2. Table Of Contents
Presente
Ser y Estar
Verbs Like Gustar
Preterit & Imperfect
Subjunctive in Noun Clauses
Commands
Object Pronouns
Possessive adjectives & Pronouns
Demonstrative adjectives & pronouns
Subjunctive in Adverb Clauses
Reflexives
Por y Para
“To become”
3. El Presente
AR VERBS ER/IR VERBS
YO form Hablo Escribo
Tu form Hablás Escribés
El/Ella/Usted Habla Escribe
Nosotros Hablamos Escribemos
Ellos/Ustedes Hablan Escriben
4. Ser y Estar (Irregular)
Ser and Estar both mean “to be”. Their conjugated
forms are different variations of the form of “to
be”.
Ser is used for describing identity, (personality,
physical description, race, gender, profession,
origin) things having to do with time, (dates,
seasons, events, time) and possession.
Estar is used for describing STATES OF BEING
such as: feelings/emotions, appearances,
locations, and with the present progressive tense.
Ser Estar
YO Soy Estoy
Tu Eres Estás
Ud Es Está
Nosotros Somos Estamos
Ustedes Son Están
5. Verbs Like Gustar
In English, to express our liking of something we might say
“I like that color.” In Spanish, it is grammatically correct to
say “The color is pleasing to me.”
Gustar is used in two forms: singular and plural, depending
on the object being “gustar-ed”
Pronouns are used IN FRONT OF gustar to express who is
being liked. (Me te, Le, Nos, Les)
Other verbs like gustar are used in the same way:
Molestar
Fascinar Ex: Me gustan los libros. (I
Encantar like the books)
Te gusta la computadora.
Disgustar
(You like the computer)
Faltar
Importar
6. Preterit & Imperfect
Preterit and Imperfect are both forms of the past tense.
Preterit is used to describe actions with a definite
ending, whereas imperfect is used to describe things
that happened over an indefinite period of time.
Preterit (AR) Imperfect (AR)
Hablé Hablaba
Hablaste Hablabas
Habló Hablaba
Hablamos Hablabamos Preterit (ER/IR) IMPERFECT
(ER/IR)
Hablaron Hablaban
Comí Comía
Comiste Comías
Comió Comía
Comimos Comíamos
Comieron Comían
7. Subjunctive in Noun Clauses
The subjunctive is not a tense, it’s a mood. There are 6 irregular
A mood describes how the speaker feels
about the action. The subjunctive presents a verbs in the present
question of certainty. subjunctive:
There are multiple clauses that can be used Dar, estar, haber, ir,
with the subjunctive, including: es bueno saber, ser
que, es dudoso que, es imposible que, es
malo que, etc.
To conjugate verbs in the present
subjunctive, use the opposite endings as the
infinitive. For example, ar verbs change to
normal er/ir endings. An example of a
sentence using the subjunctive would be “Es
importante que tengas un grado bueno”
AR- e, es, e, emos, en
ER- a, as, a, amos, an
8. Commands
Formal Commands: only used in the UD/UDS form. The
verb forms are conjugated in the same way as the
present subjunctive tense. For example, -ar verbs switch
to either –e or –en depending on if the subject is plural,
and –er to –a or –an.
Informal Commands (or Tu commands) are conjugated
in the same way as the present INDICATIVE form for
affirmative commands only. Negative informal
commands are conjugated like the present subjunctive
form. Example: No hables (don’t speak) vs Habla
(speak)
There are 8 irregular verbs in the affirmative tu
command form: Decir, Hacer, Ir, Poner, Salir, Ser, Tenir,
Venir
9. Object Pronouns
There are two forms of object pronouns: Direct and
indirect. Direct objects indicate who or what is
specifically receiving the action. The pronouns
me, te, lo/la, nos, los/las are used when replacing
the direct object.
Placement: in an affirmative statement with just one
verb, the DO pronoun comes right before the conjugated
verb. Example: Tengo la pluma = La tengo.
When the pronoun takes the place of an indirect
object, the pronouns me, te, le, nos, les are used. The
IO tells us where the DO is going. For example: “Juan
me da a mi el dinero”. (Juan gives me the money) Who
does he give the money (DO) to? Me- IO.
10. Possessive Adjectives &
Pronouns
Possessive adjectives are used to show ownership.
There are 4 possessive adjectives: mi, tu, su,y
nuestra. Possessive adjectives agree with the noun
they modify. Ex: (mi libro/mis libros). Nuestra is
changed depending on the gender of the noun. Ex:
(Nuestra tienda/Nuestro vestido)
Possessive pronouns take the place of a noun. The
following are possessive pronouns, and all have
plural forms as well:
Mio/Mia
Examples:
Tuyo/Tuya Tu carro es verde. (adj)
El mio es rojo. (pronoun)
Suyo/Suya
Nuestro/Nuestra
11. Demonstrative Adjectives
and Pronouns
Demonstrative adjectives describe a noun while demonstrative
pronouns take the place of a noun.
For example: Juan lee este libro. (adjective because it indicates which
book)
Juan lee este. (This replaces the word book)
There are 3 demonstrative adjectives which each have four forms:
Este libro (this book)
Estos libros (these books)
Esta pluma (this pen)
Estas plumas (these pens)
Ese libro (that book)
Esos libros (those books)
Esa pluma (that pen)
Esas plumas (those pens)
Aquel libro (that book over there)
Aquellos libros (those books over there)
Aquella pluma (that pen over there)
Aquellas plumas (those pens over there)
12. Demonstrative Adjectives and
Pronouns Continued
The demonstrative pronouns are the same as the
demonstrative adjectives, except instead the replace the
noun. For example:
Te gusta esta camisa? “Do you like this shirt?”
13. Subjunctives in
Adverb Clauses
The subjunctive is used in adverb clauses when the action
described in the clause is anticipated or hypothetical (a
reservation, a condition not yet met, a mere intention)
Adverbial Clauses are introduced by conjunctions
Example: a menos que, siempre que, hasta que, etc.
Example: No voy a menos que venga ella. (I’m not going
unless she comes)
Adverbial Conjunctions of Time: followed by a subjunctive
when introducing an anticipated situation.
Examples: hasta que, luego que, despues de que, tan
pronto como, etc.
Example: Me lavaré los dientes despues de que comamos.
(I’ll brush my teeth after we eat)
Como is followed by the subjunctive if used to mean “if”.
14. Reflexives
A verb is reflexive when the subject and object are the
same, for example: “I wash myself”.
Pronouns are used in front of the conjugated reflexive
verb to indicate who the verb is talking about.
These pronouns include: Me, te, se, nos, se
Examples:
Me lavo- I wash myself.
Me llamo Taylor- I call myself Taylor.
15. Por y Para
Por and Para both mean “for”, and each has different
uses:
Uses of Por Uses of Para
To express gratitude or apology Destination
Multiplication/Division Purpose/Use
Frequency and Proportion In order to…
“Through, along, by” Indicate a recipient
Exchange (sales) Deadline for a specific time
Length of time Contrast from what is expected
General time (during) Actions that will soon be completed
Communication/Transportation
Cause/Reason
“Estar por” = in the mood for
Passive Constructions
