Soil erosion in africa
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Soil erosion is a major problem in parts of Africa like Guinea and Zimbabwe. The overuse of land for farming and grazing has removed vegetation that holds soil in place. Heavy rainfall then washes away topsoil, reducing the fertility of the land. This makes it difficult for farmers to grow food, potentially leading to hunger, poverty, and migration. Some efforts to prevent soil erosion include planting trees, using vetiver grass, and constructing stone terraces across slopes.
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Soils erosion
Soil erosion is the removal of topsoil from the land, primarily due to human mismanagement. There are three main types of erosion: sheet erosion caused by moving water, gully erosion from water in steep areas, and wind erosion in dry bare areas. Some key causes are overgrazing, cultivation on steep slopes, overcropping, and deforestation. To conserve soils, proper land management techniques can be used, including terracing, strip cropping, crop rotation, contour ploughing, reforestation, and windbreaks. These practices help reduce runoff and protect soil from heavy rainfall and winds.
Methods to control soil erosion and water run off
This document discusses soil erosion and methods for controlling it to maintain soil health. It defines soil erosion as the detachment, transport, and deposition of soil particles. Soil erosion reduces soil quality and agricultural productivity on-site, and causes siltation of waterways off-site. Factors that influence erosion include climate, soil type, topography, and human activities. The document then outlines various agronomic and engineering measures that can be taken to control erosion, such as using vegetation, contour farming, strip cropping, mulching, terracing, and building structures like check dams and ponds. The overall goal is to implement practices that protect the soil surface and slow runoff to prevent erosion.
Powerpoint presentation of jelmarie
Soil erosion occurs naturally through processes like water and wind but is exacerbated by human activities like deforestation, overgrazing, overcropping, agricultural disturbance, logging, farming, cattle ranching, surface mining, strip mining, and urbanization. The effects of soil erosion include the deterioration of agricultural lands, increased flooding, reduced water supply, destruction of infrastructure, and the depletion of wildlife and natural resources. While advances in soil management have helped maintain crop yields, soil erosion remains a significant problem that often only becomes apparent when property is damaged and productive soil is lost.
Soil erosion2
Soil erosion is a major problem in India caused by various natural and human factors. The key causes are heavy rainfall, deforestation, overgrazing, and poor agricultural practices. This strips away topsoil, especially on steep slopes. Regions highly impacted include Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and the Himalayan foothills. To control erosion, methods such as terracing, contour plowing, afforestation, and constructing dams have been used. Preventing further environmental degradation and switching to sustainable farming techniques are important to reduce soil loss.
Soil conservation (IGKV RAIPUR, C.G.)
The document discusses various agronomic and mechanical measures for soil conservation. It describes crop rotation, contour farming, cover cropping and mulching, and strip cropping as agronomic measures that help reduce erosion, maintain soil nutrients and moisture levels. Mechanical measures mentioned include basin listing, subsoiling, contour trenching, terracing, bunding and gully control structures, which divide slopes and capture runoff to prevent erosion and allow water absorption. The overall aim of these techniques is to reduce the velocity of runoff and retain water in the soil for longer to minimize erosion and optimize crop growth.
Soil erosion
Soil erosion is a naturally occurring process that affects all landforms and can occur slowly over time or rapidly, causing serious topsoil loss. There are four main types of erosion: sheet erosion, gully erosion, channel erosion, and rill erosion. Soil erosion is caused by both natural processes like wind and water flowing downhill, as well as human activities such as overcropping, deforestation, and overgrazing. Problems from soil erosion include loss of topsoil, damage to fields, decreased plant productivity, and desertification. Remedies include avoiding overgrazing, conserving wetlands, terracing, and encouraging water infiltration.
Training Manual on Soil Health
This document outlines a training manual on soil health for agricultural workers. It covers 6 days of training sessions on topics related to soil health, including definitions of soil and soil horizons, physical and chemical properties of soil, major soil types in India, and methods for improving soil health through physical, chemical, and biological measures. The document provides learning objectives, activities, and material requirements for each session. It also includes tips for facilitators on effective training techniques.
