Soil erosion kvg
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introduction of soil erosion, their types, phases, soil conservation measures, agronomical and engineering measures..
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Soil water
The document discusses soil water, including its classification, movement through soil, availability to plants, and factors that affect availability. It introduces key concepts like infiltration, percolation, pore space, and how soil acts as a sponge to take up and retain water, with pore space allowing for storage and movement of water. The document also covers indicators of plant water stress, development of water deficiency in plants, and concluding with factors that influence water availability.
Soil Erosion and Conservation
This document discusses soil erosion, its causes, effects, and methods for prevention. It covers:
- Natural and human-caused soil erosion, with the latter including overcropping, overgrazing, and deforestation.
- Problems from erosion like loss of topsoil and declining plant productivity.
- A case study on erosion and desertification in Africa's Sahel region exacerbated by climate change.
- Conservation methods like windbreaks, contour plowing, stubble planting, terraces, and stone walls.
S O I L E R O S I O N
The document discusses the causes and prevention of soil erosion. It identifies the main causes of soil erosion as wind, waves, water, and gravity. Wind erosion is more likely in dry, unprotected areas and can cause deflation. Waves pound coastal rocks and grind sediments. Fast moving water can carry larger particles that break down smaller particles. Gravity causes downslope movement and mass wasting of soils and sediments. The document recommends prevention methods like reforestation, contour plowing, terracing, strip cropping, and planting vegetation to absorb water and hold soils in place.
The Process of Soil Formation
Soil formation or pedogenesis is the combined effect of human impact on the environment, physical, chemical and biological processes working on soil parent material.
Hydrologic cycle and field water balance
The document discusses the hydrologic cycle and field water balance. It provides details on:
1) The hydrologic cycle, which describes the circulation of water between the atmosphere, land, oceans and biosphere through processes like evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.
2) Components of the hydrologic cycle like green water, blue water, infiltration, recharge, and groundwater flow.
3) The field water balance accounts for all water inputs, outputs, and storage within a soil area over a period of time based on the law of conservation of mass. It considers precipitation, runoff, evapotranspiration, and changes in water storage.
Soil water
This document discusses key concepts in soil science related to soil water. It defines several soil moisture constants including field capacity, wilting coefficient, hygroscopic coefficient, and available water capacity. It also describes the processes of infiltration, percolation, and permeability that govern the entry and movement of water into and through soil. Finally, it discusses saturated and unsaturated water flow in soil and the phenomenon of soil moisture hysteresis.
Prioritizing watersheds
What is prioritization?
Prioritization is done to select the area of interest.
Prioritization is a process of identifying areas of main concern based on single or many parameters
Selection of one or few watersheds out of many watersheds by using predefined set of criteria.
Evapotranspiration
This document discusses evapotranspiration, which is the total amount of water lost as vapor from soil, plant surfaces, and water bodies. It defines evaporation as movement of water to the air from sources like soil and water bodies, while transpiration is movement of water within plants and subsequent loss of water vapor through leaf stomata. The document outlines different types of evapotranspiration and factors that affect the process, like plant/crop characteristics, soil properties, and geographical factors. It also describes methods to determine evapotranspiration rates, including indirect methods like water balance and energy balance approaches, and direct methods like using lysimeters to measure actual evapotranspiration.
Recommended
Soil water
The document discusses soil water, including its classification, movement through soil, availability to plants, and factors that affect availability. It introduces key concepts like infiltration, percolation, pore space, and how soil acts as a sponge to take up and retain water, with pore space allowing for storage and movement of water. The document also covers indicators of plant water stress, development of water deficiency in plants, and concluding with factors that influence water availability.
Soil Erosion and Conservation
This document discusses soil erosion, its causes, effects, and methods for prevention. It covers:
- Natural and human-caused soil erosion, with the latter including overcropping, overgrazing, and deforestation.
- Problems from erosion like loss of topsoil and declining plant productivity.
- A case study on erosion and desertification in Africa's Sahel region exacerbated by climate change.
- Conservation methods like windbreaks, contour plowing, stubble planting, terraces, and stone walls.
S O I L E R O S I O N
The document discusses the causes and prevention of soil erosion. It identifies the main causes of soil erosion as wind, waves, water, and gravity. Wind erosion is more likely in dry, unprotected areas and can cause deflation. Waves pound coastal rocks and grind sediments. Fast moving water can carry larger particles that break down smaller particles. Gravity causes downslope movement and mass wasting of soils and sediments. The document recommends prevention methods like reforestation, contour plowing, terracing, strip cropping, and planting vegetation to absorb water and hold soils in place.
The Process of Soil Formation
Soil formation or pedogenesis is the combined effect of human impact on the environment, physical, chemical and biological processes working on soil parent material.
Hydrologic cycle and field water balance
The document discusses the hydrologic cycle and field water balance. It provides details on:
1) The hydrologic cycle, which describes the circulation of water between the atmosphere, land, oceans and biosphere through processes like evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.
2) Components of the hydrologic cycle like green water, blue water, infiltration, recharge, and groundwater flow.
3) The field water balance accounts for all water inputs, outputs, and storage within a soil area over a period of time based on the law of conservation of mass. It considers precipitation, runoff, evapotranspiration, and changes in water storage.
Soil water
This document discusses key concepts in soil science related to soil water. It defines several soil moisture constants including field capacity, wilting coefficient, hygroscopic coefficient, and available water capacity. It also describes the processes of infiltration, percolation, and permeability that govern the entry and movement of water into and through soil. Finally, it discusses saturated and unsaturated water flow in soil and the phenomenon of soil moisture hysteresis.
Prioritizing watersheds
What is prioritization?
Prioritization is done to select the area of interest.
Prioritization is a process of identifying areas of main concern based on single or many parameters
Selection of one or few watersheds out of many watersheds by using predefined set of criteria.
Evapotranspiration
This document discusses evapotranspiration, which is the total amount of water lost as vapor from soil, plant surfaces, and water bodies. It defines evaporation as movement of water to the air from sources like soil and water bodies, while transpiration is movement of water within plants and subsequent loss of water vapor through leaf stomata. The document outlines different types of evapotranspiration and factors that affect the process, like plant/crop characteristics, soil properties, and geographical factors. It also describes methods to determine evapotranspiration rates, including indirect methods like water balance and energy balance approaches, and direct methods like using lysimeters to measure actual evapotranspiration.
