Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental disorder characterized by unwanted and repeated thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions). It can range from mild to severe and negatively impact daily functioning if left untreated. While historically thought to be caused by religious or moral failings, modern research indicates OCD has biological and genetic causes involving abnormalities in brain circuits. Serotonin dysregulation and infections have also been linked to OCD development. Diagnosis requires obsessions, compulsions, or both according to diagnostic criteria and can be performed by a mental health professional.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an type of anxiety disorder , represented by a diverse group of symptoms that include intrusive thoughts, rituals, preoccupations, and compulsions.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a mental illness characterized by unwanted and distressing thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) that are performed to reduce anxiety from the obsessions. Common obsessions include contamination fears, doubts, and fears of harming others. Compulsions are behaviors like cleaning, checking, or ordering that are performed in response to obsessions. OCD is treated through medication and psychotherapy like cognitive behavioral therapy which exposes patients to anxiety-provoking situations to reduce compulsions over time. The causes of OCD are genetic and involve abnormalities in brain circuits involving the frontal lobes and basal ganglia.
This document provides information on various obsessive compulsive related disorders including OCD, BDD, hoarding disorder, excoriation, and trichotillomania. It discusses the group members studying these disorders and lists their defining features. It then covers epidemiology, theories of causation including biological and psychological factors, common comorbidities, and treatments including medications and cognitive behavioral therapy. Brain imaging research suggests abnormalities in circuits involving the orbitofrontal cortex, caudate nucleus, and cingulate gyrus may underlie the disorders.
1) Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental disorder characterized by uncontrollable, recurring thoughts and behaviors that one feels compelled to repeat, like checking things repeatedly or performing certain routines.
2) OCD affects about 1-2% of people worldwide at some point in their lives, with symptoms usually beginning before age 35.
3) While the causes are unknown, genetics and environmental factors like illness or abuse may play a role. Treatment involves medication like SSRIs and psychotherapy such as cognitive behavioral therapy.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted and repeated thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions) performed to temporarily relieve anxiety. Common obsessions include fears of contamination or acting improperly, while compulsions include excessive washing or repeating phrases. OCD is often treated using medication like SSRIs and cognitive behavioral therapy, which exposes patients to anxiety-inducing situations to resist compulsions. Long-term, OCD is a chronic condition with periods of severe symptoms and improvement, though complete remission is rare.
Impulse-control disorders (ICDs) are psychological disorders characterized by the repeated inability to refrain from performing a particular action that is harmful either to oneself or others.
The individual fails to resist performing a potentially harmful act and it is usually accompanied by a sense of tension or arousal before committing the act and a sense of relief or pleasure when it is committed.
The hallmark in describing any of the ICDs is a tendency to gratify an immediate desire or impulse regardless of the consequences to one's self or to others.
Adjustment disorder is a maladaptive reaction to an identifiable psychosocial stressor that occurs within 3 months of the stressor's onset and causes social or occupational impairment beyond what would be expected. It is a very common disorder, affecting about 10% of people in some studies. Adjustment disorder is diagnosed using the DSM-5 or ICD-10 and treated with psychotherapy, support groups, medication, or a combination. Developing strong social support networks and living a healthy lifestyle can help prevent adjustment disorder.
CBT is an effective treatment for OCD due to its ability to trigger lasting neural changes through learning. It involves psychoeducation, challenging irrational assumptions, exposure to feared situations without compulsions, and response prevention. Studies show large effect sizes for CBT compared to medications alone. CBT aims to reduce anxiety and distress from obsessions by stopping thoughts and using distractions, while exposure therapy targets compulsions. Success requires understanding all symptoms, motivated patients, and therapists able to systematically implement the CBT techniques.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an type of anxiety disorder , represented by a diverse group of symptoms that include intrusive thoughts, rituals, preoccupations, and compulsions.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a mental illness characterized by unwanted and distressing thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) that are performed to reduce anxiety from the obsessions. Common obsessions include contamination fears, doubts, and fears of harming others. Compulsions are behaviors like cleaning, checking, or ordering that are performed in response to obsessions. OCD is treated through medication and psychotherapy like cognitive behavioral therapy which exposes patients to anxiety-provoking situations to reduce compulsions over time. The causes of OCD are genetic and involve abnormalities in brain circuits involving the frontal lobes and basal ganglia.
This document provides information on various obsessive compulsive related disorders including OCD, BDD, hoarding disorder, excoriation, and trichotillomania. It discusses the group members studying these disorders and lists their defining features. It then covers epidemiology, theories of causation including biological and psychological factors, common comorbidities, and treatments including medications and cognitive behavioral therapy. Brain imaging research suggests abnormalities in circuits involving the orbitofrontal cortex, caudate nucleus, and cingulate gyrus may underlie the disorders.
1) Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental disorder characterized by uncontrollable, recurring thoughts and behaviors that one feels compelled to repeat, like checking things repeatedly or performing certain routines.
2) OCD affects about 1-2% of people worldwide at some point in their lives, with symptoms usually beginning before age 35.
3) While the causes are unknown, genetics and environmental factors like illness or abuse may play a role. Treatment involves medication like SSRIs and psychotherapy such as cognitive behavioral therapy.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted and repeated thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions) performed to temporarily relieve anxiety. Common obsessions include fears of contamination or acting improperly, while compulsions include excessive washing or repeating phrases. OCD is often treated using medication like SSRIs and cognitive behavioral therapy, which exposes patients to anxiety-inducing situations to resist compulsions. Long-term, OCD is a chronic condition with periods of severe symptoms and improvement, though complete remission is rare.