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Soils erosion
Soil erosion is the removal of topsoil from the land, primarily due to human mismanagement. There are three main types of erosion: sheet erosion caused by moving water, gully erosion from water in steep areas, and wind erosion in dry bare areas. Some key causes are overgrazing, cultivation on steep slopes, overcropping, and deforestation. To conserve soils, proper land management techniques can be used, including terracing, strip cropping, crop rotation, contour ploughing, reforestation, and windbreaks. These practices help reduce runoff and protect soil from heavy rainfall and winds.
Methods to control soil erosion and water run off
This document discusses soil erosion and methods for controlling it to maintain soil health. It defines soil erosion as the detachment, transport, and deposition of soil particles. Soil erosion reduces soil quality and agricultural productivity on-site, and causes siltation of waterways off-site. Factors that influence erosion include climate, soil type, topography, and human activities. The document then outlines various agronomic and engineering measures that can be taken to control erosion, such as using vegetation, contour farming, strip cropping, mulching, terracing, and building structures like check dams and ponds. The overall goal is to implement practices that protect the soil surface and slow runoff to prevent erosion.
Powerpoint presentation of jelmarie
Soil erosion occurs naturally through processes like water and wind but is exacerbated by human activities like deforestation, overgrazing, overcropping, agricultural disturbance, logging, farming, cattle ranching, surface mining, strip mining, and urbanization. The effects of soil erosion include the deterioration of agricultural lands, increased flooding, reduced water supply, destruction of infrastructure, and the depletion of wildlife and natural resources. While advances in soil management have helped maintain crop yields, soil erosion remains a significant problem that often only becomes apparent when property is damaged and productive soil is lost.
Soil erosion2
Soil erosion is a major problem in India caused by various natural and human factors. The key causes are heavy rainfall, deforestation, overgrazing, and poor agricultural practices. This strips away topsoil, especially on steep slopes. Regions highly impacted include Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and the Himalayan foothills. To control erosion, methods such as terracing, contour plowing, afforestation, and constructing dams have been used. Preventing further environmental degradation and switching to sustainable farming techniques are important to reduce soil loss.
Soil conservation (IGKV RAIPUR, C.G.)
The document discusses various agronomic and mechanical measures for soil conservation. It describes crop rotation, contour farming, cover cropping and mulching, and strip cropping as agronomic measures that help reduce erosion, maintain soil nutrients and moisture levels. Mechanical measures mentioned include basin listing, subsoiling, contour trenching, terracing, bunding and gully control structures, which divide slopes and capture runoff to prevent erosion and allow water absorption. The overall aim of these techniques is to reduce the velocity of runoff and retain water in the soil for longer to minimize erosion and optimize crop growth.
Soil erosion
Soil erosion is a naturally occurring process that affects all landforms and can occur slowly over time or rapidly, causing serious topsoil loss. There are four main types of erosion: sheet erosion, gully erosion, channel erosion, and rill erosion. Soil erosion is caused by both natural processes like wind and water flowing downhill, as well as human activities such as overcropping, deforestation, and overgrazing. Problems from soil erosion include loss of topsoil, damage to fields, decreased plant productivity, and desertification. Remedies include avoiding overgrazing, conserving wetlands, terracing, and encouraging water infiltration.
Training Manual on Soil Health
This document outlines a training manual on soil health for agricultural workers. It covers 6 days of training sessions on topics related to soil health, including definitions of soil and soil horizons, physical and chemical properties of soil, major soil types in India, and methods for improving soil health through physical, chemical, and biological measures. The document provides learning objectives, activities, and material requirements for each session. It also includes tips for facilitators on effective training techniques.
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This presentation will provide you complete knowledge regarding measurement of infiltration by using double ring infiltrometer.
