Cleaning and grading of grains involves removing foreign materials and sorting grains based on physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Grading separates grains into fractions based on size, shape, moisture content, color, texture, foreign materials, composition, odor, and damage. It is done to avoid processing low quality grains. Grading can be done by hand or machinery, with machinery separating grains based on characteristics like size, shape, density, and color. Proper cleaning and grading is important for ensuring only high quality grains are further processed.
Cleaning and grading-Physical Characteristics of Grains for cleaning and grad...Anuj Jha
The document discusses cleaning and grading of grains for physical characteristics. It describes types of cleaners and graders, specifically air screen cleaners. It explains that air screen cleaners use screening and aspiration to separate grains based on size, removing impurities. The document outlines factors that influence air screen cleaner design, like material properties, machine settings, and screen specifications. Finally, it provides an overview of the industrial setup for cleaning and grading operations.
1. The document describes 7 types of separators used in agriculture: disk separators, indented cylinder separators, spiral separators, specific gravity separators, inclined draper belts, velvet roll separators, and magnetic separators.
2. Disk separators use disks with pockets to separate grains based on length, indented cylinder separators use indents to separate shorter grains, and spiral separators separate materials based on roundness.
3. Specific gravity separators use air flow to separate materials by density, inclined draper belts separate materials based on shape and texture, and velvet roll separators do the same using velvet rolls.
4. Magnetic separators use iron powder and magnets to separate grains based on surface texture after moisture is applied.
Rice milling involves size reduction and separation operations to process rice grains into an edible form. Traditional milling uses hand pounding equipment while modern mills use machinery. Milling includes cleaning, husking, sorting, whitening and polishing. Cleaning removes impurities using properties like width, thickness, density. Husking removes the husk without damaging the rice. Whitening removes the bran layer. Modern mills precisely control milling through adjustable machinery to efficiently process rice while minimizing breakage.
In this Ebook " Modern Rice Milling" , We are discussing about what is rice milling?, rice milling systems, modern rice milling process, modern rice milling machines – Cleaning Machines, De husking or de hulling Machines, Whitening or polishing Machines, Grading Machines and Color Sorting Machines.
This document summarizes the different processes involved in a rice mill, including cleaning, parboiling, drying, destoning, shelling, separation of paddy and brown rice, whitening to remove bran layers, grading to reduce broken rice, and final weighing, packaging and transportation. The key steps are cleaning of impurities from paddy, parboiling to improve milling quality, drying, destoning, shelling to remove husks, separation of components using trays and aspiration, whitening using an abrasive stone cone to remove bran layers, grading by size, and final weighing and packaging for transportation.
Primary and minimal processing of fruits and vegetablesrani mamatha
primary processing and minimal processing of fruits and vegetables. (grading, sorting, cleaning, washing, peeling, minimal processing).
minimal processing flow chart , types of sorting, grading.
types of peeling.
blanching, types of blanching.
bio control agent, browning agent.
Cleaning and grading of grains involves removing foreign materials and sorting grains based on physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Grading separates grains into fractions based on size, shape, moisture content, color, texture, foreign materials, composition, odor, and damage. It is done to avoid processing low quality grains. Grading can be done by hand or machinery, with machinery separating grains based on characteristics like size, shape, density, and color. Proper cleaning and grading is important for ensuring only high quality grains are further processed.
Cleaning and grading-Physical Characteristics of Grains for cleaning and grad...Anuj Jha
The document discusses cleaning and grading of grains for physical characteristics. It describes types of cleaners and graders, specifically air screen cleaners. It explains that air screen cleaners use screening and aspiration to separate grains based on size, removing impurities. The document outlines factors that influence air screen cleaner design, like material properties, machine settings, and screen specifications. Finally, it provides an overview of the industrial setup for cleaning and grading operations.
1. The document describes 7 types of separators used in agriculture: disk separators, indented cylinder separators, spiral separators, specific gravity separators, inclined draper belts, velvet roll separators, and magnetic separators.
2. Disk separators use disks with pockets to separate grains based on length, indented cylinder separators use indents to separate shorter grains, and spiral separators separate materials based on roundness.
3. Specific gravity separators use air flow to separate materials by density, inclined draper belts separate materials based on shape and texture, and velvet roll separators do the same using velvet rolls.
4. Magnetic separators use iron powder and magnets to separate grains based on surface texture after moisture is applied.
Rice milling involves size reduction and separation operations to process rice grains into an edible form. Traditional milling uses hand pounding equipment while modern mills use machinery. Milling includes cleaning, husking, sorting, whitening and polishing. Cleaning removes impurities using properties like width, thickness, density. Husking removes the husk without damaging the rice. Whitening removes the bran layer. Modern mills precisely control milling through adjustable machinery to efficiently process rice while minimizing breakage.
In this Ebook " Modern Rice Milling" , We are discussing about what is rice milling?, rice milling systems, modern rice milling process, modern rice milling machines – Cleaning Machines, De husking or de hulling Machines, Whitening or polishing Machines, Grading Machines and Color Sorting Machines.
This document summarizes the different processes involved in a rice mill, including cleaning, parboiling, drying, destoning, shelling, separation of paddy and brown rice, whitening to remove bran layers, grading to reduce broken rice, and final weighing, packaging and transportation. The key steps are cleaning of impurities from paddy, parboiling to improve milling quality, drying, destoning, shelling to remove husks, separation of components using trays and aspiration, whitening using an abrasive stone cone to remove bran layers, grading by size, and final weighing and packaging for transportation.
Primary and minimal processing of fruits and vegetablesrani mamatha
primary processing and minimal processing of fruits and vegetables. (grading, sorting, cleaning, washing, peeling, minimal processing).
minimal processing flow chart , types of sorting, grading.
types of peeling.
blanching, types of blanching.
bio control agent, browning agent.
The preservation of food by freezing has become a major industry.Preservation of a food by freezing occurs by several mechanisms. At
temperatures below 0°C there is a significant reduction in growth
rates for microorganisms and in the corresponding deterioration of
the product due to microbial activity.
Several freezing systems for food operate with direct contact between
the refrigerant and the product.
cryogenic freezer is direct contact freezer.
Wheat milling is the process of grinding wheat into flour or semolina. To make white flour, the bran and germ must be carefully separated from the endosperm. Gluten is the protein in wheat flour that helps yeast breads rise by trapping air bubbles. When durum wheat is milled, the product is semolina, a yellow or amber colored fine grain used to make pasta. There are five main steps to milling wheat: reception and testing of the wheat, cleaning to remove undesirable materials, tempering to increase moisture content, crushing and grinding the grains, and storage of the milled products.