Impulse-control disorders (ICDs) are psychological disorders characterized by the repeated inability to refrain from performing a particular action that is harmful either to oneself or others.
The individual fails to resist performing a potentially harmful act and it is usually accompanied by a sense of tension or arousal before committing the act and a sense of relief or pleasure when it is committed.
The hallmark in describing any of the ICDs is a tendency to gratify an immediate desire or impulse regardless of the consequences to one's self or to others.
Adjustment disorder is a maladaptive reaction to an identifiable psychosocial stressor that occurs within 3 months of the stressor's onset and causes social or occupational impairment beyond what would be expected. It is a very common disorder, affecting about 10% of people in some studies. Adjustment disorder is diagnosed using the DSM-5 or ICD-10 and treated with psychotherapy, support groups, medication, or a combination. Developing strong social support networks and living a healthy lifestyle can help prevent adjustment disorder.
CBT is an effective treatment for OCD due to its ability to trigger lasting neural changes through learning. It involves psychoeducation, challenging irrational assumptions, exposure to feared situations without compulsions, and response prevention. Studies show large effect sizes for CBT compared to medications alone. CBT aims to reduce anxiety and distress from obsessions by stopping thoughts and using distractions, while exposure therapy targets compulsions. Success requires understanding all symptoms, motivated patients, and therapists able to systematically implement the CBT techniques.
This document provides an overview of psychopathology related to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) for Mr. Varun Muthuchamy. It describes the key features of OCD including obsessions and compulsions, and diagnostic guidelines. It then summarizes several theories of OCD psychopathology including psychodynamic, learning, cognitive, and responsibility-based approaches. The document also defines BDD and compares it to OCD, outlines diagnostic criteria, and summarizes Neziroglu's model and the CBT model of BDD pathology proposed by David Veale.
One of my assignments in graduate school was to pick a topic about mental health. I chose to research Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) since so many have to endure this terrible illness. In addition, I was fascinated by how the brain works in people diagnosed with OCD and excited to share my findings with my colleagues. This project required me to implement evidence-based research by reviewing articles and books on the topic. I had to familiarize myself with the findings, create and present a comprehensive power point slide to my professors and fellow students.
This document discusses cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), including its definition, history, indications, and various techniques. CBT was developed in the 1950s and aims to change unhelpful cognitive patterns and behaviors. The document outlines several CBT techniques, including cognitive restructuring, guided discovery, exposure therapy, journaling, activity scheduling, behavioral experiments, relaxation, role playing, and successive approximation. It notes both the advantages of learning practical coping strategies through CBT, as well as some potential disadvantages such as the time commitment required.
The document discusses treatment strategies for children with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), including cognitive-behavioral therapy which aims to influence dysfunctional behaviors and thoughts, medication options like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and behavioral strategies and play therapy techniques that can help children express feelings and address issues like resistance to change.
This document discusses psychological therapies for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), including exposure and response prevention (ERP) therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy. ERP therapy involves exposing patients to anxiety-provoking stimuli while preventing compulsive rituals to help them learn anxiety can be reduced without rituals. Cognitive-behavioral therapy identifies and challenges irrational thoughts to modify dysfunctional beliefs and behaviors. Both therapies aim to "unlearn" conditioned obsessive and compulsive behaviors through reconditioning or cognitive restructuring.
1. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions (unwanted thoughts, images, or urges) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors or mental acts).
2. OCD is believed to be caused by a combination of neurobiological factors like abnormal serotonin levels in the brain, genetic predispositions, and psychological and environmental factors like stressful life events or childhood trauma.
3. Treatment for OCD involves pharmacotherapy like SSRIs to target serotonin levels as well as psychotherapy like cognitive behavioral therapy with exposure and response prevention techniques.
1. Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted and intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) performed to reduce anxiety.
2. OCD affects 1-2% of the population and commonly involves obsessions around contamination, doubts, and symmetry as well as compulsions like cleaning, checking, and ordering.
3. Cognitive behavioral therapy, specifically exposure and response prevention is the most effective treatment where patients are exposed to anxiety-provoking triggers while resisting compulsions. Medications like SSRIs are also used but may not be as long lasting.
