This document summarizes various topics in psychiatry including sexual disorders, electroconvulsive therapy, psychotherapy, and Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development. It discusses normal sexual response cycles and disorders that impact desire, arousal, orgasm and resolution. It also outlines techniques for treating premature ejaculation and erectile dysfunction. Gender identity disorder and paraphilias are explained. Details are provided about ECT administration and mechanisms of action. An overview of Freudian psychoanalytic theory and different psychotherapy approaches are presented.
Traumatic Brain Injury to temporal lobe and cognitive rehabilitationRavi Soni
This presentation briefs you about temporal lobe basic anatomy, Structures, functions, Mechanisms of Temporal lobe Injury and Cognitive rehabilitation strategies for temporal lobe deficits
PSYCHOSES REVISION NOTES IN PSYCHIATRY TONY SCARIA
SCHIZOPHRENIA
FIRST RANK SYMPTOMS OF SCHNEIDER
ETIOLOGY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
PATHOGENESIS
PSYCHIATRY REVISION NOTES BASED ON LECTURE NOTES AND HIGH YIELD FACTS BASED ON PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
Traumatic Brain Injury to temporal lobe and cognitive rehabilitationRavi Soni
This presentation briefs you about temporal lobe basic anatomy, Structures, functions, Mechanisms of Temporal lobe Injury and Cognitive rehabilitation strategies for temporal lobe deficits
PSYCHOSES REVISION NOTES IN PSYCHIATRY TONY SCARIA
SCHIZOPHRENIA
FIRST RANK SYMPTOMS OF SCHNEIDER
ETIOLOGY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
PATHOGENESIS
PSYCHIATRY REVISION NOTES BASED ON LECTURE NOTES AND HIGH YIELD FACTS BASED ON PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
This presentation looks at generalised periodic epileptiform discharges and the various disorders like Creutzfeldt Jacob disease (CJD), SSPE and metabolic encephalopathies in which it is seen. SIRPID is also discussed. Triphasic waves are described. Radermacker complexes in SSPE are described.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive method to cause depolarization or hyperpolarization in the neurons of the brain.
This video explains the physics of this method and how it can be used in daily practice.
More about magnetic simulators: http://www.neurosoft.ru/eng/product/neuro-msd/index.aspx
STRESS RELATED DISORDERS
PSYCHIATRY REVISION NOTES BASED ON HIGH YIELD TOPIC & LECTURE NOTES
BASED ON PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
WITH HIGH YIELD POINTS
FOR NEET PG AIIMS PREPARATION
mental status examination
mini mental status exmination
mood affect
coprolalia
echopraxia
psychoanalytic theory
psychosis
neurosis
basics of psychiatry revision notes based on lecture notes and previous year questions
This presentation looks at generalised periodic epileptiform discharges and the various disorders like Creutzfeldt Jacob disease (CJD), SSPE and metabolic encephalopathies in which it is seen. SIRPID is also discussed. Triphasic waves are described. Radermacker complexes in SSPE are described.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive method to cause depolarization or hyperpolarization in the neurons of the brain.
This video explains the physics of this method and how it can be used in daily practice.
More about magnetic simulators: http://www.neurosoft.ru/eng/product/neuro-msd/index.aspx
STRESS RELATED DISORDERS
PSYCHIATRY REVISION NOTES BASED ON HIGH YIELD TOPIC & LECTURE NOTES
BASED ON PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
WITH HIGH YIELD POINTS
FOR NEET PG AIIMS PREPARATION
mental status examination
mini mental status exmination
mood affect
coprolalia
echopraxia
psychoanalytic theory
psychosis
neurosis
basics of psychiatry revision notes based on lecture notes and previous year questions
Linking Allopathic and Quantum Biofeedback, using the SCIO device, will help many of those suffering from traumatic brain injuries, including those in sports, motor vehicle accidents, domestic abuse, and more. See what the SCIO offers. Think Star Trek, the USS Enterprise, the Tricorder, because it is here now to help you and your family members to regain your health and well being. See DivineU.net for more information and appointments. Pass this on to those who may need this help. 1.7 million suffer TBI's annually, according to the CDC. Maybe former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton could get the help she needs, along with all those sports figures, high school kids, and victims of domestic violence. You can help by playing this forward. Thanks for your help, and you will be glad you did.