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This document discusses soil conservation measures for non-agricultural lands. It defines non-agricultural lands as areas unsuitable for cultivation due to limitations like steep slopes or erosion. About 17% of India's total land area is considered wasteland. Soil conservation is important to prevent environmental hazards from erosion. Measures discussed include reforestation, mulching, strip planting, and terracing to stabilize soil and increase water absorption. Temporary, semi-permanent and permanent structures can be used to control erosion, ranging from brushwood poles to concrete dams.
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The document discusses soil erosion, including its definition, causes, effects, and methods to control it. Soil erosion is the loss of topsoil from land by water or wind. It is caused by both natural processes like water flowing downhill and human activities such as overgrazing, deforestation, and overcropping. This accelerated erosion degrades soil quality and reduces crop yields. Control methods center around maintaining ground cover through practices like mulching, cover crops, and crop rotation, as well as using barriers like terraces and contour ploughing to prevent topsoil loss from water runoff. Overall, controlling erosion sustains agricultural productivity and environmental quality.
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This document discusses various types and causes of soil erosion. It defines soil erosion as the wearing away and transportation of soil by water, wind or other forces. The main types discussed are normal erosion, accelerated erosion, wind erosion, water erosion, landslides, and stream bank erosion. Water erosion is further broken down into splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion, and stream erosion. The document also discusses factors that affect erosion like energy/erosivity, soil resistance, and protective measures. It outlines on-site and off-site effects of water erosion such as reduced crop yields, loss of nutrients, and water pollution.
Soil conservation
Soil conservation is important because soil forms over thousands of years but can be destroyed in just a few years by human misuse. Sheet, wind, and gully erosion can remove topsoil. Maintaining plant cover in contact with the soil surface is critical for protecting soils from erosion by water and wind. Recommended practices include contour plowing, reduced or no tillage, windbreaks, allowing soils to rest, and promoting humus production.
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This document discusses various techniques for soil moisture conservation. It explains that soil moisture conservation aims to minimize water loss from soil through evaporation and transpiration. It then discusses different agronomic measures like conservation tillage, deep tillage, contour farming, mulching, crop rotation, and use of cover crops and anti-transpirants to conserve soil moisture. The document also discusses mechanical measures like bunding, terracing, trenching etc. that are used for soil moisture conservation, especially on lands with slopes greater than 2%.
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This document discusses the importance of soil conservation and various methods for achieving it. Soil conservation aims to prevent soil erosion and maintain fertility. Key methods discussed include contour plowing, terracing, multiple cropping, and planting trees. The document also analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of different valuation approaches to assess the economic benefits of soil conservation, such as market-based, cost-based, and production function methods. Overall, no single method is sufficient due to the complex, multidimensional role of soil conservation.
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This document discusses soil erosion, its causes, impacts, and methods for control. It defines soil erosion as the detachment, transport, and deposition of soil particles from land surfaces. Some key points:
- Soil erosion reduces soil quality and agricultural productivity on-site, and causes siltation of water bodies off-site.
- Factors that influence erosion include rainfall/climate, soil type, slope, vegetation cover, and human activities like farming.
- Erosion processes include splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion, and gully erosion.
- Methods for controlling erosion include agronomic measures like contour cultivation, cover cropping, and mulching, as well as engineering
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This document summarizes key concepts related to weathering and soil formation processes. It describes how weathering breaks down rocks through physical and chemical processes, forming regolith. The main factors that influence soil formation are then outlined, including parent material, climate, topography, organisms/vegetation, and time. Specific weathering and soil forming processes are also defined, such as podzolization, laterization, and gleization. Key minerals and their weatherability are discussed. The role of various physical and chemical weathering agents such as water, wind, temperature changes are also summarized.
Soil water and movement of soil water
Soils can process and hold considerable amount of water. They can take in water, and will keep doing so until they are full, or until the rate at which they can transmit water into and through the pores is exceeded. Some of this water will steadily drain through the soil (via gravity) and end up in the waterways and streams, but much of it will be retained, despite the influence of gravity. Much of this retained water can be used by plants and other organisms, thus contributing to land productivity and soil health.