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized by excessive, uncontrollable worry about everyday things for at least six months. It is a common chronic disorder not focused on any single object or situation. Women are two to three times more likely than men to suffer from GAD, which typically develops between childhood and late adulthood, with median onset at age 31. Causes include genetics, abnormal brain chemistry, trauma, stressful life events, and environmental factors. Diagnosis requires excessive anxiety and worry for over six months that is difficult to control and associated with restlessness, fatigue, irritability, muscle tension, sleep issues, or difficulty concentrating. Treatment involves medication like benzodiazepines or antidepressants as well as cognitive
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy: A Basic Overview (Presentation)meducationdotnet
This document provides an overview of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to develop knowledge of CBT principles and techniques. The document then defines CBT as being based on the idea that emotions are governed by thoughts. It notes CBT aims to help people develop a more objective view by changing unhelpful beliefs. Conditions for which CBT has been shown to be effective are then listed, including depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and others. Key CBT principles like the A-B-C model of activating events, beliefs, and consequences are explained. Common cognitive distortions or thinking errors are defined and examples provided. The document concludes by describing how CBT is applied to
Cognitive behaviour therapy is a talk (psychotherapy) therapy wherein the therapist focus on modifying or altering the faulty cognitions in an individual in order to treat the symptoms of mental illness
Disorders of consciousness and experience of self dr aliOSMAN ALI MD
This document provides an overview of consciousness and disorders of consciousness from a psychopathological perspective. It discusses consciousness, unconsciousness, and the preconscious. It describes quantitative lowering of consciousness which includes clouding, drowsiness, sopor, coma and death. It also discusses qualitative changes in consciousness such as delirium, fluctuations and confusion. Other disorders mentioned include twilight states, dissociative fugue, mania a potu, automatism, dreamlike states, stupor and locked-in syndrome.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a short-term, goal-oriented psychotherapy treatment that takes a hands-on, practical approach to problem-solving. Its goal is to change patterns of thinking or behavior that are behind people's difficulties, and so change the way they feel.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) performed in response to these thoughts. The obsessions or compulsions significantly interfere with daily life. OCD has been linked to imbalances in neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine in the brain, as well as genetic and environmental factors. Treatment involves psychotherapy like cognitive behavioral therapy and medication like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Other potential treatments under research include repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroconvulsive therapy, but more studies are still needed to establish their efficacy for OCD.
Psychoanalytic therapy focuses on unconscious factors that motivate current behavior and events from the first 6 years of life. The goal is symptom relief, increased self-awareness, and improved relationships. Sigmund Freud introduced psychoanalytic therapy and viewed human nature as determined by irrational unconscious forces like instincts. He proposed that personality has three structures - the id operates on pleasure principle, the ego acts rationally, and the superego represents social ideals. Clinical evidence for the unconscious comes from dreams, slips of the tongue, free association, and projective techniques.
The document discusses causes of depression and treatments, including cognitive behavioral therapy. It states that depression likely has multiple causes, including biological factors like genetics and neurotransmitter imbalance, psychological factors like stress and cognitive errors, and social factors like relationships and environment. It notes CBT focuses on correcting negative patterns of thinking to treat depression by addressing depressive rumination, negative automatic thoughts, and negative core beliefs.
Somatoform disorders involve physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by medical factors and cause significant distress. Somatic symptom disorder involves preoccupation with fears of illness for 6+ months. Illness anxiety disorder is a preoccupation with being sick without actual symptoms. Conversion disorder involves psychological stress converting to motor or sensory symptoms. Treatment focuses on reassurance, psychotherapy, and addressing underlying psychiatric conditions.
Dynamic psychotherapy aims to reveal unconscious content to alleviate psychic tension. It relies on the client-therapist relationship. Past experiences shape personality and perceptions through implicit memory. Transference and countertransference influence current relationships. Repeated self-defeating behaviors are an attempt to resolve past conflicts. The therapeutic relationship provides a safe space to examine feelings, distortions, and patterns promoting behavioral change.
Cognitive behavior therapy theory and practiceWuzna Haroon
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) was developed in the 1960s by Aaron Beck based on his research challenging the psychoanalytic view of depression. Beck observed that depressed clients had negative biases in interpreting events that contributed to cognitive distortions. He developed CBT which focuses on identifying and modifying dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs. The key assumptions of CBT are that cognitions influence behaviors and emotions, and that maladaptive thinking can be identified and changed. Common techniques include cognitive restructuring to challenge irrational thoughts, behavioral experiments, and homework assignments.
1) Psychodynamic therapies focus on accessing the unconscious mind through techniques like free association, word association, and dream interpretation.
2) The psychodynamic approach believes that psychological disorders stem from unconscious conflicts, often related to unresolved issues from childhood. Treatments therefore aim to reveal the unconscious and lift defense mechanisms.
3) Key psychodynamic treatments include psychoanalysis, which uses free association, word association, and dream analysis to gain insight into unconscious material from childhood. Psychoanalysis can be an effective long-term therapy but also carries risks of planting false memories.
The document provides information about obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) including diagnostic criteria, prevalence, causes, types of obsessions and compulsions, treatment options, related disorders, and differences between OCD and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). Key points include that OCD affects 1.2% of the population, involves recurrent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) performed to reduce anxiety, has biological and environmental contributors, and is typically treated with medication and cognitive behavioral therapy.
Ocd obsessive compulsive disorder counseling psychologyMuzna AL Hooti
This document discusses obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), including its causes, symptoms, and treatment. It notes that OCD is characterized by intrusive thoughts that produce anxiety and repetitive behaviors aimed at reducing anxiety. Common OCD symptoms include contamination fears, harm obsessions, and checking, cleaning, and ordering compulsions. The causes of OCD are unclear but may involve biological factors like changes in brain chemistry or genetics as well as environmental influences. Treatment typically involves behavioral therapy and sometimes medication.
This document provides an overview of psychopathology related to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) for Mr. Varun Muthuchamy. It describes the key features of OCD including obsessions and compulsions, and diagnostic guidelines. It then summarizes several theories of OCD psychopathology including psychodynamic, learning, cognitive, and responsibility-based approaches. The document also defines BDD and compares it to OCD, outlines diagnostic criteria, and summarizes Neziroglu's model and the CBT model of BDD pathology proposed by David Veale.