Soil water relations
This document discusses soil properties that influence soil-water relations. It covers topics like soil depth, texture, structure, porosity, and moisture constants.
Some key points:
- Soil depth affects water storage capacity and root growth. Deeper soils store more water and allow for larger root systems.
- Texture refers to the proportions of sand, silt, and clay particles. This influences water holding capacity, with finer textures like clay holding more water.
- Soil structure and porosity determine water and air movement through the soil. Both macro and micro pores are needed for optimal plant growth.
- Moisture constants like field capacity and permanent wilting point define the range of available water for plants
Soil Erosion and Conservation
Soil Erosion
Soil Conservation
Geological erosion
Deforestation
Accelerated erosion
Over grazing
Splash erosion
Sheet erosion
Rill erosion
Gully erosion
Coastal erosion
Effects of soil erosion
Agronomic practices
Dry farming
Agrostological methods
Strip farming
Contour farming
Terrace cropping
Pan breaking
mulching
LECTURE 2- WATERSHED CLASSIFICATION AND MEASUREMENTS.pptx
A watershed carries water from the land after rain and snowmelt. Watersheds can be classified based on size (small <250km^2, medium 250-2500km^2, large >2500km^2) and land use (agricultural, urban, mountainous, forest, desert, coastal). Physical characteristics like area, length, slope, and shape affect watershed hydrology. Basin area reflects water volume potential while slope affects runoff momentum. Circular shapes result in more evenly timed runoff than elongated shapes.
Soil water plant relationship
The document discusses the relationship between soil, water, and plants. It covers several key topics:
- The importance of water for plant growth and physiological processes like germination, photosynthesis, and transpiration. Water is necessary for these processes and makes up a large percentage of fresh plant tissues.
- The movement and storage of water in soil, including gravitational, field capacity, and hygroscopic water. Plants can only access water within a certain soil water potential range.
- The mechanisms by which plants absorb water from soil, including passive absorption via transpirational pull and active absorption using energy. Absorption is influenced by root properties and environmental factors.
- How nutrients move from soil to plant
double ring infiltrometer
This document describes how to use a double ring infiltrometer to measure infiltration rates of soil. A double ring infiltrometer consists of two concentric metal cylinders that are hammered into the ground. Water is poured into the inner ring and the rate of infiltration into the soil is measured over time using a measuring rod. Soil types have characteristic infiltration rates ranging from less than 30 mm/hr for sand to 1-5 mm/hr for clay. The document provides materials needed, methodology which involves recording water level drops over time, and references.
Classification of soil water & soil moisture characteristics curve
Water in soil can be classified into three types based on how tightly it is held:
1) Capillary water held by surface tension in small pores.
2) Gravitational water that drains freely under gravity.
3) Hygroscopic water tightly bound to soil particles.
Soil water content is measured using concepts like field capacity, wilting point, and moisture tension. Water moves through soil via saturated, unsaturated, or vapor flow depending on soil moisture levels. Infiltration rate depends on soil properties and moisture conditions.
Classification of soil water
The document classifies and describes the three main classes of soil water:
1) Capillary water, which exists in pore spaces by molecular attraction and surface tension, held at tensions from 1/3 to 15 atmospheres.
2) Gravitational water, which will drain out of soil pores due to gravity if drainage is provided, and is not available for plant growth.
3) Hygroscopic water, which is absorbed by oven-dried soil exposed to moist air and is held very tightly by adsorption forces at tensions from 10,000 to 31 atmospheres, making it unavailable to plants.
4 runoff and floods
This document discusses runoff and provides definitions, processes, types, factors affecting runoff, and methods to estimate runoff. It defines runoff as the portion of precipitation that flows towards rivers and oceans as surface or subsurface flow. The key types of runoff discussed are surface runoff, subsurface/interflow, and baseflow. Factors affecting runoff include precipitation characteristics, catchment characteristics, topography, geology, and storage features. Methods to estimate runoff include direct measurement and indirect methods like empirical formulas, the rational method, and unit hydrograph analysis.
Hydraulic conductivity( Darcy's law)
The document discusses hydraulic conductivity, which measures the ability of a material like soil or rock to transmit fluids through pores and fractures under an applied hydraulic gradient. It describes hydraulic conductivity as being important for calculating groundwater movement rates and outlines experimental and empirical methods for determining it in the field or laboratory, such as constant head tests, falling head tests, or correlations with soil properties. Hydraulic conductivity is the constant in Darcy's Law and is defined as the volume of water that will move through a porous medium per unit time under a unit hydraulic gradient through a unit area measured perpendicular to flow.
Aquifers
An aquifer is an underground layer of permeable rock or sediment that contains water. Aquifers can be confined or unconfined. A confined aquifer is separated from the surface by an impermeable layer, while an unconfined aquifer allows water to seep directly from the surface above. Natural recharge of unconfined aquifers occurs through downward percolation of excess water, while confined aquifers recharge where the aquifer reaches the surface. Infiltration galleries are underground tunnels constructed with holes to intercept groundwater flowing towards lakes or rivers and collect it for extraction.
Soil water and movement of soil water
Soils can process and hold considerable amount of water. They can take in water, and will keep doing so until they are full, or until the rate at which they can transmit water into and through the pores is exceeded. Some of this water will steadily drain through the soil (via gravity) and end up in the waterways and streams, but much of it will be retained, despite the influence of gravity. Much of this retained water can be used by plants and other organisms, thus contributing to land productivity and soil health.
Infiltration and runoff
The document discusses infiltration, percolation, and factors that influence infiltration rates in soils. It describes how infiltration rates are measured and defines key terms like infiltration rate, hydraulic conductivity, and percolation. Soil texture, structure, and the presence of vegetation can greatly impact infiltration. Higher infiltration is associated with larger soil pores, continuous pore networks, and protective vegetative covers on the soil surface.
