Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive method to cause depolarization or hyperpolarization in the neurons of the brain. This video explains the physics of this method and how it can be used in daily practice. More about magnetic simulators: http://www.neurosoft.ru/eng/product/neuro-msd/index.aspx

2. Alternating magnetic field induces
the electrical current in the conductor

3. In general magnetic stimulator consists
of capacitor, coil and switch

4. T
ypes of Coils

5. Electric field intensity induced below the coils of different types

6. M
agnetic Induction Decrement
with Distance

7. General Rules for Selecting
the Appropriate Coil for Certain Application
– Small coils have stronger field on the surface but field decreases
dramatically with distance. Therefore small coils are suitable for
peripheral stimulation in which magnetic field does not need to
pass through skull bones
– B coils have lower decrease of field with distance.
ig
Therefore they are used for transcranial stimulation
– Ring coils are less focused. Therefore they are used
for stimulation of wide areas (for diagnostics)
– F
igure-of-eight coils are more focused, therefore they are widely
used for treatment

8. H T SW
ow M
orks

9. M
otor E
voked P
otential (M P
E)
Generation

10. General P
eculiarities of M P
E:
– Amplitude is always lower than amplitude of response
recoded from same muscle with supramaximal electrical stimulation of
peripherial nerve
– Amplitude is variable, but we can speak about steady level
We believe that MEP amplitude reflects the quantity
of motor neurons ready for excitation at the moment
of stimulation
M P amplitude = cortex excitability
E
Variation of M P amplitude = variation of cortex excitability
E

11. F
acilitation

12. M
otor E
voked P
otential
E
mergence at Arbitrary M
uscle T
ension
Spinal Column T
rauma)

13. Silent P
eriod (SP
)

14. IH (Interhemispheric Inhibition)
I

15. L P (L
T
ong-term P
enetration)
Time, min
MEP variation within 16 minutes after 5 Hz stimulation
of motor cortex

16. H W Can Use T S for B
ow e
M
rain Activity
M
odulation
– We can excite activity (facilitation)
– We can inhibit activity (silent period)
– We can stimulate one site but get inhibition at another
site (interhemispheric inhibition)
– We can have long-term post-stimulation effect
(long-term penetration)

17. Daily P
ractical Use: Diagnostics

18. Central M
otor Conduction
T
ime (CM )
CT

19. Diagnostic T S Use
M
Main Techniques:
– Amplitude of motor evoked
potential (MEP)
– Amplitude ratio (motor evoked
potential/M-wave)
– Motor evoked potential facilitation
– Central motor conduction time
– Triple stimulation test
Diagnostic Areas:
– Stroke patients
– Spinal and brain trauma
– Parkinson’ s disease

20. Daily P
ractical Use: T
herapeutic

21. T
herapeutic T S Use
M
Amblyopia[11][12]
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Auditory hallucinations associated with schizoaffective disorders
Chronic pain
Dysphasia
Dystonia
Epilepsy
Fibromyalgia
Hemispatial neglect
Major depression
Migraine[13]
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Parkinson’s disease
Phantom limb
Stroke
Nonfluent aphasia [14]
Tinnitus[15]

22. T S Use to T
M
reat Depressions

23. Is T S Safe?
M
When user follows Internationally recognized safety guidelines,
TMS is safe
TMS is not recommended for children, pregnant women, patients with
implants and patients with epilepsy
“Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: report and
suggested guidelines from the International Workshop on the safety of repetitive
magnetic stimulation, June 5-7. 1996”
by Eric M. Wassermann (accepted for publication: 23 May 1997)

24. M
otor T
hreshold (M )
T
Minimum intensity required to elicit a small motor evoked potential in
at least half of the trials
It may be expected that motor threshold depends on
the excitability of those elements which are activated by TMS
For treatment purposes MT level means intensity of stimulation just
enough to excite cortex
Stimulation with lower intensities might not be effective and
stimulation with higher intensities can be uncomfortable

25. Stimulation P
oint and Coil
Orientation in Depression T
reatment

26. T
reatment W
orkflow
1. Prepare a patient
2. Determine the MT at MT detection point
3. Move coil to stimulation point
4. Set stimulation parameters
5. Run test and observe the patient during the stimulation
6. Make a record

27. P
rotocols for Depression
T
reatment
The majority of our customers apply Neuro-M to treat depression using these protocols:
S
Over the left frontal dorsolateral cortex (5 cm anterior (parallel to the sagittal line)
to the area where the motor threshold is obtained)
5 H 25 trains of 10 seconds each with 20-second pause between the trains. Applied at
z,
120% of the motor threshold (protocol used by Dr. Marcolin).
or
10 H 30 trains of 4 seconds each with 20-second pause between the trains. Applied at
z,
100% of the motor threshold (or 120%, when possible - limited by
the power of the device) (protocol used by Dr. Moacyr).
The quantity of stimuli for effective treatment is considered as more than 1000 pulses
Number of sessions: 15-30 (3-6 weeks)

28. Video 2

29. W
hat is Cooling System for?
In total 1250 pulses at 120% of MT or 1200 pulses at
100 % of MT for depression treatment.
The vast majority of patients have MT at about
40-60% of MO (maximum output of Neuro-MS).
It means they need to be stimulated at 40-72% of MO.
Neuro-MS coil is equipped with built-in temperature
sensor which stops the device when coil temperature
reaches 41 C and over. In average coil gets overheated
after 250 pulses at 5 Hz at maximum intensity.
It means that without cooling system Neuro-MS is able
to perform standard depression treatment only
if we change the coil during the session at least once.
With cooling system practically there are no limitation
on duration of treatment session.

30. Stimulation F
requency
If we consider 72% to be
the most wide-spread intensity for
stimulation of patients with
depressions then maximum
achieved frequency is 10 Hz
We will name this term “ effective
frequency”
Maximum intensity drops with
frequency increase

31. W
hat is P
lacebo-coil for?
Placebo coil should:
– Look like normal one
– Produce click like normal one
– But generate low-intensity stimulus

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http://www.blurb.com/bookstore/detail/3442787