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This document discusses various techniques for soil conservation to prevent erosion and maintain fertility. It describes contour plowing, terrace farming, keyline design, perimeter runoff control, windbreaks, crop rotation, and mulching as organic farming practices that conserve the soil. It also recommends preventing overgrazing, re-establishing forest cover, and maintaining soil pH levels. The document concludes by mentioning engineering structures like gabion walls, retaining walls, breast walls, check dams, and weep holes that can further control soil erosion.
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Soil erosion is the removal of topsoil by various factors like water and wind. It is a natural process that has been accelerated 10-40 times by human activities like intensive agriculture, deforestation, roads, and climate change. This excessive erosion causes on-site issues like decreased productivity and off-site issues like sedimentation of waterways. The rate of erosion is affected by climate, soil properties, vegetation cover, and topography - with factors like heavy rainfall, lack of vegetation, and steep slopes increasing rates. Preventing erosion requires increasing vegetative cover through practices like terracing and windbreaks.
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Soil conservation practices can reduce soil erosion caused by flooding, wind and other agents. As well soil conservation practices restore fertility, fauna and flora and reduce contamination caused by chemicals...
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This document discusses soil erosion, its causes, impacts, and methods for measuring and addressing it. It provides context on the development of the Universal Soil Loss Equation to quantitatively predict erosion. While useful, the USLE does not capture extreme weather events that cause most erosion. Direct measurements are most accurate but also most resource-intensive. The document outlines various on-site and off-site impacts of erosion and early efforts to address the problem through the Soil Conservation Service and projects like Coon Creek Watershed.
Soil erosion
Soil erosion is the washing or blowing away (by wind or water) of the top layer of soil (dirt).Erosion also leaves large holes in the earth, which can weaken buildings and even cause them to collapse.
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This document discusses soil conservation measures for non-agricultural lands. It defines non-agricultural lands as areas unsuitable for cultivation due to limitations like steep slopes or erosion. About 17% of India's total land area is considered wasteland. Soil conservation is important to prevent environmental hazards from erosion. Measures discussed include reforestation, mulching, strip planting, and terracing to stabilize soil and increase water absorption. Temporary, semi-permanent and permanent structures can be used to control erosion, ranging from brushwood poles to concrete dams.
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The document discusses soil erosion, including its definition, causes, effects, and methods to control it. Soil erosion is the loss of topsoil from land by water or wind. It is caused by both natural processes like water flowing downhill and human activities such as overgrazing, deforestation, and overcropping. This accelerated erosion degrades soil quality and reduces crop yields. Control methods center around maintaining ground cover through practices like mulching, cover crops, and crop rotation, as well as using barriers like terraces and contour ploughing to prevent topsoil loss from water runoff. Overall, controlling erosion sustains agricultural productivity and environmental quality.
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The document discusses various agronomic measures for soil conservation. Some key measures mentioned include contour cultivation, strip cropping, use of cover crops, mulching, addition of manure and fertilizers, construction of bench terraces, use of vegetative barriers, and maintaining soil pH and salinity levels. Soil conservation is important to prevent erosion and destruction of soil. Various farming practices can be employed to effectively conserve soil on agricultural lands.
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Soil conservation is important because soil forms over thousands of years but can be destroyed in just a few years by human misuse. Sheet, wind, and gully erosion can remove topsoil. Maintaining plant cover in contact with the soil surface is critical for protecting soils from erosion by water and wind. Recommended practices include contour plowing, reduced or no tillage, windbreaks, allowing soils to rest, and promoting humus production.
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This document discusses various techniques for soil moisture conservation. It explains that soil moisture conservation aims to minimize water loss from soil through evaporation and transpiration. It then discusses different agronomic measures like conservation tillage, deep tillage, contour farming, mulching, crop rotation, and use of cover crops and anti-transpirants to conserve soil moisture. The document also discusses mechanical measures like bunding, terracing, trenching etc. that are used for soil moisture conservation, especially on lands with slopes greater than 2%.