What is watershed
This document provides an overview of watershed development. It defines a watershed as an area of land that drains water to a common point. It describes the characteristics of watersheds including size, shape, physiography, slope, climate, drainage, vegetation, geology and soils, hydrology, and socioeconomics. It outlines the objectives, advantages, management measures, types, and aims of watershed development programs. It also discusses rainwater harvesting, development work carried out in watersheds, economic assessment, and the role of cooperative societies in watershed management.
Soil, Water and Plant Relationship (Day-11, 18 July 2020)
This document discusses soil-water-plant relationships and various properties of soil. It covers the composition and structure of soil, particle size analysis methods, soil texture and classification, bulk density, porosity, water holding capacity, and types of water held in soil. Key points include the three-phase system of soil (solid, liquid, gas), factors affecting soil properties like texture and structure, methods to determine particle size distribution and soil textural class, and definitions of various terms used to describe soil water content and water retention characteristics.
Water Erosion.pptx
This presentation includes description about water erosion, types of water erosion i.e. Raindrop erosion, Sheet erosion, Rill erosion, Gully erosion, Stream bank erosion, Sea-shore erosion Landslide/ slip erosion and Tunnel erosion.
Soil crusting and sealing
Soil crusting refers to the formation of a compact, dense layer on the surface of soil when it dries after rain or irrigation. This crust has very small pores and high density. It forms mainly in arid and semi-arid regions due to the breakdown of soil aggregates by raindrops. There are three main types of soil crusts: structural, erosion/depositional, and cryptogamic. Structural crusts form directly from the compaction of dispersed soil particles. Erosion/depositional crusts involve stripping away of upper layers. Cryptogamic crusts contain algae and fungi. Soil crusting reduces infiltration and aeration, negatively impacting plant growth. It can be prevented
SOIL EROSION
Soil erosion is the displacement of topsoil from its original location. It occurs naturally but can be exacerbated by certain human activities like deforestation, farming practices, lack of vegetation, and wind. The erosion process involves three steps: detachment of topsoil, movement of topsoil to another area, and deposition of topsoil in the new area. Major causes of soil erosion include rain and rainwater runoff, farming, slope of the land, lack of vegetation, and wind. Effects of soil erosion are loss of fertile topsoil, soil compaction, reduced organic and fertile matter, and issues with plant reproduction. Solutions to soil erosion include careful tilling, crop rotation, strip farming, shelter belts, contour pl
Water Balance Analysis
The document discusses water balance analysis and provides an overview of key concepts related to the hydrologic cycle and water balance. It defines water balance as calculating total precipitation input and outputs for an area. The hydrologic cycle and water balance principles are then applied to discuss the unsaturated zone, including soil moisture storage, infiltration, and subsurface water flow. Key terms like field capacity, wilting point, and available soil moisture are explained in the context of the unsaturated zone water balance.
Drought
Drought is defined as a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall that negatively impacts living conditions and agriculture. It is difficult to determine the exact onset and end of a drought. Drought can be caused by improper rainfall distribution over time and space, as well as an imbalance between precipitation and water usage. There are different types of drought including meteorological, hydrological, agricultural, and socio-economic droughts that have increasingly severe impacts on weather, water resources, crop yields, and the economy. While drought is a natural phenomenon, its effects are exacerbated in developing countries by issues like overpopulation, deforestation, and unsustainable water usage.
micro irrigation design detail ppt
The document provides information about micro irrigation training attended by Ahmad Ali. It discusses the various components of drip irrigation systems including filters. Different types of filters are described such as hydro cyclone, J sand separator, horizontal sand filter, vertical sand filter, screen filter and disc filter. Their working mechanisms are explained. The document also discusses the design process for micro irrigation systems including calculating water requirements, selecting pipe sizes, and choosing appropriate pumps and filters. It is concluded that micro irrigation improves water use efficiency and is suitable for arid regions.
Water erosion
This document discusses water erosion, which is the removal of soil by water. It defines erosion as the detachment, transportation, and deposition of soil. The main causes of erosion are misuse of land, deforestation, and poor soil management. The agents of erosion are wind, water, temperature, and biological factors. Water erosion specifically refers to the removal of soil particles by rain or flowing water. The forms of water erosion are rain splash, sheet, rill, gully, and stream erosion. Climate, soil properties, and topography affect the rate of water erosion.
soil erosion
Soil erosion is caused by both natural processes like wind and water, as well as human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, monoculture farming, and removing windbreaks. This accelerated erosion decreases soil fertility and crop production. Several methods can limit soil erosion, including terracing to hold soil and water, contour ploughing across slopes, planting shelter belts to protect soil, using strip farming to minimize bare soil, and installing stone lines along contours to reduce runoff.
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Soil water relations
This document discusses soil properties that influence soil-water relations. It covers topics like soil depth, texture, structure, porosity, and moisture constants.
Some key points:
- Soil depth affects water storage capacity and root growth. Deeper soils store more water and allow for larger root systems.
- Texture refers to the proportions of sand, silt, and clay particles. This influences water holding capacity, with finer textures like clay holding more water.
- Soil structure and porosity determine water and air movement through the soil. Both macro and micro pores are needed for optimal plant growth.
- Moisture constants like field capacity and permanent wilting point define the range of available water for plants
Soil Erosion and Conservation
Soil Erosion
Soil Conservation
Geological erosion
Deforestation
Accelerated erosion
Over grazing
Splash erosion
Sheet erosion
Rill erosion
Gully erosion
Coastal erosion
Effects of soil erosion
Agronomic practices
Dry farming
Agrostological methods
Strip farming
Contour farming
Terrace cropping
Pan breaking
mulching
LECTURE 2- WATERSHED CLASSIFICATION AND MEASUREMENTS.pptx
A watershed carries water from the land after rain and snowmelt. Watersheds can be classified based on size (small <250km^2, medium 250-2500km^2, large >2500km^2) and land use (agricultural, urban, mountainous, forest, desert, coastal). Physical characteristics like area, length, slope, and shape affect watershed hydrology. Basin area reflects water volume potential while slope affects runoff momentum. Circular shapes result in more evenly timed runoff than elongated shapes.