Cleaning & Grading Equipments For Fruit and VegetableRavi Adhikari
Cleaning & Grading Equipments For Fruit and Vegetable
Methods Of Cleaning
Equipments For Cleaning Of Fruit and Vegetable
Grading
Methods Of Grading
Equipments For Grading Of Fruit and Vegetable
Rice processing involves several steps to remove the husk and bran while minimizing broken rice. Paddy is first cleaned then hulled through a sheller to remove the husk, producing brown rice. Brown rice undergoes pearling to gradually remove the germ and bran through a series of cones, producing whitened rice. Final polishing removes the last bran fraction. Parboiling involves soaking, cooking and drying paddy to gelatinize the starch and improve milling yields and nutrition. Proper processing produces milled rice of various grades defined by dimensions, color, cooking quality and special qualities.
Canning Equipments: Construction & WorkingAbdul Rehman
Comprises of detailed theory alongwith labelled diagram of equipments used in Canning of Fruits and Vegetables. The flow chart which illustrates numerous process carried out in Canning Fruits and Vegetables.
Size reduction is a process of reducing large solid unit masses into small unit masses, coarse particles or fine particles.
Size reduction process is also termed as
Comminution/Diminution/Pulverizations.
Solid pieces of food is reduced by the
application of grinding, compression
or impact forces.
In many food processes it is frequently
necessary to reduce the size of solid
materials for different purposes
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Screening and-filtration in food science and technologyMuhammad waqas
Filtration is the process of separating solids from fluids by passing the fluid through a porous medium that retains the solids. There are different types of filtration including surface filtration using screens or sieves, and depth filtration where particles are retained within the tortuous paths of the medium. Filtration has various applications in industries like pharmaceuticals and wastewater treatment. Mechanical screening is used to separate materials into grades by particle size and involves vibrating screens to facilitate separation based on factors like vibration, density, and particle shape.
Freezing curve, freezing system & freezing timeMuneeb Vml
The document discusses freezing as an operation to preserve food by lowering its temperature below the freezing point. It describes the freezing process and freezing curve, including nucleation, crystal growth, and how solute concentration changes. It discusses factors that influence freezing time like thermal conductivity and size/shape of food pieces. Methods to calculate freezing time are presented, including Planck's equation and Pham's method. Different freezing systems are outlined like air blast freezers, plate freezers, and fluidized bed freezers.
Milling is the process of converting grains into flour. There are different types of mills used for milling like hammer mills, roller mills, and ball mills. Routine maintenance of mills includes daily cleaning and greasing of parts, weekly checks of hammers and nuts, and monthly inspections of welds and foundations. Safety precautions when operating mills include using personal protective equipment, avoiding loose clothing, and applying hand sanitizer. Mill efficiency can be improved by reducing non-processing times and optimizing feed rates and spindle speeds.
Controlled atmospheric and Modified atmospheric packaging using nitrogenDebomitra Dey
Modified atmospheric packaging (MAP) and controlled atmospheric packaging (CAP) extend the shelf life of foods by modifying the gas composition around foods. Nitrogen gas is commonly used in MAP and CAP as an inert filler to reduce oxygen levels and prevent oxidative reactions. For perishable foods, low oxygen levels achieved through nitrogen addition reduce the respiration rate and slow quality deterioration. Nitrogen is also used to displace air during packaging of dry foods like grains and cereals to create an environment lethal to insects and microbes.
This document describes the process of par-boiling rice. It involves soaking rice to allow absorption of water, steaming the rice to halt the soaking process, then drying the rice. Par-boiling makes the rice firmer, less sticky, and easier to mill. The document outlines the main equipment used in par-boiling systems and provides details on the specific processes for single boiled, double boiled, and cured/steamed rice varieties. It also discusses drying methods and considerations for maintaining rice quality during drying.
This document discusses squash and syrups. It defines squash as a fruit-flavored concentrated syrup used to make beverages by combining one part concentrate with 4-5 parts water. Squash ingredients include fruit juice, water, sugar or substitutes, and sometimes food coloring or flavorings. Syrup is defined as a thick, sweet liquid made by dissolving sugar in boiling water, often used for preserving fruit. The document provides guidelines for making different types of syrups for canning fruits based on sugar concentration levels. It also lists various types of syrups and provides links to videos about making strawberry syrup and canning fruit in syrup.
This document discusses various methods of drying grains, including the purposes, processes, and types of drying. The main methods discussed are conduction, convection, and radiation drying. Convection drying is most commonly used for grains. Drying can be thin layer or deep bed processes. Traditional sun drying is also described. Mechanical drying uses heated air to dry grains inside dryers like sack, batch/bin, and rotary dryers. Rotary dryers provide continuous mixing of grains and air during drying.
Evaporation is commonly used in the food industry to remove water from dilute liquids and produce concentrated liquid products like tomato paste. A single effect evaporator uses steam to heat the product, while multi-effect evaporators improve efficiency by using vapor from previous effects as the heating medium. Characteristics of the liquid food affect the evaporation process, as concentration increases heat transfer is reduced due to higher boiling points and viscosity. Proper design of the evaporator type and operation parameters are needed to concentrate foods while avoiding overheating and degradation.
Screening is a process that separates particles into fractions based on size by passing them through screens with defined mesh sizes or apertures. There are several types of screens used including bar screens, vibrating screens, and trommels. Screening terminology defines oversized, undersized and intermediate materials. Factors like feed rate, particle size, moisture and screen condition affect the screening process. Screens are widely used in food processing applications such as regeneration of filtration panels and separation of materials.
The document presents information on size reduction in food processing. It discusses the principles and mechanisms of size reduction using forces like compression, impact, attrition and shear. It covers the energy requirements and classification of size reduction processes. Various size reduction equipment are described, including crushers, grinders, cutting machines and fine grinders. Crushers like roll crushers are used to break large pieces into small lumps. Grinders like attrition mills, hammer mills and ball mills reduce materials to powders using forces like impact and shear. Cutting machines slice, dice, shred and pulp foods.
This document contains information about different methods of food freezing. It discusses freezing in air using still air, blast, or fluidized bed methods. It describes indirect contact freezing using plate or slush freezing. Immersion freezing in liquid freezants is covered. Cryogenic freezing using liquefied gases like nitrogen is explained. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are provided. The document contains the names of group members and their student IDs working on this project.