Similar to Sexual disorders ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY PSYCHOTHERAPY MISCELLANEOUS PSYCHIATRY (20)
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
3. Normal human sexual response cycle
Female has increased
lag period & have
multiple orgasm
Desire arousal orgasm resolution
TONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
4. Disorders of normal response cycle
Desire Arousal Orgasm resolution
Decreased desire
decreased libido
(FRIGIDITY)
Increased sexual
desire
• Increased
prolactin by
antipsychotics
decrease libido
• Flibanserin
DOC for
decreased libido
in female
• In male
satyriasis
• In female
nymphomania
TONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
5. Premature ejaculation
• Ejaculation occurring earlier before satisfying sexual needs of either sex
• MC cause is anxiety
• NONPHARMACOLOGICAL
• Squeeze technique (masters & Johnson technique)
• Start& stop technique (seamans technique)
• Sex therapy
• Sensate focussing
• PharmacologicAL
• SSRI delayed ejaculation (DAPOXETINE new drug used in premature
ejaculation)
• Hence used in rx of premacture ejaculationTONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
11. Gender identity disorder
• Gender dysphoria
• Characterised by
• Persistent discofort with his or her sex
• Strong & persistent cross gender identification
• Wearing clothes of other sex
• Repeatedly stated desire to be or instance that he or she is of other sex
TONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
13. Transsexualism Dual-role transvestism
Most characteristic feature is that there is marked
preoccupation with the wish ro get rid of ones genitals
& secondary secxual characteristic & to adopt the sex
characteristic of othersex
people who wear clothes of the opposite sex to
experience being the opposite sex temporarily, but
don't have a sexual motive or want gender
reassignment surgery.
TONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
14. Disorder of sexual preference Paraphilia
• Paraphilias-
• Abnormal and unorthodox sex-play by using unusual objects or parts of the
body
TONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
15. paraphilia
Abnormalities
in choice of
sexual object
Inanimate object Fetichism Shoes or garments of other sex for
sexual gratification
Animate object Paedophilia Child
Bestiality Animals
necrophilia Dead body
Abnormalities
in sexual act
Exhibitionism Exposure of ones genital organs to strangers or others
Voyeurism Watching sexual activity of other people or other body parts
Sadism Infliction of pain/ humiliation on the partner
Masochism Sexual excitement achieved by being beaten up by partner
Frotteurism Fondling or rubbing against body of unfamiliar women
Undinism Sexual pleasure by urination
Coprophilia Sexual pleasure from faeces
TONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
16. Fetchism sexual gratification by shoes or
garments of opposite sex
TONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
18. Rx of paraphilia
• Antidepressnats
• Li & SSRI
• Mood stabilisers
• Antiandrogens
• To decrease sexual drive
• Long acting gonatropin releasing hormone
• Medical castration
TONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
20. • Von Meduna
• 25 % camphor in oil seizures
• Cerletti & bini modern ECT
TONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
21. Indications
• Severe depression
• With suicidal risk
• First & most important indication for ECT
• With stupor
• With decreased intake of food & fluids
• Severe catatonia (non organic)
• Severe psychosis
• With risk of suicide / homicide or danger of physical assault’
• Severe aggreesion not responding to drugs
• With unsatisfactory response to drug therapy
TONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
22. C/I
• Absolute C/I
• Nil
• Relative
• Severe HTn
• Pheochromocytoma
• Recent MI
• CVA
• Raised ICT
• Retinal detachment
TONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
23. Techniques of ECT
• Direct ECT
• Absence of muscle relaxants & GA
• # & tooth dislocations
• Modified ECT
• With muscle relaxation & GA
TONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
25. Bilateral ECT
• Standard form used most
commonly
• Electrode placement on both
sides of skull
• Above 2.5cm -4cm above midline
b/w tragus & lateral canthus of
eye
Unilateral ECT
• Placed only on one side usually
on nondominant side
• Safer
• Less S/E
• Less memory disturbances
TONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
26. MOA
• Increase in BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor)
TONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
27. • Therapic adequacy is determined by development of generalised
tonic clonic seizure lasting for not less than 25-30 sec
• Total duration & no depends upon diagnosis
• Usually 6-10 are sufficient
TONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
30. Jean piagets cognitive developmental stage
Sensorimotor stage Preoperational stage Concrete operational stage Formal operational satge
Birth – 2 years 2-7 years 7-11 years Above 11 years
Learns through sensory observation & they
control of their motor functions through activity
development of
object
permanence
• Differentiates self
from objects
• realizes that things
continue to exist
even when no longer
present to the sense
Egocentric thinking Child has difficulty
taking the viewpoint
of others
Volume
Conservation:
Achieves conservation of
nurnber (age 6), mass
(age 7), and weight(age9)
• Can think logically about abstract prepositions
and test hypotheses systemically.