Soil water plant relationship
The document discusses the relationship between soil, water, and plants. It covers several key topics:
- The importance of water for plant growth and physiological processes like germination, photosynthesis, and transpiration. Water is necessary for these processes and makes up a large percentage of fresh plant tissues.
- The movement and storage of water in soil, including gravitational, field capacity, and hygroscopic water. Plants can only access water within a certain soil water potential range.
- The mechanisms by which plants absorb water from soil, including passive absorption via transpirational pull and active absorption using energy. Absorption is influenced by root properties and environmental factors.
- How nutrients move from soil to plant
double ring infiltrometer
This document describes how to use a double ring infiltrometer to measure infiltration rates of soil. A double ring infiltrometer consists of two concentric metal cylinders that are hammered into the ground. Water is poured into the inner ring and the rate of infiltration into the soil is measured over time using a measuring rod. Soil types have characteristic infiltration rates ranging from less than 30 mm/hr for sand to 1-5 mm/hr for clay. The document provides materials needed, methodology which involves recording water level drops over time, and references.
Classification of soil water & soil moisture characteristics curve
Water in soil can be classified into three types based on how tightly it is held:
1) Capillary water held by surface tension in small pores.
2) Gravitational water that drains freely under gravity.
3) Hygroscopic water tightly bound to soil particles.
Soil water content is measured using concepts like field capacity, wilting point, and moisture tension. Water moves through soil via saturated, unsaturated, or vapor flow depending on soil moisture levels. Infiltration rate depends on soil properties and moisture conditions.
Classification of soil water
The document classifies and describes the three main classes of soil water:
1) Capillary water, which exists in pore spaces by molecular attraction and surface tension, held at tensions from 1/3 to 15 atmospheres.
2) Gravitational water, which will drain out of soil pores due to gravity if drainage is provided, and is not available for plant growth.
3) Hygroscopic water, which is absorbed by oven-dried soil exposed to moist air and is held very tightly by adsorption forces at tensions from 10,000 to 31 atmospheres, making it unavailable to plants.
4 runoff and floods
This document discusses runoff and provides definitions, processes, types, factors affecting runoff, and methods to estimate runoff. It defines runoff as the portion of precipitation that flows towards rivers and oceans as surface or subsurface flow. The key types of runoff discussed are surface runoff, subsurface/interflow, and baseflow. Factors affecting runoff include precipitation characteristics, catchment characteristics, topography, geology, and storage features. Methods to estimate runoff include direct measurement and indirect methods like empirical formulas, the rational method, and unit hydrograph analysis.
Hydraulic conductivity( Darcy's law)
The document discusses hydraulic conductivity, which measures the ability of a material like soil or rock to transmit fluids through pores and fractures under an applied hydraulic gradient. It describes hydraulic conductivity as being important for calculating groundwater movement rates and outlines experimental and empirical methods for determining it in the field or laboratory, such as constant head tests, falling head tests, or correlations with soil properties. Hydraulic conductivity is the constant in Darcy's Law and is defined as the volume of water that will move through a porous medium per unit time under a unit hydraulic gradient through a unit area measured perpendicular to flow.
Aquifers
An aquifer is an underground layer of permeable rock or sediment that contains water. Aquifers can be confined or unconfined. A confined aquifer is separated from the surface by an impermeable layer, while an unconfined aquifer allows water to seep directly from the surface above. Natural recharge of unconfined aquifers occurs through downward percolation of excess water, while confined aquifers recharge where the aquifer reaches the surface. Infiltration galleries are underground tunnels constructed with holes to intercept groundwater flowing towards lakes or rivers and collect it for extraction.
Soil water and movement of soil water
Soils can process and hold considerable amount of water. They can take in water, and will keep doing so until they are full, or until the rate at which they can transmit water into and through the pores is exceeded. Some of this water will steadily drain through the soil (via gravity) and end up in the waterways and streams, but much of it will be retained, despite the influence of gravity. Much of this retained water can be used by plants and other organisms, thus contributing to land productivity and soil health.
Infiltration and runoff
The document discusses infiltration, percolation, and factors that influence infiltration rates in soils. It describes how infiltration rates are measured and defines key terms like infiltration rate, hydraulic conductivity, and percolation. Soil texture, structure, and the presence of vegetation can greatly impact infiltration. Higher infiltration is associated with larger soil pores, continuous pore networks, and protective vegetative covers on the soil surface.
What is watershed
This document provides an overview of watershed development. It defines a watershed as an area of land that drains water to a common point. It describes the characteristics of watersheds including size, shape, physiography, slope, climate, drainage, vegetation, geology and soils, hydrology, and socioeconomics. It outlines the objectives, advantages, management measures, types, and aims of watershed development programs. It also discusses rainwater harvesting, development work carried out in watersheds, economic assessment, and the role of cooperative societies in watershed management.
Soil, Water and Plant Relationship (Day-11, 18 July 2020)
This document discusses soil-water-plant relationships and various properties of soil. It covers the composition and structure of soil, particle size analysis methods, soil texture and classification, bulk density, porosity, water holding capacity, and types of water held in soil. Key points include the three-phase system of soil (solid, liquid, gas), factors affecting soil properties like texture and structure, methods to determine particle size distribution and soil textural class, and definitions of various terms used to describe soil water content and water retention characteristics.
Water Erosion.pptx
This presentation includes description about water erosion, types of water erosion i.e. Raindrop erosion, Sheet erosion, Rill erosion, Gully erosion, Stream bank erosion, Sea-shore erosion Landslide/ slip erosion and Tunnel erosion.