One of my assignments in graduate school was to pick a topic about mental health. I chose to research Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) since so many have to endure this terrible illness. In addition, I was fascinated by how the brain works in people diagnosed with OCD and excited to share my findings with my colleagues. This project required me to implement evidence-based research by reviewing articles and books on the topic. I had to familiarize myself with the findings, create and present a comprehensive power point slide to my professors and fellow students.
This document discusses cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), including its definition, history, indications, and various techniques. CBT was developed in the 1950s and aims to change unhelpful cognitive patterns and behaviors. The document outlines several CBT techniques, including cognitive restructuring, guided discovery, exposure therapy, journaling, activity scheduling, behavioral experiments, relaxation, role playing, and successive approximation. It notes both the advantages of learning practical coping strategies through CBT, as well as some potential disadvantages such as the time commitment required.
The document discusses treatment strategies for children with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), including cognitive-behavioral therapy which aims to influence dysfunctional behaviors and thoughts, medication options like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and behavioral strategies and play therapy techniques that can help children express feelings and address issues like resistance to change.
This document discusses psychological therapies for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), including exposure and response prevention (ERP) therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy. ERP therapy involves exposing patients to anxiety-provoking stimuli while preventing compulsive rituals to help them learn anxiety can be reduced without rituals. Cognitive-behavioral therapy identifies and challenges irrational thoughts to modify dysfunctional beliefs and behaviors. Both therapies aim to "unlearn" conditioned obsessive and compulsive behaviors through reconditioning or cognitive restructuring.
1. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions (unwanted thoughts, images, or urges) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors or mental acts).
2. OCD is believed to be caused by a combination of neurobiological factors like abnormal serotonin levels in the brain, genetic predispositions, and psychological and environmental factors like stressful life events or childhood trauma.
3. Treatment for OCD involves pharmacotherapy like SSRIs to target serotonin levels as well as psychotherapy like cognitive behavioral therapy with exposure and response prevention techniques.
1. Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted and intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) performed to reduce anxiety.
2. OCD affects 1-2% of the population and commonly involves obsessions around contamination, doubts, and symmetry as well as compulsions like cleaning, checking, and ordering.
3. Cognitive behavioral therapy, specifically exposure and response prevention is the most effective treatment where patients are exposed to anxiety-provoking triggers while resisting compulsions. Medications like SSRIs are also used but may not be as long lasting.
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized by excessive, uncontrollable worry about everyday things for at least six months. It is a common chronic disorder not focused on any single object or situation. Women are two to three times more likely than men to suffer from GAD, which typically develops between childhood and late adulthood, with median onset at age 31. Causes include genetics, abnormal brain chemistry, trauma, stressful life events, and environmental factors. Diagnosis requires excessive anxiety and worry for over six months that is difficult to control and associated with restlessness, fatigue, irritability, muscle tension, sleep issues, or difficulty concentrating. Treatment involves medication like benzodiazepines or antidepressants as well as cognitive
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy: A Basic Overview (Presentation)meducationdotnet
This document provides an overview of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to develop knowledge of CBT principles and techniques. The document then defines CBT as being based on the idea that emotions are governed by thoughts. It notes CBT aims to help people develop a more objective view by changing unhelpful beliefs. Conditions for which CBT has been shown to be effective are then listed, including depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and others. Key CBT principles like the A-B-C model of activating events, beliefs, and consequences are explained. Common cognitive distortions or thinking errors are defined and examples provided. The document concludes by describing how CBT is applied to
Cognitive behaviour therapy is a talk (psychotherapy) therapy wherein the therapist focus on modifying or altering the faulty cognitions in an individual in order to treat the symptoms of mental illness
Disorders of consciousness and experience of self dr aliOSMAN ALI MD
This document provides an overview of consciousness and disorders of consciousness from a psychopathological perspective. It discusses consciousness, unconsciousness, and the preconscious. It describes quantitative lowering of consciousness which includes clouding, drowsiness, sopor, coma and death. It also discusses qualitative changes in consciousness such as delirium, fluctuations and confusion. Other disorders mentioned include twilight states, dissociative fugue, mania a potu, automatism, dreamlike states, stupor and locked-in syndrome.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a short-term, goal-oriented psychotherapy treatment that takes a hands-on, practical approach to problem-solving. Its goal is to change patterns of thinking or behavior that are behind people's difficulties, and so change the way they feel.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) performed in response to these thoughts. The obsessions or compulsions significantly interfere with daily life. OCD has been linked to imbalances in neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine in the brain, as well as genetic and environmental factors. Treatment involves psychotherapy like cognitive behavioral therapy and medication like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Other potential treatments under research include repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroconvulsive therapy, but more studies are still needed to establish their efficacy for OCD.
Psychoanalytic therapy focuses on unconscious factors that motivate current behavior and events from the first 6 years of life. The goal is symptom relief, increased self-awareness, and improved relationships. Sigmund Freud introduced psychoanalytic therapy and viewed human nature as determined by irrational unconscious forces like instincts. He proposed that personality has three structures - the id operates on pleasure principle, the ego acts rationally, and the superego represents social ideals. Clinical evidence for the unconscious comes from dreams, slips of the tongue, free association, and projective techniques.
The document discusses causes of depression and treatments, including cognitive behavioral therapy. It states that depression likely has multiple causes, including biological factors like genetics and neurotransmitter imbalance, psychological factors like stress and cognitive errors, and social factors like relationships and environment. It notes CBT focuses on correcting negative patterns of thinking to treat depression by addressing depressive rumination, negative automatic thoughts, and negative core beliefs.