Dry and wet milling processes are used to break down corn into its components. In dry milling, corn is cleaned, conditioned, degermed, dried, cooled, graded, and ground to produce products like grits, meal, flour and hominy feed. Wet milling involves steeping corn in water to separate starch from other components. The corn is milled, separated in germ separators, finely ground, screened to separate fiber from starch and gluten, and centrifuged to separate starch from gluten. The resulting products include corn oil, fiber, gluten and highly purified corn starch.
Nutrition specimens - Dr JP Singh, Dept. of community medicine, SRMS IMS Bare...Jp Singh
This document provides information on nutrition, dietetics, food, nutrients, and the importance of proper nutrition. It discusses the types of nutrients including macro and micronutrients. It then describes various food groups like cereals, millets, pulses and legumes, eggs, and butter. For each food item, it provides the nutritive value and public health importance. It notes that a balanced diet with all nutrients is necessary for building, maintaining and repairing tissues in the human body.
The preservation of food by freezing has become a major industry.Preservation of a food by freezing occurs by several mechanisms. At
temperatures below 0°C there is a significant reduction in growth
rates for microorganisms and in the corresponding deterioration of
the product due to microbial activity.
Several freezing systems for food operate with direct contact between
the refrigerant and the product.
cryogenic freezer is direct contact freezer.
Wheat milling is the process of grinding wheat into flour or semolina. To make white flour, the bran and germ must be carefully separated from the endosperm. Gluten is the protein in wheat flour that helps yeast breads rise by trapping air bubbles. When durum wheat is milled, the product is semolina, a yellow or amber colored fine grain used to make pasta. There are five main steps to milling wheat: reception and testing of the wheat, cleaning to remove undesirable materials, tempering to increase moisture content, crushing and grinding the grains, and storage of the milled products.
Cleaning & Grading Equipments For Fruit and VegetableRavi Adhikari
Cleaning & Grading Equipments For Fruit and Vegetable
Methods Of Cleaning
Equipments For Cleaning Of Fruit and Vegetable
Grading
Methods Of Grading
Equipments For Grading Of Fruit and Vegetable
Rice processing involves several steps to remove the husk and bran while minimizing broken rice. Paddy is first cleaned then hulled through a sheller to remove the husk, producing brown rice. Brown rice undergoes pearling to gradually remove the germ and bran through a series of cones, producing whitened rice. Final polishing removes the last bran fraction. Parboiling involves soaking, cooking and drying paddy to gelatinize the starch and improve milling yields and nutrition. Proper processing produces milled rice of various grades defined by dimensions, color, cooking quality and special qualities.
Canning Equipments: Construction & WorkingAbdul Rehman
Comprises of detailed theory alongwith labelled diagram of equipments used in Canning of Fruits and Vegetables. The flow chart which illustrates numerous process carried out in Canning Fruits and Vegetables.
Size reduction is a process of reducing large solid unit masses into small unit masses, coarse particles or fine particles.
Size reduction process is also termed as
Comminution/Diminution/Pulverizations.
Solid pieces of food is reduced by the
application of grinding, compression
or impact forces.
In many food processes it is frequently
necessary to reduce the size of solid
materials for different purposes
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Screening and-filtration in food science and technologyMuhammad waqas
Filtration is the process of separating solids from fluids by passing the fluid through a porous medium that retains the solids. There are different types of filtration including surface filtration using screens or sieves, and depth filtration where particles are retained within the tortuous paths of the medium. Filtration has various applications in industries like pharmaceuticals and wastewater treatment. Mechanical screening is used to separate materials into grades by particle size and involves vibrating screens to facilitate separation based on factors like vibration, density, and particle shape.
Freezing curve, freezing system & freezing timeMuneeb Vml
The document discusses freezing as an operation to preserve food by lowering its temperature below the freezing point. It describes the freezing process and freezing curve, including nucleation, crystal growth, and how solute concentration changes. It discusses factors that influence freezing time like thermal conductivity and size/shape of food pieces. Methods to calculate freezing time are presented, including Planck's equation and Pham's method. Different freezing systems are outlined like air blast freezers, plate freezers, and fluidized bed freezers.
Milling is the process of converting grains into flour. There are different types of mills used for milling like hammer mills, roller mills, and ball mills. Routine maintenance of mills includes daily cleaning and greasing of parts, weekly checks of hammers and nuts, and monthly inspections of welds and foundations. Safety precautions when operating mills include using personal protective equipment, avoiding loose clothing, and applying hand sanitizer. Mill efficiency can be improved by reducing non-processing times and optimizing feed rates and spindle speeds.
Controlled atmospheric and Modified atmospheric packaging using nitrogenDebomitra Dey
Modified atmospheric packaging (MAP) and controlled atmospheric packaging (CAP) extend the shelf life of foods by modifying the gas composition around foods. Nitrogen gas is commonly used in MAP and CAP as an inert filler to reduce oxygen levels and prevent oxidative reactions. For perishable foods, low oxygen levels achieved through nitrogen addition reduce the respiration rate and slow quality deterioration. Nitrogen is also used to displace air during packaging of dry foods like grains and cereals to create an environment lethal to insects and microbes.
This document describes the process of par-boiling rice. It involves soaking rice to allow absorption of water, steaming the rice to halt the soaking process, then drying the rice. Par-boiling makes the rice firmer, less sticky, and easier to mill. The document outlines the main equipment used in par-boiling systems and provides details on the specific processes for single boiled, double boiled, and cured/steamed rice varieties. It also discusses drying methods and considerations for maintaining rice quality during drying.
This document discusses squash and syrups. It defines squash as a fruit-flavored concentrated syrup used to make beverages by combining one part concentrate with 4-5 parts water. Squash ingredients include fruit juice, water, sugar or substitutes, and sometimes food coloring or flavorings. Syrup is defined as a thick, sweet liquid made by dissolving sugar in boiling water, often used for preserving fruit. The document provides guidelines for making different types of syrups for canning fruits based on sugar concentration levels. It also lists various types of syrups and provides links to videos about making strawberry syrup and canning fruit in syrup.
This document discusses various methods of drying grains, including the purposes, processes, and types of drying. The main methods discussed are conduction, convection, and radiation drying. Convection drying is most commonly used for grains. Drying can be thin layer or deep bed processes. Traditional sun drying is also described. Mechanical drying uses heated air to dry grains inside dryers like sack, batch/bin, and rotary dryers. Rotary dryers provide continuous mixing of grains and air during drying.