Soil crusting and sealing
Soil crusting refers to the formation of a compact, dense layer on the surface of soil when it dries after rain or irrigation. This crust has very small pores and high density. It forms mainly in arid and semi-arid regions due to the breakdown of soil aggregates by raindrops. There are three main types of soil crusts: structural, erosion/depositional, and cryptogamic. Structural crusts form directly from the compaction of dispersed soil particles. Erosion/depositional crusts involve stripping away of upper layers. Cryptogamic crusts contain algae and fungi. Soil crusting reduces infiltration and aeration, negatively impacting plant growth. It can be prevented
SOIL EROSION
Soil erosion is the displacement of topsoil from its original location. It occurs naturally but can be exacerbated by certain human activities like deforestation, farming practices, lack of vegetation, and wind. The erosion process involves three steps: detachment of topsoil, movement of topsoil to another area, and deposition of topsoil in the new area. Major causes of soil erosion include rain and rainwater runoff, farming, slope of the land, lack of vegetation, and wind. Effects of soil erosion are loss of fertile topsoil, soil compaction, reduced organic and fertile matter, and issues with plant reproduction. Solutions to soil erosion include careful tilling, crop rotation, strip farming, shelter belts, contour pl
Water Balance Analysis
The document discusses water balance analysis and provides an overview of key concepts related to the hydrologic cycle and water balance. It defines water balance as calculating total precipitation input and outputs for an area. The hydrologic cycle and water balance principles are then applied to discuss the unsaturated zone, including soil moisture storage, infiltration, and subsurface water flow. Key terms like field capacity, wilting point, and available soil moisture are explained in the context of the unsaturated zone water balance.
Drought
Drought is defined as a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall that negatively impacts living conditions and agriculture. It is difficult to determine the exact onset and end of a drought. Drought can be caused by improper rainfall distribution over time and space, as well as an imbalance between precipitation and water usage. There are different types of drought including meteorological, hydrological, agricultural, and socio-economic droughts that have increasingly severe impacts on weather, water resources, crop yields, and the economy. While drought is a natural phenomenon, its effects are exacerbated in developing countries by issues like overpopulation, deforestation, and unsustainable water usage.
micro irrigation design detail ppt
The document provides information about micro irrigation training attended by Ahmad Ali. It discusses the various components of drip irrigation systems including filters. Different types of filters are described such as hydro cyclone, J sand separator, horizontal sand filter, vertical sand filter, screen filter and disc filter. Their working mechanisms are explained. The document also discusses the design process for micro irrigation systems including calculating water requirements, selecting pipe sizes, and choosing appropriate pumps and filters. It is concluded that micro irrigation improves water use efficiency and is suitable for arid regions.
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LECTURE 2- WATERSHED CLASSIFICATION AND MEASUREMENTS.pptx
LECTURE 2- WATERSHED CLASSIFICATION AND MEASUREMENTS.pptx
Classification of soil water & soil moisture characteristics curve
Classification of soil water & soil moisture characteristics curve
Soil, Water and Plant Relationship (Day-11, 18 July 2020)
Soil, Water and Plant Relationship (Day-11, 18 July 2020)
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Water erosion
This document discusses water erosion, which is the removal of soil by water. It defines erosion as the detachment, transportation, and deposition of soil. The main causes of erosion are misuse of land, deforestation, and poor soil management. The agents of erosion are wind, water, temperature, and biological factors. Water erosion specifically refers to the removal of soil particles by rain or flowing water. The forms of water erosion are rain splash, sheet, rill, gully, and stream erosion. Climate, soil properties, and topography affect the rate of water erosion.
soil erosion
Soil erosion is caused by both natural processes like wind and water, as well as human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, monoculture farming, and removing windbreaks. This accelerated erosion decreases soil fertility and crop production. Several methods can limit soil erosion, including terracing to hold soil and water, contour ploughing across slopes, planting shelter belts to protect soil, using strip farming to minimize bare soil, and installing stone lines along contours to reduce runoff.
Strip packaging kvg
This document discusses strip packaging technology. Strip packaging involves enclosing individual articles between two webs of material sealed together in pockets by heated rollers. The process involves feeding articles and web materials between rollers with cavities to form sealed pockets around each article. Design considerations for the strips include pocket shape and size. Seal quality is inspected by heating sealed areas and checking for leaks underwater. Common materials used are foil laminates, PET, and aluminum foil for their barrier and sealing properties.
04 soil erosion and degradation
Soils are being degraded and eroded through human activities like farming, logging, and construction. Sheet, rill, and gully erosion carry away topsoil faster than it can form. One third of the world's cropland is losing topsoil at unsustainable rates. Conservation practices like no-till farming, contour planting, and terracing can help reduce erosion losses by keeping soil covered and slowing water runoff. Proper management of irrigation and use of organic fertilizers are also needed to prevent issues like salinization and loss of soil nutrients.
Soil erosion in africa
Soil erosion is a major problem in parts of Africa like Guinea and Zimbabwe. The overuse of land for farming and grazing has removed vegetation that holds soil in place. Heavy rainfall then washes away topsoil, reducing the fertility of the land. This makes it difficult for farmers to grow food, potentially leading to hunger, poverty, and migration. Some efforts to prevent soil erosion include planting trees, using vetiver grass, and constructing stone terraces across slopes.
Crct Weathering, Erosion, and Soil
The document discusses the processes of weathering, erosion, deposition and soil formation. It explains that weathering breaks down rocks through mechanical and chemical processes. Erosion then transports eroded material to new locations where deposition occurs. Over time, deposited materials break down further and combine with organic matter to form soil, which provides nutrients for plant growth. Soil profiles vary in composition with depth and soil color, such as the red color of much Georgia soil, provides clues to its composition.
Soil erosion ENVIROMENT
Soil erosion is the removal of topsoil by various factors like water and wind. It is a natural process that has been accelerated 10-40 times by human activities like intensive agriculture, deforestation, roads, and climate change. This excessive erosion causes on-site issues like decreased productivity and off-site issues like sedimentation of waterways. The rate of erosion is affected by climate, soil properties, vegetation cover, and topography - with factors like heavy rainfall, lack of vegetation, and steep slopes increasing rates. Preventing erosion requires increasing vegetative cover through practices like terracing and windbreaks.
B.sc. agri i foswce unit 3 soil erosion
This document discusses soil erosion, its types, causes, and impacts. There are two major types of erosion: geological (natural) erosion and accelerated erosion caused by human activities. Water erosion is caused by raindrop impact and flowing water, detaching and transporting soil particles. It occurs as sheet, rill, gully, ravine, landslide, and stream bank erosion. Wind erosion lifts and transports detached particles through saltation, surface creep, and suspension. Climate, topography, vegetation, soil properties, and human activities influence erosion rates. The Universal Soil Loss Equation is used to estimate water erosion.
