
Algun/alguno Same Ningun/ninguno None
Siempre Always Nunca Never
Tambien Also Tampoco Neither/either

10.  Superlatives are used to express extreme
adjectives by dropping the final vowel and
adding “isimo(a)”.
 The adjective must agree in gender and
number of the noun it modifies.
 Ex: La comida es riquisimo.
 Ex: La limonada es muy refrequisimo!

11.  To describe people doing something
themselves, use a reflexive verb.
 Ex: Me lavo la cabeza.
 When there is not a reflexive verb, the person
doing the action is not receiving the action.
Me Nos
Te Os
Se Se

12.  Affirmative commands give instructions or
commands to someone.
 Ex: Camina en el parque!
 When using a pronoun with an affirmative
command, the pronoun attaches to the
command.
 Ex: Ponte otra camisa!

13.  When telling someone what not to do, use a
negative command.
 Formed by taking the form of the present tense,
dropping the O, and add the opposite ending
in tu form.
Vengas Tengas Pongas Salgas
Hagas Digas Vayas Seas

14.  Primero- First
 Entonces- Then/Therefore
 Luego/Despues- Later/After
 Por Fin- Finally
 Antes de/ Despues de- Before/After
 Por la mañana/tarde/noche-In the
morning/afternoon/night
 Los Lunes- On Monday

15.  The preterite is in the past tense.
é í
Aste Iste
ó Ió
Amos Imos
Aron Ieron
Esto Es El Preterito

16.  Preteito  trigger words from preterito

17. Tocar Jugar Comenzar
Toqué Jugué Comencé
Tocaste Jugaste Comenzaste
Tocó Jugó Comenzó
Tocamos Jugamos Comenzaron
Tocaron Jugaron comenzaron
Verbs that end in -gar change g to gu.
Verbs that end in -car change c to qu.
Verbs that end in -zar change z to c.

18.  The verb deber means “should” or “ought to”.
 To say what people should do, conjugate
deber, and use another verb in its infinitive
form.
 Ex: Yo debo comer antes voy al tenís.

19.  Modal verbs are when the first verb is
conjugated, and then the verb immediately
after it stays in it’s infinitive form.
 Ex: Yo voy comer a la cafetería. (I go eat at the
cafeteria)
 Ex: Él debe limpiar la cocina. (He should clean
the kitchen)
 Ex: Nosotros queremos jugar el fútbol
Americano. (We want to play football)

20.  When you use pronouns in the present progressive, you can put
them before the conjugated verb estar, or attach it to the end of the
present participle.
 For an –ar verb, use ando at the end. (Jugando)
 For an ir/er verb, use iendo at the end. (Comiendo)
 For Ir or a verb that has three consecutive vowels, use yendo.
(Leyendo)
 E-I stem changing verbs have a vowel chagne in the stem.
Ex: Servir----Sirviendo
Ex: Preferir---- Prefiriendo

21.  To describe how something is done, use adverbs.
 When an adjective ends in E, I, or Z, add
-mente to the end.
 Ex: Frecuente----Frecuentemente
 Ex: Facil----Facilmente
 Ex: Feliz----Felizmente
 For adjectives ending in and A or O, add -mente to the feminine form.
 Ex: Rápido----Rápidamente
 Ex: Trabajadoro----Trabajadoramente
 When you use two adverbs, drop the –mente from the first one.
 Ex: Lenta y Traquilamente.