Somatoform disorders involve physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by medical factors and cause significant distress. Somatic symptom disorder involves preoccupation with fears of illness for 6+ months. Illness anxiety disorder is a preoccupation with being sick without actual symptoms. Conversion disorder involves psychological stress converting to motor or sensory symptoms. Treatment focuses on reassurance, psychotherapy, and addressing underlying psychiatric conditions.
Dynamic psychotherapy aims to reveal unconscious content to alleviate psychic tension. It relies on the client-therapist relationship. Past experiences shape personality and perceptions through implicit memory. Transference and countertransference influence current relationships. Repeated self-defeating behaviors are an attempt to resolve past conflicts. The therapeutic relationship provides a safe space to examine feelings, distortions, and patterns promoting behavioral change.
Cognitive behavior therapy theory and practiceWuzna Haroon
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) was developed in the 1960s by Aaron Beck based on his research challenging the psychoanalytic view of depression. Beck observed that depressed clients had negative biases in interpreting events that contributed to cognitive distortions. He developed CBT which focuses on identifying and modifying dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs. The key assumptions of CBT are that cognitions influence behaviors and emotions, and that maladaptive thinking can be identified and changed. Common techniques include cognitive restructuring to challenge irrational thoughts, behavioral experiments, and homework assignments.
1) Psychodynamic therapies focus on accessing the unconscious mind through techniques like free association, word association, and dream interpretation.
2) The psychodynamic approach believes that psychological disorders stem from unconscious conflicts, often related to unresolved issues from childhood. Treatments therefore aim to reveal the unconscious and lift defense mechanisms.
3) Key psychodynamic treatments include psychoanalysis, which uses free association, word association, and dream analysis to gain insight into unconscious material from childhood. Psychoanalysis can be an effective long-term therapy but also carries risks of planting false memories.
The document provides information about obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) including diagnostic criteria, prevalence, causes, types of obsessions and compulsions, treatment options, related disorders, and differences between OCD and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). Key points include that OCD affects 1.2% of the population, involves recurrent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) performed to reduce anxiety, has biological and environmental contributors, and is typically treated with medication and cognitive behavioral therapy.
Ocd obsessive compulsive disorder counseling psychologyMuzna AL Hooti
This document discusses obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), including its causes, symptoms, and treatment. It notes that OCD is characterized by intrusive thoughts that produce anxiety and repetitive behaviors aimed at reducing anxiety. Common OCD symptoms include contamination fears, harm obsessions, and checking, cleaning, and ordering compulsions. The causes of OCD are unclear but may involve biological factors like changes in brain chemistry or genetics as well as environmental influences. Treatment typically involves behavioral therapy and sometimes medication.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental illness characterized by recurrent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) done in response to these thoughts. Common symptoms include contamination obsessions followed by excessive cleaning compulsions, pathological doubts followed by repetitive checking, and intrusive thoughts without compulsions. Treatment involves psychotherapy such as exposure and response prevention therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy, as well as medication like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. For severe treatment-resistant cases, electroconvulsive therapy or psychosurgery may be considered.
Schizophrenia is a severe brain disorder that causes difficulties distinguishing reality from fantasy, impaired thinking, emotional expression, social behavior, and normal functioning. It typically develops in late teens to early adulthood. Genetics and environmental factors both contribute to its development. Symptoms include positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, negative symptoms like lack of emotion, and cognitive symptoms like poor executive functioning. There is no medical test for diagnosis, which is based on psychiatric evaluation and presence of characteristic symptoms for a minimum duration.
This document provides information on obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and obsessive compulsive spectrum disorder. It discusses the definitions of obsessions and compulsions according to DSM-5. It also covers the epidemiology, comorbidities, neurobiological causes, diagnostic criteria, and treatment options for OCD which include psychotherapy such as exposure and response prevention, and pharmacotherapy with medications like SSRIs, TCAs, and augmentation agents.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by unreasonable and distressing thoughts (obsessions) that lead to repetitive behaviors (compulsions). It affects nearly 3% of the population and typically emerges in early adulthood. While its exact cause is unknown, research suggests abnormalities in the neurotransmitter serotonin may play a role. Treatment often involves cognitive-behavioral therapy to change thought and response patterns, along with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors to regulate brain chemistry. Combined, these approaches help manage symptoms for about 60% of patients. Continued neurological research aims to deepen understanding of OCD and improve its treatment.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health disorder where people experience uncontrollable and reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) that lead them to perform repetitive behaviors (compulsions). Common obsessions include fears of contamination or harm, while common compulsions include excessive cleaning, ordering, or checking. OCD affects people of all ages and can be treated with medication like antidepressants or psychotherapy such as cognitive behavioral therapy.
This document provides an overview of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), including its diagnosis, pathophysiology, treatment, and course. Key points include: OCD is a common anxiety disorder characterized by obsessions and compulsions; serotonin and basal ganglia-orbitofrontal cortex circuits are implicated in its pathophysiology; first-line treatments include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and exposure and response prevention therapy delivered by a cognitive behavioral therapist.