Soil erosion
This document discusses soil erosion as a major environmental problem in Portugal. It begins by defining soils and outlining the key factors in soil formation. It then describes the different soil types found in Portugal based on past and current classification systems. Maps show the lithology, soils, and land use capabilities across Portugal. Soil erosion processes are examined, distinguishing between wind and water erosion. Various types of water erosion are defined. The document then focuses on Mação, Portugal as a case study area, noting it is affected by forest fires and land changes. Overall, the document provides background on soils and outlines soil erosion as a significant issue in Portugal using the region of Mação to illustrate the problems.
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The document discusses various processes of soil erosion by wind and water. Wind erosion primarily occurs through saltation, which moves particles up to 0.4mm in diameter through a series of jumps, and can create blowouts on dunes. Water erosion involves raindrop impact, rainsplash, sheetwash, and the formation of rills and gullies. Farming practices like excessive tillage and removing vegetation can increase erosion risk, resulting in loss of nutrients, sedimentation in reservoirs, and reduced soil productivity. Methods to prevent erosion include maintaining soil structure, providing organic matter, using windbreaks, mulching, and contour plowing.
SOIL PROFILE SOIL EROSION SOIL CONSERVATION CONTROL ON FLOODS
The document discusses soil profiles, soil erosion, soil conservation, and flood control. It defines a soil profile as the sequence of soil horizons from the surface down. It describes the main horizons and their characteristics. It then discusses the types and agents of soil erosion caused by water and wind. The effects of soil erosion include loss of fertile topsoil and increased flooding. Methods of soil conservation include agronomic practices, mechanical methods, and reforestation. Flood control methods center around dams, river defenses, and coastal structures to prevent flooding and erosion.
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soil erosion
This document summarizes a seminar on soil science and soil erosion. It discusses various causes and types of soil erosion including water erosion, wind erosion, and erosion caused by animals. Water erosion is discussed in more detail, outlining different types from rain splash erosion to gully erosion. The document also addresses how human activities like deforestation, overgrazing, and bad farming practices can increase soil erosion. Finally, it provides some solutions for reducing soil erosion such as contour farming, no-till farming, reseeding plants and trees, and retaining walls.
Land acquisition Rehabilitation and Resettlement policy in Kerala
Land acquisition Rehabilitation and Resettlement policy in KeralaJamesadhikaram land matter consultancy 9447464502
Land acquisition-Rehabilitation and resettlement policy in kerala.Ppt uploaded by T.J Joseph,Deputy Tahsildar,Kottayam
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Soil erosion2
Soil erosion is a major problem in India caused by various natural and human factors. The key causes are heavy rainfall, deforestation, overgrazing, and poor agricultural practices. This strips away topsoil, especially on steep slopes. Regions highly impacted include Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and the Himalayan foothills. To control erosion, methods such as terracing, contour plowing, afforestation, and constructing dams have been used. Preventing further environmental degradation and switching to sustainable farming techniques are important to reduce soil loss.
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soil erosion is the one of the severe problem now a days. we should know about types of soil erosion , its effect on environment and how it to be prevented by various method..in these slides gives brief idea about types and erosion of soil erosion.
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The document discusses India's Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act of 2013 and proposed amendments. It provides background on the original 1894 land acquisition law and need for reform. Key points of LARR 2013 included exemptions from consent requirements, levels of consent needed for public-private partnerships and private projects, and compensation rules. Proposed amendments in 2014 and 2015 aimed to address implementation issues with social impact assessments and consent clauses slowing projects. The document outlines debate around the proposals and suggests the party effectively communicate the need for farmers' alternative livelihoods through infrastructure development.
Soil Erosion
This document discusses soil erosion, its causes, impacts, and methods for measuring and addressing it. It provides context on the development of the Universal Soil Loss Equation to quantitatively predict erosion. While useful, the USLE does not capture extreme weather events that cause most erosion. Direct measurements are most accurate but also most resource-intensive. The document outlines various on-site and off-site impacts of erosion and early efforts to address the problem through the Soil Conservation Service and projects like Coon Creek Watershed.
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SOIL PROFILE SOIL EROSION SOIL CONSERVATION CONTROL ON FLOODS
SOIL PROFILE SOIL EROSION SOIL CONSERVATION CONTROL ON FLOODS
Land acquisition Rehabilitation and Resettlement policy in Kerala
Land acquisition Rehabilitation and Resettlement policy in Kerala
Bio engineering methods and their control for soil erosion
Bio engineering methods and their control for soil erosion
Water management in India- Role of rainwater harvesting
Water management in India- Role of rainwater harvesting
Land Acquisition Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013
Land Acquisition Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013
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Rearing technique of lac insect and their management
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Lithosphere
The lithosphere is the rigid outermost layer of Earth composed of the crust and upper mantle. It exists in two types - oceanic lithosphere associated with ocean crust, and continental lithosphere associated with continental crust.
Soil is a natural resource that takes thousands of years to form. It is made up of weathered rock particles, living organisms, and dead organic matter. Soil degradation occurs through construction, acidification, salinization, and pollution.
Soil erosion is the removal of the fertile topsoil layer by water and wind. It can be caused by deforestation and unsustainable farming practices. Methods to prevent soil erosion include increasing vegetation cover through practices like crop rotation, reforestation,
Erosion.
Erosion is the natural process by which rocks and soil are loosened and transported from one location to another by forces like water, wind, ice, and gravity. It can be accelerated by human activities like farming, mining, deforestation, and overgrazing. The main causes of erosion are water, wind, and ice. Water erosion occurs through processes like hydraulic action, solution, and abrasion in streams and rivers. Wind erosion transports soil particles through saltation, suspension, and creep. Glacial erosion uses processes like plucking and abrasion to erode and transport material. Control measures for erosion include mulching, crop rotation, terracing, barriers, and ridging to protect soil.