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This document discusses the importance of soil conservation and various methods for achieving it. Soil conservation aims to prevent soil erosion and maintain fertility. Key methods discussed include contour plowing, terracing, multiple cropping, and planting trees. The document also analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of different valuation approaches to assess the economic benefits of soil conservation, such as market-based, cost-based, and production function methods. Overall, no single method is sufficient due to the complex, multidimensional role of soil conservation.
SOIL EROSION AND SOIL HEALTH
This document discusses soil erosion, its causes, impacts, and methods for control. It defines soil erosion as the detachment, transport, and deposition of soil particles from land surfaces. Some key points:
- Soil erosion reduces soil quality and agricultural productivity on-site, and causes siltation of water bodies off-site.
- Factors that influence erosion include rainfall/climate, soil type, slope, vegetation cover, and human activities like farming.
- Erosion processes include splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion, and gully erosion.
- Methods for controlling erosion include agronomic measures like contour cultivation, cover cropping, and mulching, as well as engineering
weathering of Rocks and minerals
This document summarizes key concepts related to weathering and soil formation processes. It describes how weathering breaks down rocks through physical and chemical processes, forming regolith. The main factors that influence soil formation are then outlined, including parent material, climate, topography, organisms/vegetation, and time. Specific weathering and soil forming processes are also defined, such as podzolization, laterization, and gleization. Key minerals and their weatherability are discussed. The role of various physical and chemical weathering agents such as water, wind, temperature changes are also summarized.
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Soils can process and hold considerable amount of water. They can take in water, and will keep doing so until they are full, or until the rate at which they can transmit water into and through the pores is exceeded. Some of this water will steadily drain through the soil (via gravity) and end up in the waterways and streams, but much of it will be retained, despite the influence of gravity. Much of this retained water can be used by plants and other organisms, thus contributing to land productivity and soil health.
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Soil water balance is important for plant development and yield in semi-arid tropics. It helps minimize water losses and maximize utilization of soil water. Water is essential for plants as it helps dissipate heat from metabolic activities, acts as an electron donor in photosynthesis, and transports minerals and organic compounds within cells. The key components of the soil water balance equation include precipitation, irrigation, capillary rise, evapotranspiration, deep percolation, runoff, beginning moisture level and ending moisture level.
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The document discusses various methods for soil conservation including terrace farming, contour ploughing, crop rotation, shelter belts, strip cropping, and multiple cropping. Terrace farming uses stepped terraces to prevent soil erosion and retain water and nutrients. Contour ploughing involves ploughing across slopes along contour lines to reduce runoff. Crop rotation replenishes soil nutrients and diversity to prevent pathogen and pest buildup. Shelter belts are rows of trees that protect soil from wind erosion and provide habitat. Strip cropping alternates rows of crops with different root depths. Multiple cropping grows two crops in the same space during a season.
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Factors responsible for land degradation and management o...
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Soil conservation techniques
This document discusses various techniques for soil conservation to prevent erosion and maintain fertility. It describes contour plowing, terrace farming, keyline design, perimeter runoff control, windbreaks, crop rotation, and mulching as organic farming practices that conserve the soil. It also recommends preventing overgrazing, re-establishing forest cover, and maintaining soil pH levels. The document concludes by mentioning engineering structures like gabion walls, retaining walls, breast walls, check dams, and weep holes that can further control soil erosion.
Soil erosion ENVIROMENT
Soil erosion is the removal of topsoil by various factors like water and wind. It is a natural process that has been accelerated 10-40 times by human activities like intensive agriculture, deforestation, roads, and climate change. This excessive erosion causes on-site issues like decreased productivity and off-site issues like sedimentation of waterways. The rate of erosion is affected by climate, soil properties, vegetation cover, and topography - with factors like heavy rainfall, lack of vegetation, and steep slopes increasing rates. Preventing erosion requires increasing vegetative cover through practices like terracing and windbreaks.