This document outlines learning targets and objectives for AP Psychology courses covering abnormal psychology and treatment. For abnormal psychology, students should be able to describe historical and current conceptions of psychological disorders, recognize the DSM diagnostic system, discuss major diagnostic categories and approaches to explaining disorders. For treatment, students should be able to describe major therapeutic approaches, compare treatment formats and figures, and discuss cultural influences on treatment.
Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that affects how a person thinks, f...AmitSherawat2
Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may seem like they have lost touch with reality, which can be distressing for them and for their family a
Obsessive compulsive disorder is a mental illness characterized by unwanted and distressing thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions). The document provides an overview of OCD including definitions, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Treatment involves a combination of psychiatric medications like SSRIs and psychotherapy such as cognitive behavioral therapy which uses exposure therapy to help patients resist compulsions.
Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that causes symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions and disorganized thinking. It affects about 1% of the population and typically emerges during late adolescence or early adulthood. The exact causes are unknown but likely involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and management involves antipsychotic medications and psychosocial therapies. Prognosis varies but many people are able to lead relatively normal lives with proper long-term treatment and support.
This document summarizes obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), including who can develop it, common symptoms, potential causes, and treatments. OCD affects approximately 3% of Americans and can develop in teens and adults, causing obsessions and compulsions. Common obsessions include fears of germs, harming others, unwanted thoughts, and need for order. Compulsions like handwashing, praying, or counting alleviate anxiety. Potential causes include abnormalities in brain regions like the basal ganglia and cingulum, as well as genetic and chemical factors. Cognitive behavioral therapy and medication are effective treatments, but many suffer for years without proper diagnosis and support.
This document discusses obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). It provides a brief history of OCD and how it was previously understood. It then discusses prevalence, characteristics, DSM-5 classification, symptoms including obsessions and compulsions. The neurobiology of OCD is explored including genetics, neuroanatomy, the role of serotonin and dopamine, and neural correlates of OCD symptom factors. Associated symptoms, spectrum disorders, comorbidities, differential diagnosis, and treatment are also summarized.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions). Common obsessions include thoughts of violence or contamination, while common compulsions include excessive handwashing or checking. OCD is believed to have biological and genetic causes, as brain imaging shows abnormal activity in circuits involving the amygdala and frontal cortex in those with OCD. Effective treatments include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and exposure therapy to help manage symptoms.
Schizophrenia is a chronic brain disorder that causes difficulties with thinking, emotions and behavior. Symptoms usually emerge in late teens to early 30s and include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and behavior. Genetics and environmental factors both contribute to its development. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications to manage symptoms as well as support for independent living. Relapse is common if medications are stopped, so ongoing monitoring and compliance are important for long-term management of the condition.
This document provides information on Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD). It defines the key features of each disorder, including common obsessions and compulsions in OCD and preoccupations in BDD. Diagnostic criteria are outlined for both disorders according to the DSM-5. Risk factors, prevalence, development and course, and treatment options including medications and psychotherapy are also summarized. Celebrities who have been open about living with each disorder are mentioned.
OCD is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions). It affects about 3.3 million American adults and is equally common in males and females. Effective treatment involves a combination of medication like SSRIs and exposure therapy, where patients are exposed to feared situations without engaging in compulsions. With proper treatment including medication and therapy, most OCD patients see a reduction in symptoms and can function well.
Jen is an 18-year-old German male who has stopped attending high school due to obsessive-compulsive disorder. He experiences obsessions of contamination along with compulsions of excessive washing. His symptoms have worsened over time, interfering with activities and isolating him. While aware his thoughts are unreasonable, he feels unable to resist them. His symptoms meet criteria for OCD but no other disorders are present. Treatment options will be discussed.
3. Introduction
• Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is
a mental disorder where people feel the
need to check things repeatedly, have certain
thoughts repeatedly, or feel they need to
perform certain routines repeatedly.
• People are unable to control either the
thoughts or the activities.
4. History
• In the 1600s it was thought of as symptoms of
religious melancholy and naughty thoughts.
• Pierre Janet and Sigmund Freud isolated OCD from
the disorders it was grouped with.
• Continuing research is being done about the
causes of OCD and better treatments.
5. Cont…
• Recent research on mice points toward a
genetic cause. A missing gene making a
certain protein caused the mice to scratch
and groom themselves compulsively until an
OCD drug was introduced.
7. Cont…
• It is unusual for symptoms to begin after the
age of thirty five and half of people develop
problems before twenty.
• Males and females are affected about
equally.
8. Definition
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety
disorder in which people have unwanted and
repeated thoughts, feelings, ideas, sensations
(obsessions), or behaviours that make them feel
driven to do something (compulsions).
9. Cont…
• A person's level of OCD can be anywhere
from mild to severe, but if severe and left
untreated, it can destroy a person's capacity
to function at work, at school or even to lead
a comfortable existence in the home.
10. Signs & Symptoms
What is an obsession?
• Involuntary intrusive cognition.
• Types
Doubts (74%)
Thinking (34%)
Fears (26%)
Impulses (17%)
Images (7%)
Other (2%)
11. Obsessions-examples
• Doubt “Did I lock the door”
• Thought that he had cancer
• Thought / Image that he had knocked someone down
in his car
• Impulse + thought to shout obscenities in church
• Image of corpse rotting away
• Impulse to drink from inkpot and to strangle son
12. Themes in obsession…
• Obsessions often have common themes
– Contamination, dirt, disease, illness (46%)
– Violence and aggression (29%)
– Moral and religious topics (11%)
– Symmetry and sequence (27%)
– Sex (10%)
– Other (22%)
• The themes often reflect contemporary concerns (the devil,
germs, AIDS)
13. Compulsions
• Some people with OCD perform compulsive
rituals because they inexplicably feel they
have to, others act compulsively so as to
mitigate the anxiety that stems from
particular obsessive thoughts.