Chapter 6 Section 3 (Revised)
Soil erosion occurs through water and wind carrying away topsoil. This is harmful because it removes nutrients needed for plant growth and it takes a long time to recover lost topsoil. Soil erosion is worsened by activities like agriculture, deforestation, overgrazing, and construction which leave soil exposed. To prevent erosion, farmers use techniques like no-till farming, chisel plowing, cover cropping, and contour plowing to minimize disturbance and keep the soil covered. On slopes, terracing creates level areas to reduce runoff. Exposed soil from activities can be controlled through spraying water or containing eroded soil until the land is reclaimed with topsoil and vegetation.
Chapter 6 Section 3
Soil erosion occurs through water and wind carrying away topsoil. This is harmful because it removes nutrients needed for plant growth and it takes a long time to recover lost topsoil. Soil erosion is worsened by activities like agriculture, deforestation, overgrazing, and construction which leave soil exposed. To prevent erosion, farmers use techniques like no-till farming, chisel plowing, cover cropping, and contour plowing to keep soil protected. On slopes, terracing is used to segment steep areas. Exposed soils from activities are controlled through spraying water or containing runoff until the area can be reclaimed with topsoil and vegetation.
Chapter 6 Section 3 (Revised)
Soil erosion occurs through water and wind carrying away topsoil. This is harmful because it removes nutrients needed for plant growth and it takes a long time to recover lost topsoil. Soil erosion is worsened by activities like agriculture, deforestation, overgrazing, and construction which leave soil exposed. To prevent erosion, farmers use techniques like no-till farming, chisel plowing, cover cropping, and contour plowing to keep soil protected. On slopes, terracing is used to segment steep areas. Exposed soils from activities are controlled through spraying water or containing runoff until the area can be reclaimed with topsoil and vegetation.
Chapter 6 Section 3
Soil erosion occurs through water and wind carrying away topsoil. This is harmful because it removes nutrients needed for plant growth and it takes a long time to recover lost topsoil. Soil erosion is made worse by activities like agriculture, deforestation, overgrazing, and construction which leave soil exposed. To reduce erosion, farmers use techniques like no-till farming, chisel plowing, cover cropping, and contour plowing to keep soil protected. On slopes, terracing is used to segment steep areas. Exposed soils from activities are controlled through spraying water or containing runoff until the area can be reclaimed with topsoil and vegetation.
1 Soil Water Erosion.pptx
This document provides an introduction and overview of soil and water conservation. It discusses how soil and water are important natural resources for agriculture but are being degraded in India. Soil erosion occurs naturally but is exacerbated by human activities like cultivation. The key forms of soil erosion by water are splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion, and stream/coastal erosion. The Universal Soil Loss Equation is presented as a way to estimate average annual soil loss. Biological control measures like contour cultivation, strip cropping, intercropping, and conservation tillage are discussed as ways to reduce soil erosion.
(Soil erosion (dsm 2202) m. a. mahbub
Course code: 2202
Course Title: Environmental Hazards and Disasters-II (Human-induced)
Course Instructor: Md. Abdullah-Al-Mahbub
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Disaster Management
Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur
the soil erosion and soil conservation.pptx
This document summarizes soil erosion and conservation. It defines soil erosion as the process by which soil is moved from one place to another by agents like wind, water, or glacial activity. There are two types of erosion: natural geological erosion and accelerated human-caused erosion. Factors that influence erosion include rainfall, soil characteristics, slope, vegetation cover, and human activities like deforestation, overgrazing, and farming. The Dust Bowl of the 1930s in the American Midwest demonstrated how poor farming practices can lead to massive soil erosion and loss. The document outlines various agricultural solutions to soil erosion like terracing, contour plowing, crop rotation, and conservation methods.
Ch 9 Soil
Soil is composed of distinct layers called horizons. The topsoil or A-horizon is at the top and is dark, soft, and rich in nutrients. Below is the B-horizon, which is harder and contains fewer nutrients. The lowest layer, the C-horizon, consists of small rock fragments. Soil forms through weathering of rocks by water, wind, and climate, and it supports plant growth by providing structure, water, and nutrients. The type of soil depends on the proportions of sand, silt, and clay particles.
5 Soil Erosion
Soil erosion is the process by which soil is moved from its original location. There are two types: natural erosion which occurs gradually, and accelerated erosion which is caused by human activities and removes topsoil too quickly. Soil erosion is caused by weather factors like wind and water, and is worsened when vegetation is removed. The erosion process has three steps: loosening soil particles, moving them, and depositing them elsewhere. Management practices can reduce erosion, such as using mulch, silt fences, and contour planting in urban areas, and terraces, grassed strips, and conservation tillage in agriculture.
Chapter 7 section 3 (soil erosion)
Soil erosion occurs through water and wind carrying away topsoil. This is harmful because it removes nutrients needed for plant growth. Factors that increase erosion include removal of vegetation, plowing, overgrazing, construction, and mining. Erosion can be reduced through techniques like no-till farming, contour plowing, terracing, and replanting vegetation on disturbed land. Preventing excessive erosion is important for maintaining fertile soils and limiting environmental damage.
Chapter 6 Section 3
Soil erosion occurs through water and wind carrying away topsoil. This is harmful because it removes nutrients needed for plant growth. Factors that increase erosion include removal of vegetation, steep slopes, cultivation, forest and grazing land mismanagement. Erosion exceeds soil formation when accelerated by human activities. To reduce erosion, farmers use techniques like no-till farming, cover cropping, and contour plowing to keep soil protected. On slopes, terracing creates flat surfaces to slow water flow. Exposed soils are managed through spraying water or containing eroded areas until revegetation.
Soil Erosion Defination causes effects .pptx
Soil erosion is the process by which the top layer of soil is worn away by water, wind, or tillage. It occurs naturally but human activities like agriculture, grazing, logging, and mining have accelerated the process. Soil erosion reduces soil fertility and can lead to loss of arable land, pollution of waterways, air pollution, and desertification if left unchecked. Methods to prevent soil erosion include planting trees, adding mulch, using fibre logs, and improving drainage systems.