Soil water conservation methods in agriculture
This document discusses methods of soil and water conservation in agriculture. It outlines various physical, agronomic, and vegetative methods to control soil erosion and conserve water resources. Some key methods mentioned include contour bunding, terracing, strip cropping, mulching, and planting grass barriers or trees. The objectives of these conservation practices are to promote proper land use, prevent soil erosion and degradation, maintain soil fertility, and regulate water resources and availability.
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introduction of soil erosion, their types, phases, soil conservation measures, agronomical and engineering measures..
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Soils are being degraded and eroded through human activities like farming, logging, and construction. Sheet, rill, and gully erosion carry away topsoil faster than it can form. One third of the world's cropland is losing topsoil at unsustainable rates. Conservation practices like no-till farming, contour planting, and terracing can help reduce erosion losses by keeping soil covered and slowing water runoff. Proper management of irrigation and use of organic fertilizers are also needed to prevent issues like salinization and loss of soil nutrients.
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This document discusses soil erosion, its types, causes, and impacts. There are two major types of erosion: geological (natural) erosion and accelerated erosion caused by human activities. Water erosion is caused by raindrop impact and flowing water, detaching and transporting soil particles. It occurs as sheet, rill, gully, ravine, landslide, and stream bank erosion. Wind erosion lifts and transports detached particles through saltation, surface creep, and suspension. Climate, topography, vegetation, soil properties, and human activities influence erosion rates. The Universal Soil Loss Equation is used to estimate water erosion.
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Main causes of soil depletion By Mr Allah Dad Khan
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Desertification is land degradation in dry areas caused by climate change and human activities. It has four categories ranging from light to very severe damage to vegetation and soil. India faces high rates of desertification due to overuse of lands, overgrazing, deforestation, soil erosion, clearing land for construction, and high population growth. Consequences include environmental damage like reduced biodiversity, economic impacts like decreased crop yields and poverty, and social effects like famine. Combating desertification involves raising awareness, planting native trees, sustainable agriculture, community involvement, women's empowerment, and developing rural markets.
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This document discusses the causes and effects of soil erosion. The main causes are rainfall, agriculture, grazing, logging, mining, construction, and wind. Intense rainfall causes four types of erosion: rill, gully, sheet, and splash. Farming, grazing, deforestation, and mining disturb soil structures. Effects include loss of arable land, pollution of waterways, air pollution, desertification, and damaged infrastructure. Preventing soil erosion requires planting vegetation, adding mulch and rocks, using matting, and installing drainage systems.
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Desertification is a significant global problem caused by both human and environmental factors. It involves dry land regions becoming increasingly arid and losing vegetation and wildlife. There are various types and causes of desertification including drought, overgrazing, overcultivation, and removal of trees. Countermeasures aim to prevent further desertification through reforestation, soil fixation, contour trenching, farmer-managed natural regeneration, and managed grazing. Past large-scale afforestation efforts in China's dry northwest have failed due to unsuitable climate conditions of low rainfall, though some localized successes have occurred near available water sources.
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Soil erosion is a major problem in India caused by various natural and human factors. The main natural causes are heavy rainfall, wind, and steep slopes. Key human factors include deforestation, overgrazing, and improper agricultural techniques such as lack of crop rotation. Soil erosion occurs through processes such as sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion, and wind erosion. It leads to negative environmental and economic impacts like loss of fertile topsoil and siltation of waterways. Efforts are needed to prevent erosion through terracing, contour ploughing, afforestation, and other conservation methods.
desertification (1).pdf
Desertification is caused by both human and environmental factors and is a significant problem globally. The document discusses several types and causes of desertification including drought, overgrazing, overcultivation, and removal of trees. It also outlines various countermeasures that can be taken to address desertification such as reforestation, soil fixation, contour trenching, and managed grazing. However, large-scale afforestation efforts in China have failed to solve desertification due to the arid climate not being suitable for tree growth and survival with low rainfall under 500mm annually.