Evaporation is commonly used in the food industry to remove water from dilute liquids and produce concentrated liquid products like tomato paste. A single effect evaporator uses steam to heat the product, while multi-effect evaporators improve efficiency by using vapor from previous effects as the heating medium. Characteristics of the liquid food affect the evaporation process, as concentration increases heat transfer is reduced due to higher boiling points and viscosity. Proper design of the evaporator type and operation parameters are needed to concentrate foods while avoiding overheating and degradation.
Screening is a process that separates particles into fractions based on size by passing them through screens with defined mesh sizes or apertures. There are several types of screens used including bar screens, vibrating screens, and trommels. Screening terminology defines oversized, undersized and intermediate materials. Factors like feed rate, particle size, moisture and screen condition affect the screening process. Screens are widely used in food processing applications such as regeneration of filtration panels and separation of materials.
The document presents information on size reduction in food processing. It discusses the principles and mechanisms of size reduction using forces like compression, impact, attrition and shear. It covers the energy requirements and classification of size reduction processes. Various size reduction equipment are described, including crushers, grinders, cutting machines and fine grinders. Crushers like roll crushers are used to break large pieces into small lumps. Grinders like attrition mills, hammer mills and ball mills reduce materials to powders using forces like impact and shear. Cutting machines slice, dice, shred and pulp foods.
This document contains information about different methods of food freezing. It discusses freezing in air using still air, blast, or fluidized bed methods. It describes indirect contact freezing using plate or slush freezing. Immersion freezing in liquid freezants is covered. Cryogenic freezing using liquefied gases like nitrogen is explained. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are provided. The document contains the names of group members and their student IDs working on this project.
Dry and wet milling processes are used to break down corn into its components. In dry milling, corn is cleaned, conditioned, degermed, dried, cooled, graded, and ground to produce products like grits, meal, flour and hominy feed. Wet milling involves steeping corn in water to separate starch from other components. The corn is milled, separated in germ separators, finely ground, screened to separate fiber from starch and gluten, and centrifuged to separate starch from gluten. The resulting products include corn oil, fiber, gluten and highly purified corn starch.
Nutrition specimens - Dr JP Singh, Dept. of community medicine, SRMS IMS Bare...Jp Singh
This document provides information on nutrition, dietetics, food, nutrients, and the importance of proper nutrition. It discusses the types of nutrients including macro and micronutrients. It then describes various food groups like cereals, millets, pulses and legumes, eggs, and butter. For each food item, it provides the nutritive value and public health importance. It notes that a balanced diet with all nutrients is necessary for building, maintaining and repairing tissues in the human body.
Starch and glucose production in large scaleAlif Hossain
The document describes the process for manufacturing corn starch. It involves the following key steps:
1. Cleaned corn kernels are soaked or "steeped" in water with sulfur dioxide for 24-48 hours to soften them.
2. The steeped kernels are then ground to separate out the germ, which is dried and used to make corn oil.
3. The remaining slurry is further ground and separated using screens and centrifuges to remove fiber, gluten, and produce a purified starch slurry.
4. The starch slurry can then be dried to produce unmodified corn starch or treated to produce modified starches, dextrins, or broken down into glucose.
Size reduction is a process of reducing large solid unit masses, coarse particles or fine particles.
Size reduction may be achieved by two methods:
1] Precipitation
2] Mechanical process
1] Precipitation method: Substance is dissolve in appropriate solvent.
2] Mechanical process: Mechanical force is introduce by using different equipments like ball mill, colloid mill etc.
Most Profitable Food Processing Projects and Agro Based Business Ideas for St...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
The food processing industry has been slated for accelerated growth. It is projected to be a futuristic industry and it is anticipated that, over the years, it will emerge as a leading player in the global markets. As a result, the industry is seen to be witnessing feverish activity.
The size of the processed food market is estimated to be over Rs. 110 bn and is growing at 10 to 15% per annum. The Rs. 4000-bn food market in India has been growing at the rate of 6.5% a year. The Indian middle class spends an estimated around Rs. 700 bn annually on food and groceries alone. The ready-to-eat segment is growing faster as technology is improving and so is the lifestyle of the people.
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Milling is a machining process that uses rotary cutters to remove material from a workpiece by feeding the workpiece into a spinning tool. There are two main types of milling machines: horizontal and vertical. Horizontal milling machines have a horizontally mounted spindle and cutter above the worktable, while vertical milling machines have a vertically oriented spindle and cutter that can plunge to cut the workpiece. The type of milling machine used depends on factors like the shape, size, and number of sides needing machining of the workpiece.
The document discusses different types of milling processes and machines. It describes peripheral milling and face milling operations. Peripheral milling involves rotating the cutter parallel to the workpiece surface, and can be slab milling, slotting, side milling or straddle milling. Face milling produces a surface perpendicular to the cutter axis using cutter face and periphery. The document also covers different milling cutters, machines, and basic cutting conditions for milling operations.
Size reduction is the process of decreasing the physical dimensions of objects or materials by breaking them into smaller pieces. It is done by applying external forces to break larger particles into smaller ones. The main objectives of size reduction are to increase surface area for reactions, separate materials, improve handling and mixing. Some common size reduction methods are impact, compression, shear and attrition. Key factors that affect size reduction are the material's hardness, structure, abrasiveness, softening temperature and moisture content. Several theories describe the energy required for size reduction, including Rittinger's, Bond's and Kick's theories. Only about 10% of the total energy input is actually used to reduce particle size.
This document provides information about milling and grinding machines. It defines milling as a metal cutting process that removes material from a workpiece using a revolving cutting tool called a milling cutter. It also defines grinding as an abrasive machining process that removes a thin layer of material from a workpiece through the abrasive action of rotating grinding wheels. The document then describes various types of milling machines like horizontal milling machines and vertical milling machines. It also discusses grinding machines, abrasives, bonding materials, and different grinding operations like surface grinding and cylindrical grinding. Overall, the document presents an overview of milling and grinding processes and machines.
This document summarizes the dal milling process used in India. It involves cleaning, grading, conditioning, dehusking, splitting, separation, and bagging of pulses. The traditional dry milling method involves cleaning, pitting or scratching to loosen the husk, treating with oil, conditioning through alternate wetting and drying, dehusking and splitting using emery rollers, and polishing. This process is repeated until all pulses are dehusked and split, but yields are only 65-75% due to losses of brokens and powder during abrasive dehusking and splitting. Modern machines offer higher yields of 78-80% with less broken pieces.