14. Cont…
• Excessive skin picking (i.e., dermatillomania)
or hair plucking (i.e.,trichotillomania) and
nail biting (i.e., onychophagia) are all on
the obsessive-compulsive spectrum.
15. Examples of compulsions…
• Scanning text for “life” having read “death”.
• Touching the ground after swallowing saliva.
• Driving back to check he hadn’t knocked
someone down in his car.
• Counting 6,5,8,3,7,4 in your head.
• Hand washing.
17. OCD Experiences
OCD Not OCD
A man who washes his hands 100
times a day until they are red and
raw
A woman who unfailingly
washer her hands before
every meal
A women who locks and relocks
her door before going to work
every day – for half an hour
A woman who double-
checks that her apartment
door and windows are
locked each night before she
goes to bed.
A college student who must tap
on the door frame of every
classroom 14 times before
entering
A musician who practices a
difficult passage over and
over again until its perfect
A man who stores 19 years of
newspapers “just in case” – with
no system for filling or retrieving
A woman who dedicates all
her spare time and money to
building her record
collection
18. Cognitive Performance-Recent
Research Findings
• A 2013 meta-analysis confirmed people with
OCD to have mild but wide-ranging cognitive
deficits; significantly regarding spatial memory,
to a lesser extent with verbal memory, fluency,
executive function and processing speed, while
auditory attention was not significantly affected.
19. Cont…
• Spatial memory had been evaluated by
results from Corsi block-tapping test, Rey-
Osterrieth Complex Figure Test-immediate
recall and Spatial Working Memory between
search errors.
20. Cont…
• Verbal memory had been evaluated by Verbal
Learning Test - delayed recall and Logical
Memory II.
• Verbal fluency was evaluated by Category
fluency and Letter fluency.
21. Cont…
• Auditory attention was evaluated by the Digit
Span Test.
• Processing speed was evaluated by Trail
Making Test part A.
24. Cont…
• In 2009 it was reported that depression
among those with OCD is particularly
alarming because their risk of suicide is high;
more than 50 percent of people experience
suicidal tendencies, and 15 percent have
attempted suicide.
25. Cont…
• Depression is also extremely prevalent among
sufferers of OCD. One explanation for the high
depression rate among OCD populations was
posited by Mineka, Watson, and Clark (1998), who
explained that people with OCD (or any
other anxiety disorder) may feel depressed because
of an "out of control" type of feeling.
26. Causes…
• GENETIC FACTORS:
genetic factors account for 45–65% of OCD
symptoms in children diagnosed with the
disorder.
identical twins more often affected than non-
identical twins
27. Genetic Factors cont…
Individuals with OCD are more likely to have
first-degree family members exhibiting the
same disorders than do matched controls.
A mutation has been found in the human
serotonin transporter gene, hSERT, in
unrelated families with OCD.
28. • CHEMICAL AND BRAIN DYSFUNCTION
The chemical messenger, Serotonin seems to be
heavily involved.
According to research, Serotonin is involved with
biological processes such as mood, aggression, sleep,
appetite and pain. It also seems that Serotonin is
capable of connecting to nerve cells in the brain in
many different ways and so can cause many different
responses.
Causes…
29. Chemical and Brain Dysfunction
cont…
• It is not even fully established if it is all or
part of the Serotonin chemical or another
chemical entirely acting on it; or a
malfunction in one or more of the receptors
in the brain that Serotonin attaches to that
causes the OCD problems.
30. • INFECTION
A streptococcal infection of the throat is
known to occasionally result in the body
confusing healthy cells with the infection
and causing cellular damage.
Causes…
31. Infection cont…
• If this has happened with the brain, the body’s infection
fighting system can attack the outside of nerve cells in the
Basal Ganglia part of the brain with the result that OCD
symptoms occur.
• Some research suggests that these symptoms don’t seem to
last very long and the occurrence of this ‘infection OCD’
seems to be very rare.
32. Causes…
• DEPRESSION
People with depression sometimes develop OCD
symptoms, and those with OCD very often develop
depression. Dealing with both together is very difficult
without clinical intervention and it is notoriously
difficult to undertake an exposure programme while the
depression is high.
33. Causes-Recent findings…
• OCD is no longer believed to be caused by life
experiences.
• Modern research suggests a biological and
neurological cause
• fMRI scans show the circuit connecting the amygdala,
frontal cortex, caudate nucleus (motor control), and
thalamus is abnormally active in people with OCD.
34. Causes-Recent Findings cont…
• Genetic research on families with OCD
members have found a genetic link.
• There’s a link between OCD and other tick
disorders such as Tourette’s disorder.
35. Causes-Recent Findings cont…
• Glutamate dysregulation has also been the subject
of recent research, although its role in the
disorder's etiology is not yet clear. Glutamate is
known to act as a cotransmitter with dopamine
in dopamine pathways that project out of
the ventral tegmental area.
36. Causes-Recent Findings cont…
• People with OCD evince increased grey
matter volumes in bilateral lenticular nuclei,
extending to the caudate nuclei, while
decreased grey matter volumes in bilateral
dorsal medial frontal/anterior cingulate gyri.