DESERTIFICATION
Three main points:
1. Desertification is a type of land degradation where dry regions become more arid, losing vegetation and wildlife. It is caused by factors like drought, overgrazing, overcultivation, and removal of trees.
2. Categories of desertification range from light to very severe based on damage to vegetation and soil. Countermeasures include reforestation, soil fixation, contour trenching, and managed grazing.
3. Large-scale afforestation efforts in China have failed to solve desertification due to unsuitable climate with low rainfall, as the natural vegetation is grassland or desert in semiarid and arid regions with 50-500mm of rain. Previous attempts at aff
SOIL EROSION AND CONSERVATION Copy.pptx
It is my very fast ppt presentation. I gathered all the information from internet. Hope this will helps you to understand the whole topic in simple manner.
Land Resource (Environmental Science)
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Environment science landresource by prof. shashank chaurasiya
This document discusses various land resources including land, soil, and issues related to their degradation. It provides key details on:
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2. The types, causes, and effects of landslides, both natural and man-induced through activities like mining, construction, and agriculture.
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This document discusses desertification, providing definitions, categories, causes, consequences, and case studies. Desertification is land degradation in dryland regions resulting in increased aridity. It is caused by factors like overgrazing, drought, deforestation, and climate change. Consequences include environmental impacts like loss of vegetation and biodiversity, as well as economic and social impacts like increased poverty and conflicts. Case studies discussed include desertification issues in China, California, the Sahel region, and parts of India. Overall strategies to address desertification include sustainable land management practices.
Desertification
Desertification is land degradation in dryland areas caused by climatic variations and human activities. The main causes are deforestation, soil erosion, clearing land for construction, and population pressures. Deforestation removes trees that anchor soil and regulate rainfall. Soil erosion degrades and depletes soils, reducing their ability to support life. Construction activities and population growth increase pressure on limited resources. Desertification has environmental, economic and social impacts like reduced biodiversity, famine, and climate change. Combating desertification requires awareness, sustainable land management like tree planting, and community involvement. The document provides examples of desertification in regions like Africa, China, and the Mediterranean island of Malta.
Soil Erosion and Conservation
Soil Erosion
Soil Conservation
Geological erosion
Deforestation
Accelerated erosion
Over grazing
Splash erosion
Sheet erosion
Rill erosion
Gully erosion
Coastal erosion
Effects of soil erosion
Agronomic practices
Dry farming
Agrostological methods
Strip farming
Contour farming
Terrace cropping
Pan breaking
mulching
Sahelcasestudy
Desertification is the process by which fertile land becomes desert. It is affecting parts of Africa, especially the Sahel region. The main causes are human activities like overfarming, overgrazing, and deforestation combined with low rainfall. This degrades the soil so plants cannot grow, leaving the ground unprotected from further erosion by wind and water. As the land becomes desert, it negatively impacts people, wildlife and the economy through famine and forced migration. Efforts to stop desertification include planting trees, terracing land, and building irrigation systems.
Soil Conservation
This document discusses soil conservation and soil erosion. It defines soil conservation as preventing soil loss from erosion, reduced fertility, overusage, acidification, salinization, waterlogging, and contamination. It then discusses different types of degraded soils including overgrazed soil, acidic soil, waterlogged soil, and contaminated soil. The key points made are: 1) soil provides nutrition for plant and animal life and supports agriculture, 2) soil is necessary for water supply, 3) soil erosion is caused by detachment, movement, and deposition of topsoil by forces like water and wind, and 4) human activities like overgrazing, deforestation, plowing, and construction can negatively impact soils and contribute to erosion.
DESERTIFICATION_ SlideShare
Desertification, define, deserts of the world, types of desertification, causes of desertification, impacts of desertification, desertification in Pakistan, solutions for desertification
Chap 2 || Soil,Land, Water,Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources || Class...