The document discusses different types of extruders and expellers used in food processing. It provides information on:
1) Extruders that use shear and pressure to mix, cook, and form foods in a continuous process. They are used to make breakfast cereals, snacks, pet foods and more.
2) Classification of extruders including single-screw, twin-screw, and types based on shear stress levels.
3) Expellers that use compression to mechanically extract oil from seeds with higher efficiency than traditional methods. Modern expellers have improved recovery rates and product quality.
4) Research developing expeller technologies like a twin-screw expeller and an integral
"Cheese is a widely consumed dairy product. It is categorized depending on the texture, moisture, and method of preparation. Learn more about the manufacturing process of cheese.
Industrial air dryers are an essential component in many manufacturing that are designed to remove moisture and humidity from the air, which can improve the quality and efficiency of the manufacturing process. Read more on this topic in this week's edition of tech-knowledge.
Unlock the latest Food-tech trends and innovations with our weekly newsletter! From insight on F&B industry to weekly highlights, stay informed and inspired."
This document provides information about a mini dal mill machine offered by Techno Agencies. It describes the key features and construction of the mini dal mill, which uses an emery roller to de-husk and split pulses into dal. The multi-step process of pre-treatment, conditioning, de-husking and splitting is also summarized. Details are provided about accessories, motor requirements, and contact information for Techno Agencies.
Nextech Agri Solutions provides you the services for installation of rice milling plants from its conceptualization to its execution. Here is a slideshow for more information.
This document discusses various topics related to processing of food grains in India. It provides statistics showing that India's major food grains are cereals like wheat, rice, and millets, as well as pulses. It then covers health benefits and recent trends in processing for some of these crops. For rice, it discusses soft drying, curing, bio-polishing, and various rice-based bakery and snack products. It also summarizes processing techniques and opportunities for millets and pulses in India.
Extrusion is a process that forces material through a die under high temperature, pressure and moisture to transform and form products. There are several types of extruders used to manufacture feed and pet foods, including single screw and twin screw extruders. Proper material selection is important to minimize wear and costs. Extruders have been used for decades and continue to be improved for efficiency.
1. The document discusses the production of fish meal, which is a concentrated feed obtained by milling and drying fish flesh that is high in protein and minerals.
2. Key steps in the production process include heating fish to coagulate proteins, pressing to separate solids from liquids, drying the solids, and grinding into a powder.
3. Pelagic fish like sardines, mackerel, and anchovies are commonly used as raw materials for fish meal production due to their high protein content and availability.
The Haldiram story began in 1937 in Bikaner, India and introduced the brand name "Haldiram Bhujiawala" in 1941. It was led by three brothers and expanded operations by establishing manufacturing units for sweets and snacks in Kolkata in 1950 and Nagpur in 1970. Haldiram offers various Indian snacks and sweets and has become a staple brand in Indian households through uncompromising quality. It produces a wide range of products across multiple sections including ready-to-eat meals, snacks, and bakery items.
This document discusses different types of equipment used for popping, blending, and coating popcorn. It describes wet and dry popping methods. Wet popping involves popping corn in oil using kettles, while dry popping pops corn without oil then adds oil and salt later. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages related to oil usage, efficiency, and cleaning requirements. The document also discusses different types of poppers, dryers, coaters, and blenders used in commercial popcorn production lines to pop, season, and package large volumes of popcorn.
Cottonseed oil is extracted from the seeds of cotton plants. It has a mild taste and golden yellow color. The oil extraction process involves cleaning, delinting, dehulling, flaking, cooking, and extracting the oil using expellers or solvent extraction. The crude oil then undergoes refining processes like degumming, bleaching, hydrogenation, and deodorization to produce refined cottonseed oil suitable for use.
Started to create milestones, we, SPEC Engineers & Consultants Pvt. Ltd marked our presence in the year 1994 and operate in the manufacturing/servicing of Vegetable Oil Plants since 21 years. Our quality services products have been always appreciated by our clients. Our spontaneous attitude and confident approach in offering an excellent range of Vegetable Oil Plants, Vegetable Oil Plants, Oleo Chemical Industry Vegetable Oil Plants, Industrial Vegetable Oil Plants, Batch Neutralizing and Bleaching Machines, Continuous Bleaching Oil Machinery, Continuous Physical Refining Machines, Continuous Chemical Refining Machines, Hydrogenation Plants has deepened our roots in the market. We, SPEC Engineers & Consultants Pvt. Ltd breathe with the aim of fully satisfying our clients with our high-quality products services. We are a unit of highly experienced professionals, all of them contributing at the best of their potentials to offer the highest degree of efficiency and client satisfaction.
Oilseed Processing for Small-Scale Producers Gardening
This document provides an overview of the basic steps involved in small-scale oilseed processing, including seed cleaning, extraction, clarification, packaging and storage. It describes different extraction methods like cold pressing and solvent extraction. Key processing steps are outlined, such as conditioning seeds, extracting oil via expeller presses, clarifying the oil, and refining/packaging. Sources for equipment and more information are included at the end.
This was presented in class by visiting oil processing unit that is located in Parlakhemundi, Odisha during 2018 in my B.Sc. Agriculture. This will be a small guidance for those interested in setting up a small oil processing unit. It might not give you an exact figure but definitely gives you an idea how a processing unit works, its components, pre-processing techniques, post processing work, storage and expected expenditure per year.
In short, our objectives were to:
(1) To study about oil processing techniques.
(2) To analyze the operating risk, financial risk.
(3) To measure the impact of total cost management under study.
(3) To suggest appropriate measures for the improvement of oil processing unit.
(5) To plan to start up a small-scale oil processing unit.
This document discusses the process of modern wheat milling. It involves cleaning the wheat using various machines to remove foreign materials. The wheat is then conditioned by adding moisture and heating to weaken the bond between bran and endosperm. The wheat is then ground using multiple sets of breaker rolls and sifters to separate bran, germ, and endosperm. The endosperm is further ground using reduction rollers and sifted to produce different grades of flour. The overall goal is to maximize the yield of white flour from the wheat endosperm.