• Becomes concerned with the hypothetical,
the future and idealogical problems.
• Can conceptualize or generalize
understanding that each concept can have
multiple meanings, i.e. Abstract thinking is
ability to form or understand concepts that
are not seen or that can not be touched.
• The ability to systematically solve a problem
in a logical and methodical way emerge.
Animism Belief that
inanimate objects
are capable of
actions and have life
like qualities
Classification Classifies objects according
to several features and
can order them in series
along a single dimension
such as size (seriation)Symbolization: Ability to create visual
image of object
Primitive (intuitive)
thinking
Unable to think
logically
Reversibility Able to realize reversibility
of things that can turn
into another e.g., ice and
water
Magical thinking/
phenomenalistic
causality/fantasy
The events occuring
together are
thought to cause
one another
Transitivity : - The ability to recognize
logical relationship
among elements in
serial orders and perform
transitive inference
Centration act of focusing all
attention on one
characteristic
compared to others
Can only solve problems that apply to actual
(concrete) objects
or events, and not abstract concepts or
hypothetical tasks
TONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
32. • Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years)
• Through sensory observations gains control over motor functions
• Out of sight out of mind & here and now type of thinking
• If he cannot see an object he thinks it exists no longer
• Object permanence
• Object exists even if not visible
• He will try to search for missing object
• Indicates transition to next stage
• Symbolisation
• At around 18 months
• Start developing mental symbols
TONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
33. • Stage of preoperational thought
• Egocentric
• Concerned about their own needs cannot think
from others perspective
• Intuitive thought
• Thinking without logic & reasoning
Egocentric
TONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
34. • Stage of concrete
operations (7-11 years)
• Operational thought
• Preoperational thought
(egocentric) replaced by
operational thought
• Thinks from others
perspective also
• Conservation
• Despite change in shape
object remains same
• Reversibility
• One thing csn be turned in
to another & back again
TONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
35. • Stage of formal adolescence (11 –
end adolescence )
• Abstract thinking
• Understand deeper meaning & larger
meaning
• Logical thinking
• Hypothetico deductive thinking
• Make hypothesis & use deductive
thinking
TONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
36. Object constancy Object permanence
Described in objects relations theory Described in cognitive development theory
Remaining calm following separation from separation
form primary care taker
Understanding that an object lost from vision still exist
Develops by 24-36 months Develops by 7-12 months
• Object constancy ill development
separation anxiety
• Anaclitic depression
depression d/t separation of
peimary care taker in early years
TONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
37. Freuds topographic theory of mind
Conscious preconscious unconscious
that part of the
mind in which
perceptions
coming from the
outside world or
from within the
body or mind are
brought into
awareness
those mental
events, processes,
and contents
capable of being
brought into
conscious
awareness by the
act of focusing
attention
mental contents
and processes kept
from conscious
awareness
through the force
of censorship or
repression
TONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
38. • Conscious
• Part of mind accessible to us
• Everything we know about ourelf is part of conscious mind
• Preconscious
• Normally not accessible
• Repression submerged into unconscious mind
• Can be recalled by focussing attention
• Unconscious
• Not accessible
• Instinct drives
TONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
39. • Failure of repression in unconscious mind neuroses
• d/t unconscious conflict neurosis
TONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
40. Repressed thoughts can be brought to
consciousness by
• Hypnosis
• Somatic stimulation
• Dream interpretation
• Automatic writing
• Eye movement desensitisation & reprocessing
TONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
41. Structural theory of mind by freud
Id Ego Super ego
Present from birth 5-6 months Last to develop (4-5 yrs)
Entirely unconscious Functions in conscious
unconscious preconscious
mind
Occur largely unconscious
Pleasure principle Reality principle Idealism principle
Instinctive & primitive
reflex behaviour
Strives to to satisfy ids
desires in realistic &
socially appropriate way
Tries to prove or disprove
urge of id
Component of personality
responsible for dealing
with reality
Internalised moral ideals &
standard obtained from
parents & society
Responsible for defence
mechanism
TONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
42. Structural theory of mind
• Id
• Instinctual drive
• Hunger anger sex
• Immediate gratification
• Pleasure principal
• Ego
• Reality principle
• Ego has both conscious & unconscious
components
• Defence mechanism in unconscious part
• Maintains balance b/w id & superego
• Superego
• Has mostly unconscious & less conscous partTONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
43. Freuds primary & secondary process of
thinking
Primary process Secondary process
Associated with id Directly related to learned & acquired functions of ego
Unorganised non logical thinking Logical thinking
Unconscious mental activity Conscious & preconscious mental activity
TONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
44. Primary process thinking
• Immediate wish fulfilment &
instinctual discharge with out
thinking of consequences
• Illogical & contradictory
• Normally in dream
• abnormally in psychosis
TONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
51. Parapraxis
• Slips of tongue
• Important information
about unconscious mind
TONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
52. Transference means feeling pt develops toward
doctor and emotion of therapist towards client
is called as counter transference.
TONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
53. transference & countertransference
• In doctor patient relationship
Transference Counter transference
Patient towards therapist Therapist towards client
TONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
59. Catharsis /abreation
• Client getting in touch with inner emotions or distress in a therapeutic
setting
• Emotional release after recall of painful experience
TONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
60. Shaping in psychotherpay
• Approximation
• Breaking down in to small
steps to reach target
• Reinforced at each step
TONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
62. Types of psychotherapy
Psychodynamic Deals with subconscious motives or conflicts
Cognitive behaviour therapy Thoughts feelings behaviours are interlinked
Logotherapy Understaning the underlying meaning
Behavioural therapy Learning & conditioning principles
TONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
63. Behaviour therapy
• Maladaptive behaviors are learnt by classical conditioning or operant
conditioning
• Behaviour therapy is a psychological Rx in which maladaptive
behaviours are changed to improve quality of life
• Systematic desensitisation
• Therapeutic graded exposure
• Flooding
• Modelling
• Aversive conditioning
• Social skill training
• Assertive training TONY SCARIA 2010
KMC
64. Systematic desensitisation
• Joseph wolpe
• Used in phobias & OCD
• Based on principle of reciprocal inhibition
• If an anxiety provoking stimulus is provided while a person is In a relaxed
state
Anxiety gets inhibited
• Relaxation initially taught by progressive muscle relaxation technique
• Followed by hierarchy of feared situation
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67. Therapeutic graded exposure /in vivo
exposure
• Used in phobias & OCD
• Similar to systemic desensitisation
• Hierarchy of feared stimulus+
• Except for NO MUSCLE RELAXATION TECHNIQUES ARE USED
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68. Flooding or implosion
• No hierarchy of feared stimulus
• No relaxation technique
• Used in phobia
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69. Modelling (participant modelling)
• Therapist himself makes contact with phobic stimulus
• Demonstrates this to the patient
• Patient learns by imitation & observation
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70. Exposure response prevention
• In OCD
• Prevent routine response & allow individual to habituate to higher