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https://youtu.be/DqphXPcDm_M
Chapter 2 || Soil, Land, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources || Class 8 || NCERT-CBSE- Part 2 || Power point presentation
Zambia
http://www.fao.org/globalsoilpartnership
This presentation was made during the African Soil Prtnership consulation workshop which took a place in Ghana, 20-22 May 2015. This presentation was made by Stalin Sichinga, and presents the priorities for SSM in Zambia.
©FAO: http://www.fao.org
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Soil erosion in africa
- 2. What is erosion? Erosion is the process by which rocks and soil are transported from one location to another. The material moved by erosion is called sediment
- 3. What causes erosion? • Gravity pulls everything to the center of the Earth • Gravity causes sediment, water and other material to move downhill, causing mudflows or landslides.
- 5. What causes erosion? • Moving water is the main cause of erosion • As water moves over the land, it carries sediment with it. This moving water is called run-off
- 6. The effects of soil erosion • Soil erosion is a major problem when you are trying to farm on a steep slope. • Gravity and water cause the surface of the soil to fall down slope away from farming plots. • The surface of the soil is called topsoil.
- 7. The effects of soil erosion • Topsoil is rich in nutrients that plants need to grow. • Runoff removes the topsoil from the farmland making it difficult to grow healthy plants.
- 8. The effects of soil erosion • Removing vegetation (grass, trees etc.) from the land will increase soil erosion. • The roots helps absorb water and traps sediment from flowing away.
- 9. Africa and Soil Erosion • Soil erosion in Guinea •Soil erosion in Zimbabwe
- 10. Africa and Soil Erosion • drought and then an intense rainy season causes wide spread soil erosion issues (3 to 4 cm/hour) (http://www.public.asu.edu/~mschmeec/rainsplash.html)
- 11. Africa and Soil Erosion •Overgrazing of livestock •Over-ploughing of farmland •Global warming – dry lands are more vulnerable •Wind erosion in dry flat areas •Slash and burn agriculture – too much bare soil •Poor – depend on Africa’s natural resources for survival – exploit and overuse the land as situation worsens
- 13. Desertification Desertification -Process by which a geographic region becomes a desert. The change may result from natural changes in climate or by human activity
- 15. Effects of Soil Erosion in Africa •Widespread hunger and poverty •Food riots – violence, political instability •Less educated youth •Migrating farmers – border conflict •Plant loss – leads to widespread flooding •Annual income lost in areas affected by desertification = $ 42 billion (World Bank) •From 1997 – 2000, 60 million moved from Sub-Saharan Africa
- 16. African Farmers Face Critical Loss of Fertile Land by Jason Beaubien NPR Podcast April 27, 2006
- 17. Preventing Soil Erosion • Reforestation – when farmland is planted with trees to return it to its original forested condition to control erosion
- 18. Preventing Soil Erosion • Composting – fertilize the soil with organic matter
- 19. Preventing Soil Erosion • Contouring – planting crops across the slope to prevent erosion
- 20. Preventing Soil Erosion • Interseeding – growing a cover crop into a standing cash crop
- 21. Preventing Soil Erosion • Vetiver grass – roots grow 2-4 meters downward, forms tight clumps
- 23. by Christopher Thomas, Masonga/Samhutsa, Zimbabwe Over the years, the population of the Masonga area has increased and farmers here have begun using for farming more and more of the woodlands that are a part of the catchment area of the Tamganda and Nyamtikwa rivers. The woodlands are located in very hilly areas; as more and more trees are removed for agriculture, soil erosion has increased. To prevent soil erosion, farmers have erected stone contour ridges, or terraces. Some of them have planted a grass along them indigenous to Mozambique, called vetiver grass. But soil erosion is still a problem in the area, especially in gardens planted along the rivers. Soil erosion not only makes it harder for farmers to grow crops, but it also makes the water of the Tanganide and Nyamtikwa rivers less pure. The local farmers, led by the agricultural officer and the district natural resource conservation group, have begun to address the problem by planting more and more vetiver grass each year and by replacing highly cultivated riverside gardens with fruit tree plantations, which require much less cultivation and cause less soil erosion.
- 24. Terracing