Compound feed is made by mixing grains, protein meals, and other ingredients in proper proportions. Processing methods for feed ingredients include grinding, rolling, flaking, extruding, and pelleting to improve palatability, nutrient availability, and storage. Wet processing involves soaking, cooking, or adding moisture while dry processing uses grinding, rolling, and roasting without added water. The goal is to alter physical properties and increase digestibility of nutrients.
This document provides details for setting up a small soy oil refining and packaging enterprise in India. It includes information on the project overview, location, introduction to soybeans and soybean oil, benefits of the business, registration requirements, production assumptions, manufacturing process involving extraction, cleaning and packaging, costs including land, machinery, production costs, sales projections, and profitability analysis. The proposed business would refine and package soybean oil on 14,000 square feet of land in Nagpur, requiring an investment of Rs. 21,951,310 with the potential for profitability.
This presentation show about feed technology how to feed and fodder process their History, Principles, classification and some related definition its also helpful to graduate student and post graduate student FEED TECHNOLOGY
Definition
The subject of feed technology deals with processing of feeds, fodders and preparation of formula feeds for which the knowledge of nutritional requirements of various livestock and poultry, quality control of feed ingredients, feed plant management and the storage of feed ingredients and feeds are essential.
Animal feed technology may also be defined as the application of physical, chemical, biochemical, biological and engineering techniques to increase the nutrient utilization of feeds and fodders in animal system for the development of livestock and poultry and feed industry.
Beginning of feed Industry and related Activities in the US:-
• In 1875 Mr. john barwell initiated the production of a calf meal at Blatchford of Waukegan, Illinois.
• American Feed Manufacturers Association (AFMA) was founded in 1909 in Wisconsin and its name was changed to American Feed Industry Association (AFIA) in 1985.
• The Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) was established in 1909.
• Linear programming, a mathematical procedure, was developed by George B. Dantzig in 1947.
• W.V. Waugh of USDA was the first to see the potential of this mathematical procedure and developed a least cost dairy feed in 1951.
• Food and drug Administration (FDA) was passed in 1906 in USA.
*Some of the AAFCO Definitions:-
1. Complete feed: - A nutritionally adequate feed for animals other than humans and is capable of maintaining life and / or promoting production without any additional substance, except water.
2. Concentrate:- A feed used with another to improve the nutritive balance of the total and intended to be further diluted and mixed to produce a supplement or a complete feed.
3. Supplement:- A feed used with another to improve the nutritive balance or performance of the total and intended to be (1) fed undiluted as a supplement to other feeds, (2) offered free- choice with other parts of the ration separately available or (3) further diluted and mixed to produce a complete feed.
4. Premix:- A uniform mixture of one or more micro-ingredients with diluents and carrier.
Development of Feed Industry in India:-
• Feed industry came into existence in India in 1961 with the establishment of a feed plant in Ludhiana, Punjab.
• Compound Livestock Feed Manufacturers Association (CLFMA) was formed on 8 June, 1967.
•
Food Processing and preservation 4- Extrusion.pdfPeterJofilisi
The document discusses extrusion, a food processing technique that pushes mixed ingredients through a die to form and shape materials. Key points:
- Extrusion is used to process foods like snacks, cereals, pasta. It combines operations like mixing, cooking, and shaping.
- Advantages include versatility, lower costs, high throughput, and environmental friendliness. Disadvantages include potential vitamin/flavor losses and higher initial costs.
- The extrusion system includes a feed bin, preconditioner, extruder, die, and cutting knife. Extruders have feeding, compression, and metering sections. Parameters include high temperature, pressure, and shear forces over short residence times.
this presentation briefly describes the digital image processing and its various procedures and techniques which include image correction or rectification with remote sensing data/ images. it also contains various image classification techniques.
This document provides an overview of assessing soil erosion using the RUSLE (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation) model with remote sensing and GIS. It defines soil erosion and describes the types and causes of erosion. It also discusses the global and Indian scenarios of soil erosion and different erosion modeling approaches. The document explains the need for using remote sensing and GIS with RUSLE modeling. It describes the RUSLE equation and factors in detail and provides the framework for implementing the RUSLE model in a GIS.
The document discusses the role of global agricultural research systems and partnerships with national agricultural research systems (NARS). It notes that the global system is driven by CGIAR, which focuses on reducing poverty and increasing food security. CGIAR has expanded from 4 centers and 8 members in 1971 to 15 centers and 64 country members today. India has one of the largest agricultural research systems in the world comprising about 30,000 scientists. The system includes the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) at the national level and agricultural universities at the state level. Partnerships between international and national organizations are seen as essential for achieving development goals and project outcomes.
This document discusses the basic principles and components of a hydraulic control system for a tractor. It explains that liquids are incompressible and transmit pressure equally in all directions, allowing hydraulic systems to greatly increase work force. The basic hydraulic system has a pump and cylinder. Additional components include a reservoir, check valve, relief valve, double-acting cylinder, hydraulic pump, cylinder, tank, control valve, safety valve, hoses, fittings, and lifting arms. Hydraulic pumps include gear pumps, rotary pumps, vane pumps, and axial and bent-axial piston pumps. Valves include control valves and relief valves. Hydraulic systems provide advantages like compact power and remote control but also have disadvantages like potential leaks and high
This document discusses various techniques for artificial groundwater recharge. It begins by defining groundwater and artificial recharge. There are direct surface methods like percolation tanks, flooding, stream augmentation, and ditch and furrow systems. Direct subsurface methods include recharge wells, dug wells, and pits and shafts. Indirect methods are induced recharge and aquifer modification. Aquifer modification techniques aim to increase the water storage and flow capacity of aquifers through actions like bore blasting, hydro-fracturing, grouting, and stream blasting. Artificial recharge has benefits like enhancing water supplies, improving water quality, and preventing issues like saline intrusion and land subsidence.
This document provides an introduction to fuel systems for tractors and farm machinery. It defines fuel as a substance that produces energy when consumed by an engine. The key components and workings of fuel systems for spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (diesel) engines are described. For SI engines, the fuel system includes a fuel tank, filter, carburetor and intake manifold. The carburetor mixes air and fuel. For diesel engines, the high-pressure system includes a fuel tank, filter, injection pump and injectors, which supply precisely metered fuel into the combustion chamber. Fuel quality and proper maintenance of filters are discussed as important for optimal system operation.