levels of anxiety
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71. Aversive conditioning
• Based on classical conditioning
• Rx of unwanted behaviours PARAPHILIAS
• Pairing of unwanted behaviour (SMOKING)
& painful stimuli (ELECTRIC SHOCK)
• Rarely used d/t ethical considerations
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72. Assertiveness trainining
• A person is taught to be assertive
while asking for his rights & while
refusing unjust demands of others
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73. Social skills training
• Usually used in patients with schizophrenia
• It involves imparting skills required for dealing with others & living a
social life
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78. Extinction
• If conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly with unconditioned
stimulus
• Response will decrease & eventually disappear
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80. Operant conditioning
• Any behaviour can be learned or unlearned & its frequency can be
changed by modifying consequences of that behaviour
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82. • Positive reinforcement (reward)
• Behaviour is increased by a positive consequence
• Negative reinforcement
• Behaviour is increased to avoid a negative consequence
• Punishment
• Behaviour is decreased by negative consequence
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83. Reinforcement
• To increase desirable behaviour
+ve reinforecemnt -ve reinforcement
Rewards /praize/money Aversive environment till completion of
job
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87. Biofeedback
• Operant conditioning
• Bases on a feedback instrument
• Autonomic nervous system which
is involuntary can be brought
under voluntary control with the
help of operant conditioning
• Used in Rx of ANS
• BA
• Tension headache
• Arrhythmia
• Control muscle tone Rx bruxism
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90. Cognitive therapy
• Used by AARON BECK
• Used in cognitive distortions
• Maladaptive assumptions
• 3 components of cognitive behaviour therapy
• Didactic aspects
• Cognitive technique
• Behavioural technique
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91. Cognitive therapy
• Cognitive therapy is based on the concept that psychopathology is a
consequence of distorted beliefs and faulty assumptions.
• Used in
• depression
• Anxiety
• Panic disorder
• OCD
• Personality disorders
• Somatoform disorders
• Eating disorder
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92. 3 components of CBT
• Didactic aspects
• Cognitive technique
• Behavioural technique
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96. In substance abuse disorder
Motivational interviewing
• Motivating the patient to quit ambivalence in
case of substance abuse disorder
• Motivate the patient to quit smoking
Assertiveness training
• To say NO
• To decrease peer pressure
Relapse prevention
• To prevent relapse
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97. Psychosocial Rx in substance abuse disorders
• Patients with substance
use go through a seies
of changes before
quitting substance abuse
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98. Not aware of the problem
• Aware of problem
• Pros & cons of stopping
substance
• No plan how to quit
• Makes a plan to quit
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100. • Most commonly used in substance use
• Motivation enhancement therapy /motivational interviewming
• Increases the motivation of the patient
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101. EMDR
• Eye movement desensitisation & reprocessing
• In post traumatic stress disorder
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103. Cognitive distortions
• Common thinking errors described in the cognitive model are
• arbitrary inference (drawing a conclusion in the absence of sup porting
evidence),
• selective abstraction (focusing on only one small part of a situation or
event while ignoring other, usually more positive, aspects),
• over- generalization (drawing a general conclusion on the basis of a single
incident),
• magnification (of problems) and
• minimization (of positive factors),
• personalization (tendency to relate external events to oneself without
reason for doing so), and
• dichotomous thinking (extreme, black-or-white thinking).