37. Causes-Recent Findings cont…
• Orbitofrontal cortex overactivity is
attenuated in people who have successfully
responded to SSRI medication, a result
believed to be caused by increased
stimulation of serotonin receptors 5-
HT2A and 5-HT2C.
38. Freud’s View
• A patient's mind responds
maladaptively to conflicts between
unacceptable, unconscious sexual or
aggressive id impulses and the
demands of conscience and reality.
• The ego defends against the id by
isolation and reaction formation.
• The imperfect success of the ego
gives rise to OCD symptoms.
39. Diagnosis
• Formal diagnosis may be performed by a
psychologist, psychiatrist, clinical social worker, or
other licensed mental health professional.
• To be diagnosed with OCD, a person must have
obsessions, compulsions, or both, according to
the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (DSM).
40. Cont…
• According to ICD-10 criteria-
For a definite diagnosis, obsessional or compulsive
acts, or both, must be present on most days for at
least 2 successive weeks and be a source of distress
or interference with activities. The obsessional
symptoms should have the following
charecteristics:
41. Cont…
1. They must be recognised as the individual’s
own thoughts or impulses;
2. There must be atleast one thought or act
that is still resisted unsuccessfully, even
though others may be present which the
sufferer no longer resists;
42. Cont…
• The thought of carrying out the act must not
in itself be pleasurable (simple relief of
tension or anxiety is not regarded as pleasure
in this sense);
• The thoughts, images, or impulses must be
unpleasantly repetitive.
43. Treatment
• Pharmacotherapy- treatment using drugs that affect
the neurotransmitter serotonin decrease the
symptoms of OCD.
• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as
fluoxetine (Prozac) and sertraline (Zoloft) prevent
excess serotonin from being pumped back into
neurons causing it to bind to receptor sites that
regulate anxiety.
44. Cont…
• SSRIs are a second line treatment of
adult obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
with mild functional impairment and as first
line treatment for those with moderate or
severe impairment.
45. Cont…
• Disadvantage: Once medication is stopped, symptoms
usually re-occur so the person needs to be put on
medication indefinitely.
• The atypical antipsychotics such as quetiapine have also
been found to be useful when used in addition to an SSRI in
treatment-resistant OCD. However, these drugs are often
poorly tolerated, and have metabolic side effects that limit
their use. None of the atypical antipsychotics appear to be
useful when used alone.
46. Treatment
• Behavior Therapy- "exposure and response
prevention“ where the patient deliberately
confronts their feared object or idea.
• Ex: OCD hand washer touched “contaminated”
object and is forced to not wash hands until
anxiety goes down.
47. Cont…
• Behavior therapy is successful for most patients as
long as the therapist is fully trained and the person
is highly motivated and has a positive attitude. It
lasts longer after treatment than drug therapy.
• Cognitive-behavioral- therapy emphasizing
changing the OCD’s patient’s beliefs and thinking
patterns.
48. • Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been shown to be
the most effective type of psychotherapy for this disorder.
• The patient is exposed many times to a situation that
triggers the obsessive thoughts, and learns gradually to
tolerate the anxiety and resist the urge to perform the
compulsion.
• Medication and CBT together are considered to be better
than either treatment alone at reducing symptoms.
Treatment cont…
49. Cont…
• Psychotherapy can also be used to:
– Provide effective ways of reducing stress
– Reduce anxiety
– Resolve inner conflicts
50. Nursing Management
• Diagnoses Nursing Care Plans For Obsessive
Compulsive Disorder
Anxiety
Chronic low self-esteem
Fear
Ineffective coping
52. Some interesting facts…
• English footballer David Beckham has been outspoken
regarding his struggle with OCD. He said that he has to count
all of his clothes, and his magazines have to lie in a straight
line.
• British poet, essayist, and lexicographer Samuel Johnson is
an example of a historical figure with a retrospective
diagnosis of OCD. He had elaborate rituals for crossing the
thresholds of doorways, and repeatedly walked up and
down staircases counting the steps.
53. Research Findings…
• Nutrition deficiencies may also contribute to OCD and
other mental disorders. Vitamin and mineral supplements
may aid in such disorders and provide nutrients necessary
for proper mental functioning.
• μ-Opioids, such as hydrocodone and tramadol, may improve
OCD symptoms. Administration of opiate treatment may be
contraindicated in individuals concurrently
takingCYP2D6 inhibitors such as fluoxetine and paroxetine.
54. Cont…
• Much current research is devoted to the therapeutic
potential of the agents that affect the release of the
neurotransmitter glutamate or the binding to its receptors.
These include riluzole, memantine, gabapentin, N-
acetylcysteine, topiramate and lamotrigine.
55.
56. References
– "What is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?". Retrieved 27 May2015.
– Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 (5 ed.).
Washington: American Psychiatric Publishing. 2013. pp. 237–
242. ISBN 9780890425558.
– Angelakis, I; Gooding, P; Tarrier, N; Panagioti, M (25 March 2015).
"Suicidality in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD): A systematic review and
meta-analysis.". Clinical Psychology Review 39: 1–
15. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.03.002. PMID 25875222.
– Fenske JN, Schwenk TL (August 2009). "Obsessive compulsive disorder:
diagnosis and management". Am Fam Physician 80 (3): 239–
45. PMID 19621834.