This document discusses strip packaging technology. Strip packaging involves enclosing individual articles between two webs of material sealed together in pockets by heated rollers. The process involves feeding articles and web materials between rollers with cavities to form sealed pockets around each article. Design considerations for the strips include pocket shape and size. Seal quality is inspected by heating sealed areas and checking for leaks underwater. Common materials used are foil laminates, PET, and aluminum foil for their barrier and sealing properties.
This document discusses different types of agriculture structures. It begins by discussing dairy barns, including types like stanchion barns, loose housing barns, and open air barns. It also discusses cow stalls and barn equipment. Next, it covers farm fencing types such as woven wire, barbed wire, plain wire and electric fencing. Poultry house types including wire floored houses and deep litter houses are then described. Finally, it briefly mentions storage structures, silos, sheep and goat houses, and biogas production.
This document provides an overview of tractors, including their history, development, classifications, and main components. Some key points:
- Tractors were invented in the late 19th century and were originally designed to provide traction and haul machinery for agricultural and construction purposes.
- They are now classified based on their construction type (wheel, track, etc.), drive type, and intended purpose (utility, row crop, orchard, industrial, etc.).
- Important developments over time included the introduction of gasoline and diesel engines for power, and manufacturers in India starting in the 1960s and growing substantially through the 1980s and 1990s.
- The main assemblies of modern tractors include the engine, transmission, wheels
The document discusses the key components of a drip irrigation system, including:
1. Filtration systems like hydrocyclone, screen, gravel, and disc filters to remove solid particles from water.
2. Mainlines, sub-mainlines, laterals, and emitters to distribute water.
3. Additional components like pressure regulators, backflow prevention, air/vacuum release valves, and controllers to regulate water flow and pressure.
4. The document provides details on the purpose and functioning of several common component types.
Micro-irrigation refers to low-pressure irrigation systems that spray, mist, sprinkle or drip water onto the soil surface near the plant roots. The document discusses the need for micro-irrigation systems to reduce soil salinity and evaporation while providing sufficient water for plant growth. It describes the advantages of micro-irrigation like water savings, weed and disease reduction, and yield improvement. The document also outlines some disadvantages and different types of micro-irrigation systems including drip, sprinkler and fogging systems. It provides details on drip irrigation components and crops that can be grown with drip irrigation.
This document provides an overview of farm tractors. It discusses the requirements of tractors, how they have developed over time, and how they are classified. Tractors are classified by their type of construction (track, wheel, etc.), drive type, and purpose (utility, row crop, orchard, etc.). The document also lists major tractor assemblies and manufacturers in India, including models from Eicher, Escorts, GTCL, HMT, TAFE, Mahindra, Sonalika, PTL, Ford and New Holland.
FOUNDATION
DETAILS OF PROGRAMME
FORMATION OF GGRC
EVALUATION OF MICRO IRRIGATION SYSTEM
ACHIEVEMENTS OF GGRC
NECCESITY OF GGRC
FEATURES OF GGRC
BENEFITS OF GGRC
policy impactation
priorities and needs of farmer
Features of adopting micro irrigation system
nature of scheme
activities to promote micro irrigation
Demonstration of micro irrigation
Schemes administration
General guideline in administering micro irrigation scheme
Overall target
Introduction
System components of automated irrigation system
Preparation of programming schedule
Various types of automation system
Benefits of automized irrigation
Limitations of automized irrigation system
related to different fertigation systems used in crop..
INTRODUCTION
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FERTIGATION
OBJECTIVES OF FERTIGATION IN MICROIRRIGATION
DOSIFICATION
FERTILIZER INJECTION METHODS
- PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL
- VACUUM INJECTION
- PUMP INJECTION
4. MILLING
Milling refers to the size reduction and separation
operations used for processing of food grains into
edible form.
5. PRINCIPLES OF SIZE REDUCTIONS
Followings are some laws of energy required to size
reduction : -
- Rittinger's law
- Kick's law
- Bond's law
6. RITTINGER’S LAW
• It is states that the work required in crushing is
proportional to the new surface created.
• Rittinger’s assumed that size reduction is essentially a
shearing procedure.
• Therefore, energy requirement is proportional to the
square of the common linear dimension .
• The value of n = 2
Where,
E is energy requirement for size reduction
Xp is length of product
Xf is length of feed
7. SIZE REDUCTION METHODS
The size of agriculture products may be reduced
by several ways, but mainly the following four
methods are used in size reduction machines.
1.Compression or crushing.
2.Impact.
3.Shearing.
4.Cutting.
9. Crushing :-
In crushing the particle produced after crushing
are irregular in shape & size.
The type of material and method of force
application affects the characteristics of new
surfaces and particles.
Food grain flour, grits and meal, ground feed for
livestock are made by crushing process.
Crushing is also used to extract oil from oilseeds
and juice from sugarcane.
11. Impact:-
When a material is subjected to sudden blow
of force in excess of its strength, it fails, like a
cracking of nut with the help of a hammer. For
example Hammer mill.
12. Shearing:-
-It is a process of size reduction which
combines cutting and crushing. The shearing units
consist of a knife and a bar.
Cutting:-
In this method size reduction is
accomplished by forcing a sharp and thin knife
though the material. The size of vegetables and
fruits are reduced by cutting.
13. SIZE REDUCTION MACHINARY
Size reducing devices are grouped as follows:-
SIZE
REDUCTION
MACHINARY
GRINDER
FINE
DRINDER
CUTTING
MACHINES
CRUSHER
16. Crushers : -
- These type of reducing machines squeeze or press the
material until it brakes.
- Crushers are mostly used to break large pieces of
solid materials into small lumps.
- Crushers are used in industrial operations, like mines
etc.
- Use of crushers in agricultural operations is limited.
The crushers in use are,
1.Jaw crushers. 2. Gyratory crushers. 3. Crushing rolls.
17. Grinders:-
- The grinders are used to mill the grains into
powder.
- The grinder comprises a variety of size
reduction machines like attrition mills, hammer
mills, impactors and rolling compression mills.
18. Cutting machines: -
- Size reduction of fruits and vegetables are
mostly performed by cutting operation.
- To make thin slices of fruits and vegetables
knife cutter are used.
- Few types of knife cutters have been developed
for cutting slices / chips of potatoes, banana etc.
19. SIZE REDUCTION MACHINES
OPERATION AND PERFORMANCE
To achieve good results from any size reducing machines
the followings should be given due care,
Feed should be of proper size and feeding rate should be
uniform.
Hard or unbreakable material is not allowed to enter the
mill.