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104. Jumping to conclusion
• Making an interpretation with
minimal evidence
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106. Transcranial magnetic stimulation
• Noninvasive method to cause depolarisation in the neurons of brain
• Using electromagnetic induction using a rapidly changing magnetic field
• OCD
• PTSD
• Resistant major depression
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107. Psychosurgery
• In c/c severe OCD
• c./c depression
• Severe uncontrolled aggressive behaviour
• Stereotactic subcaudate tractotomy
• Severe depression & OCD
• Stereotactic limbic leucotomy
• Limbic system is responsible for emotions
• Amydalotomy
• In uncontrolled aggression
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108. Deep brain stimulation
• Small electrical stimulator implsnted in to a defined brain location
which typically provides c/c brain stimulation
• b/l DBS of subthalamus or globus pallidus
• Rx of parkinsons ds
•
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113. Projection test
• Using ambiguous stimuli
• while responding patent projects his own ideas
Rorsachs inkblot
test
Thematic
apperception test
Sentence
completion
Draw a person test
Using inkblots Using pictures
make story
Series of sentences
are used
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114. Rorschach ink blot test shown to the
patient and asks what he sees in the card
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121. • Memory consolidation in REM sleep
• Steps in memory
• Encoding /registration
• Storage
• Recall/retrieval
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122. Interference theory
Proactive interference Retroactive interference
Earlier acquired information interferes with
retrieval of new information
Newly acquired information interferes with
early acquired information
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149. Huntington chorea
• 4th decade
• AD
• 4th chromosome
• Caudate N + putamen involved
• Dementia
• Chorea
• CAG trinucleotide repeats
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150. NT in psychiatric disorders
Depression NE serotonin and dopamine are decreased
Schizophrenia NE Dopamine serotonin are increased
Mania NE Increased
Panic disorder NE (increased)
serotonin GABA (decreased)
CCK –pentagastrin /tetrapeptide
OCD Serotonin decreased
Alzheimers ds Acetycholine NE (decreased)
Glutamate (increased)
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151. Duration in psychiatric ds
Postpartum blues Starting after 2-3 days & resolves with in 10 days
Post partum mood disturbances with in 4 weeks of delivery
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152. Duration of psychiatric ds
hypoania Symptoms for 4 days
Mania Symptoms for 7 days (1 week)
Depression Symptoms for 2 weeks
Effect of antidepressant In 3 weeks
Acute stress disorder Symptoms last <4 weeks (from 3 days to 4 weeks)
Post traumatic stress disorder Symptoms last > 4 weeks & onset with in 6 months of stressor
Adjustment disorder Onset With in 3 months of stressor & lasts < 6moths (>6 months
in presence of c/c stressor)
Generalised anxiety disorder >6 months
Rapid cycling 4 or more episodes of depression and or mania or hypomania
occur per year
With either less than 2 weeks of normal mood b/w episodes or
switch directly from one pole to another with out intervening
normal period
Pathological grief > 1 year
Persistent mood disorder (dysthymia /cyclothymia) More than 2 years
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153. Duration
Panic attack One attack followed by 1 month of persistent concern
of future attack /worry about consequence of attack /
Bulimia nervosa Atleast twice a week for 3 months
ADHD Symptoms for > 6 months in a child <12 yrs of age
Tourette syndrome Onset in age <18 yrs
Tics that persist for > 1 year
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154. Duration
Schizoaffective disorder >2 weeks
brief psychotic disorder Lasts <1month
Usually stress related
Delusional disorder Last > 1month
Schizophreniform disorder lasts 1-6 months
Schizophrenia > 6 months
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155. Phileppel pinel • Father of modern psychiatry
• Moral & humane treatment of mentally ill
Jones Maxwell propagated therapeutic community concept
Sigmund freud Father of psychoanalysis
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156. Sigmeund freud
• Psychoanalysis
• Topographic theory of mind
• Id superego ego
• Cocaine in psychiatry
• Psychodynamic theory
• Psychosexual development
• Free association
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160. Othello syndrome • Alcoholic
• Delusional jealousy (infedility)
Magnan syndrome • Tactile hallucination (formication)+ delusion of
presecution
• Cocaine bugs
DeChemerlaut • Erotomania
• Delusion of love
Ekbom syndrome • Delusional parasitosis restless leg syndrome
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161. Delusional misidentification syndrome
Capgras syndrome (delusion of double) Patient falsely sees a familiar person as a complete
stranger who is imposing them as a familiar person
Fregoli syndrome Patient falsely identifies stranger as a familiar person
syndrome of subjective double Patient own itself is perceived as being replaced by
double
Syndrome intermetamorphosis A aflse belef that a person can transform in toa nother
person
Most commonly appear in schizophrenia
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162. Ganser syndrome • Syndrome of approximate answers
• Approximate answers + clouding of consciousness
+ hallucination
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