Soil erosion
This document discusses soil erosion including its causes, types, and agents. It defines soil erosion as the detachment, transportation, and deposition of soil particles by forces like wind and water. The two main types of erosion are geologic erosion, which is the natural, balanced process of soil formation and loss, and accelerated erosion, which exceeds the natural rate due to human and natural causes. Water and wind are the primary agents of soil erosion. Factors like vegetation removal, improper land use, and slope steepness can increase soil erosion and negatively impact crop production, waterways, and infrastructure.
SOIL EROSION AND CONSERVATION Copy.pptx
It is my very fast ppt presentation. I gathered all the information from internet. Hope this will helps you to understand the whole topic in simple manner.
Soil Erosin
This document discusses soil erosion, including its types, causes, environmental effects, and methods for prevention and control. It defines soil erosion as the removal of topsoil by forces such as water, wind, animals, ice, and human activity. The main types of erosion are by water and wind. Factors that influence erosion include slope, soil texture, structure, climate, permeability, organic matter levels, vegetation cover, and grazing. Erosion negatively impacts soil quality, crop yields, water quality, and can lead to desertification. Recommended prevention methods include establishing plant cover, using fertilizers, crop rotation, windbreaks, controlled grazing, minimum tilling, contour farming, and artificial channels.
Soils
The document discusses soils, including what soil is composed of (organic matter, minerals, and weathered rocks) and various methods for conserving soils, such as mulching, contour barriers, terrace farming, and shelter belts. Some threats to soil are identified as soil erosion, deforestation, overgrazing, overuse of fertilizers and pesticides, rain wash, landslides, and floods. Multiple choice questions are included to test comprehension, such as identifying that soil is composed of organic matter, minerals and weathered rocks, that mulching refers to covering bare ground with organic matter, and that shelter belts involve planting rows of trees to check wind movement.
Soil erosion
There are two main types of soil erosion: geological erosion and accelerated erosion. Geological erosion occurs naturally through processes like rainfall, wind, and topography. Accelerated erosion is caused by human activities like deforestation, lack of soil conservation, and development. Some forms of accelerated erosion include sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion, and wind erosion. Soil erosion can have negative impacts such as loss of agricultural production, loss of nutrients, reduced water infiltration, increased tillage costs, flooding, and land degradation.
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Soil erosion kvg
- 4. 3rd semester
- 5. -Erosion. CONTENTS -Mechanics of erosion. -Black Sunday -Types of Erosion - Agents of Erosion. -Classification of Erosion. -Water erosion and its types. -Factors affecting water Erosion. -Wind erosion. - Methods of Soil conservation. -How to conserve soil ?
- 6. The erosion termed indicates the meaning of soil remove from one place and depositing them to some another place. “Removal of soil from its original position” “It is the process of detachment, transportation & deposition of soil materials from one place to another by erosive agents” Every year in India 16.5 tons/ha/year soil erosion is occur by agents of erosion. WHAT IS EROSION ?
- 7. Mechanics of erosion A) Detachment. B) Transportation. C) Deposition.
- 8. Types of Erosion In general there are two types of soil erosion. 1. Geological Erosion:- It is caused by nature. 2. Accelerated Erosion:- It is caused by human activities.
- 9. Agents of Erosion 1. Wind. - ERODIBILITY 2. Water. - EROSIVITY 3. Temperature. 4. Biological Factors.
- 10. Classification of Erosion Depending upon the erosion causing factors A) Wind Erosion. B) Water Erosion.
- 12. Types of water erosion:- 1.Rain splash erosion. 2.Sheet erosion. 3.Rill erosion. 4.Gully erosion. 5.Stream bank erosion. Other forms of erosion:- 1.Glasical erosion. 2.Snow erosion. 3.Organic erosion. 4.Underground Erosion. 5.River erosion.
- 13. • Rain Splash Erosion: Rain splash erosion is caused by the impact of water striking the surface of soil. It takes place in two steps. 1. As precipitation fills the pore spaces, loosening & driving soil particles apart. 2. Impact of subsequent rain drops hitting the surface, transporting particles to other area.
- 14. Sometimes water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope. In such cases the top soil is washed away. This is known as sheet erosion. Sheet Erosion
- 15. Rill Erosion. It is caused by water concentrating into innumerable, closely spaced small channels. Left unchecked, rills can cut vertically & horizontally and when joined form gullies.
- 16. • Gullies: The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels as gullies. Gully erosion
- 17. Stream Erosion. When flow in gullies become permanent, it is called a stream which may be permanent or seasonal is called as stream erosion.
- 18. Factors affecting water Erosion A) Climate. 1. Precipitation. 2. Temperature. 3. Wind. 4. Humidity. 5. Solar radiation. B) Soil. 1. Physical properties of soil. 2. Vegetation cover. 3. Organic matter contents in soil. 4. Moisture contents of soil. 5. Soil density.
- 19. It is the process in which removal of soil particles moves one place to another place by wind in known as wind erosion. Wind erosion
- 20. Black Sunday • April 14th,1935 black Sunday was the worst blizzard of the dust storm with high speeds which caused the most extensive damage. It occurs in United states in Boise city at 5:15 PM. It is estimated to have displaced 300 thousand tons of topsoil from the Prairie area in the US.
- 21. Methods of Soil conservation • ii. Terrace Farming: Steps can be cut out on the slopes making terraces. Terrace cultivation restricts erosion. Western and central Himalayas have well developed terrace farming. i. Contour Ploughing: Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the slopes. It used in tea cultivation.
- 22. • iii. Strip Farming: Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind. • iv. Shelter Belts: Planting lines of trees to create shelter also works in a similar way. Rows of such trees are called shelter belts. These shelter belts have contributed significantly to the stabilization of sand dunes and in stabilizing the desert in western India.
- 23. Conservation of soil can be done several ways. Planting trees helps. Trees prevent erosion both with their roots and by blocking wind. Terracing is another good way to conserve soil. Terracing is leveled sections used for hilly farm lands. Tilling and plowing helps prepare soil for plants to grow, but it is promotes erosion, so finding ways to limit how much you till and plow will help.
- 24. - SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING BOOK BY . R.SURESH - INTERNET