After grinding the product is removed as soon as
possible.
There should be some arrangement to remove the heat
generated during milling operation.
20. OIL EXPRESSION
Expression is the process of mechanically
pressing liquid out of liquid containing solids.
Screw presses, roll presses and mill, collapsible
plate and frame filler presses, disk mill are some
of examples of a wide range of equipment used
for expression of liquid.
FIG: OLIVE OIL PRESS
21. MECHANICAL EXPRESSION
DEVICES
Hydraulic press: -
- It considered of a series of horizontal
corrugated iron plates.
- These plates are separated by 4 to 14 remolded
oil seed cakes.
- Pressing is completed in two stages.
- In the first stage, the oil samples are pressed at
approximately 5MPa for 15 to 20 minutes.
- Afterward a pressure of 28MPa is applied for 5
to 10 minutes to complete the expression process.
- The output of the press varied depending on the
sizes seed being pressed.
23. Screw press: -
- In screw press, the press has a horizontal main
shaft.
- The screw assembly is formed integrally with this
shaft.
- This screw rotates within a cage of barrel.
- Barrel is made of case hardened, tool steel bars or
this may be made out of assembly of rings.
- Spacers are used between the lining bars or rings
to allow drainage of the oil as the pressure on the
feed material is increased.
25. OIL EXTRACTION
Extraction is the process of separating a liquid
from a liquid-solid system with the use of
solvent.
Extraction may also be said as a process to
extract oil from oil bearing material through
process of diffusion with the help of low boiling
point solvent.
This process gives a higher recovery of oil and a
drier cake then expression.
27. Traditional methods:-
- Oil is extracted from, for example, fresh
coconut, olive, palm fruit Shea nut by separating
the flesh and boiling it in water.
- Salt can be added to break any emulsion which
is commonly formed and the oil is skimmed from
the surface. In palm oil processing the fruit is first
heated in a digester.
28. • Manual methods:-
- Oil can be extracted by pressing softer oilseeds
and nuts, such as ground nuts and Shea nuts,
whereas harder, more fibrous materials such as
copra and sunflower seed can be processed using
ghanis.
- Pulped or ground material is loaded into a
manual or hydraulic press to squeeze out the oil-
water emulsion.
29. MECHANIZED EXTRACTION
Ghani (kolhus):-
- The Ghani consists of a large mortar and pestle, the
mortar being fixed in the ground and the pestle being
moved within the mortar by animal traction (donkey or
mule) or a motor.
- Oilseeds are placed in the mortar and the pestle grinds
the material to remove the oil.
- The oil runs out of a hole in the bottom of the mortar and
the cake is scooped out by hand.
- This method is slow and requires two animals, replacing
the tired one with another after about 3-4 hours of work.
31. Expeller :-
- The basic steps involved in processing
oilseeds by expeller are shown in the flow diagram
below.
32. PARBOILING
It is a pre milling treatment given to paddy prior to its
milling to achieve maximum recovery of head rice and to
minimize breakage.
In this process paddy is soaked and the wet paddy is
heated and dried.
During soaking of paddy water penetrates into starch
granules and result in swelling of grains.
In heating, the energy weakens the granule structure and
more surface becomes available water absorption and
result in irreversible granule swelling.
This phenomenon is called gelatinization of starch.
33. The main objectives of parboiling are –
1. to increase the total and head rice yield of
paddy.
2. to prevent the loss of nutrients during milling.
3. to salvage wet or damaged paddy.
4. to mill the rice according to requirement of
consumers.
34. ADVANTAGES OF PARBOILING
The milling yield increases and the quality is
improved.
The milled rice becomes translucent and shining.
Shelling of parboiled rice is easier.
Bran of parboiled rice has more oil.
Parboiled rice retains more proteins, vitamins and
minerals.
Parboiled rice is more digestible and less solids are
left behind in the cooking water.
35. DISADVANTAGES OF PARBOILING
Parboiling process needs extra capital investment.
Parboiling adds to the cost of drying.
More power is required for polishing of parboiled rice.
The process becomes difficult and lowers the capacity of
polisher.
Parboiled rice takes more time to cook than raw rice and
may have characteristics off flavor which may not be
liked by raw rice eaters.
The heat treatment during parboiling destroys some
natural anti-oxidants.
37. PARBOILING OF PADDY
Soaking of paddy is carried out by dipping in water.
Dipping in water at ambient temperature takes long
time (72 h) for soaking, making paddy susceptible to
development of micotoxins.
Hence, soaking at elevated temperature of water is
considered better. The soaking duration varies with
water temperature.
1.Soaking of paddy: -
38. S. No. Temperature, °C Time, h
1 Water heated to 50°C and allowed to come to
ambient temperature
24
2 Water heated to 75°C and allowed to come to
ambient temperature
12
3 Maintained at 60°C 8
4 Maintained at 65°C 6
5 Maintained at 70°C 4
6 Maintained at 72°C 3.5
7 Steam at 0.5 atm. pressure 0.4
The following time-temperature combination is considered optimum
for soaking:
Time-temperature combination for soaking of paddy:
39. 2. Steaming of paddy: -
PARBOILING OF PADDY
Steaming is carried out to gelatinize starch.
Generally, saturated steam at a pressure of 1-5
kg/cm2 is used for steaming of soaked paddy.
Duration of steaming depends upon quantity of
paddy. For small batch, 2-3 min whereas for large
batch (6-8 tones), 25-30 min of steaming is
required.
41. 3. Drying of paddy: -
Drying of parboiled paddy from 45-50% (db) to 14-
16% (db) needs to be done for proper milling and
storage.
Sun drying of paddy is generally practiced.
For uniform drying, it is important that paddy is spread
in 2-3 cm thickness layer and stirred at an interval of
half hour.
It is also important that paddy is dried in two passes
instead of continuous drying. In first pass, paddy
moisture content should be brought down to 18-20%
and rest in second pass.
42. Parboiling tank is filled with clean water and heated to
about 85°C.
Paddy is dumped into hot water in tank for soaking. the
temperature of paddy-water mixture comes down to 70°C
which is maintained for 3-3.5 h.
After soaking, water is drained from tank and then
exposed to steam at a pressure of 4 kg/cm2 until husk
starts splitting.
Steamed paddy is dried in multiple passes. During parboiling, the water requirement is about 1.25
times the weight of paddy and requirement of steam is
about 200 kg/ton of paddy.
CFTRI PARBOILING METHOD